Wyjścia 10:4 Midrasz: Midrash Tanchuma, Midrash Tanchuma Buber & Shemot Rabbah

See I, etc. (Deuteronomy 11:26): This is what is stated in the verse (Job 36:10-12), "He opens their ear by discipline, etc. If they will listen and serve, they shall spend their days in goodness, their years in delight. But if they will not listen, they shall perish by the sword." "He opens their ear by discipline" - the Holy One, blessed be He, does not bring distress to a person until he opens his ear and warns him, so that he can repent. If he repents, behold, that is good. If not, He brings bad things upon him. From who do you learn [this]? From Pharaoh, king of Egypt. When [God] wanted to bring a plague upon him, he would send and warn him about it through His servant Moshe, as stated (Exodus 10:4), "Tomorrow I will bring locusts on your territory." And so [too], "I will plague your whole country with frogs" (Exodus 7:27). He warns about it "by discipline," [meaning] by the discipline of the Torah. "And he orders them back from wickedness" (Job 36:10), from the cheating people and from cheating to the Holy One, blessed be He. "They shall spend their days in goodness," (Job 36:11) [meaning,] they will complete their years in goodness.

(Exod. 32:1:) WHEN THE PEOPLE SAW THAT MOSES WAS LATE <IN COMING DOWN FROM THE MOUNTAIN >. What is the meaning of WAS LATE (boshesh)?³⁹Shab. 89a; Gen. R. 18:6; Exod. R. 41:7; cf. PR 11:12. <That> six (shesh) hours had passed (bo) without Moses having come down, for Moses had made an agreement with them and said to them: After forty days I will bring you the Law. As soon as six hours had passed and he had not come down, immediately (ibid., cont.): THE PEOPLE GATHERED TOGETHER AGAINST AARON. Our masters have said: Satan came, confounded the world,⁴⁰See also Tanh., Exod. 9:19. and showed them something like Moses suspended from the earth, i.e., in the air⁴¹Avir; cf. Gk.: aer. beneath it.⁴²Cf. the parallel in Exod. R. 41:7, which reads, “suspended between heaven and earth.” Then they pointed a finger at him and said (ibid., cont.): <ARISE AND MAKE A GOD FOR US WHO WILL GO BEFORE US, > FOR THIS IS THE MAN, MOSES.⁴³The biblical context would suggest the following translation: FOR REGARDING THIS MAN MOSES <WHO BROUGHT US UP FROM THE LAND OF EGYPT, WE DO NOT KNOW WHAT HAS BECOME OF HIM >. At that time Hur said to them: O stiff-necked < people >, do you not remember what he did for you?⁴⁴Lev. R. 10:3. According to Exod. 24:14, Moses left Aaron and Hur in charge while he was up on the mountain. They arose and killed him.⁴⁵Below, Exod. 10:4; Exod. R. 41:7; 42:1; 48:3; Numb. R. 9:45. Then they gathered together against Aaron, as stated (ibid.): THE PEOPLE GATHERED TOGETHER AGAINST AARON….⁴⁶Sanh. 7a; Exod. R. 51:8. They said to him: If you make a god for us, well and good; but if not, we will do to you just as we did to Hur. (Exod. 32:5:) WHEN AARON SAW THIS, <i.e., when> he saw what they had done to Hur, (ibid., cont.) HE BUILT (YBN) AN ALTAR (MZBH), <i.e.> he understood (HBYN) from the slaughtered (MZBWH) one.⁴⁷So also Lev. R. 10:3; cf. Gen. R. 34:9, which gives the same interpretation of BUILT, in Gen. 8:20. They wanted to build <the altar> along with him. He said to them, leave me alone, and I will make it by myself, for no one is to build it along with me. Now Aaron had a plan. <He was> saying <to himself>: While I am building it, Moses will come down.⁴⁸So also Exod. R. 37:2. Immediately (in Exod. 32:6): SO THEY ROSE EARLY THE NEXT DAY, < OFFERED BURNT OFFERINGS, AND BROUGHT PEACE OFFERINGS>; [AND THE PEOPLE SAT DOWN TO EAT AND DRINK.] In every place that you find sitting, there you find degradation.⁴⁹Exod. R. 41:7; similarly Sanh. 106a; Gen. R. 38:7; Tanh., Gen. 9:1; Sifre, Numb. 131; PRE 47. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 37:25): THEN THEY SAT DOWN TO EAT BREAD. What degradation happened there? <It was there> that they sold Joseph. It is also written (in Numb. 25:1): WHILE ISRAEL WAS STAYING (literally: SITTING) AT SHITTIM. And what was the degradation there? (Ibid., cont.:) THE PEOPLE BEGAN TO GO WHORING <WITH THE DAUGHTERS OF MOAB>. And here too (in Exod. 32:6): THEN THE PEOPLE SAT DOWN, <i.e., in> the sitting of idolatry. The Holy One said to Moses; They have risen to revel in idolatry, while you are sitting <up here>. (Exod. 32:7:) GO AND GET DOWN. At that time Moses was going to go down, but he saw the angels of destruction and was afraid to go down. Thus it is stated (in Deut. 9:19): FOR I WAS AFRAID OF ANGER AND RAGE. What did he do? He went and grasped the throne, as stated (in Job 26:9): HE (Moses) GRASPS THE FACE OF A THRONE; [HE (the Holy One) SPREAD HIS CLOUD UPON HIM]. So the Holy One protected him and spread some of the radiance of his Divine Presence over him. Come and see how many troubles they caused. Yesterday Moses had shoved them (the angels of destruction) aside,⁵⁰According to Shab. 88b-89a and Exod. R. 28:1, because the angels wanted the Torah for themselves, they tried to prevent Moses from receiving it. and now he was afraid of them. (Deut. 9:19:) FOR I WAS AFRAID OF [ANGER AND RAGE]. The five angels of destruction were Af (Anger), Qetsef (Wrath), Meshabber (Smasher), Mashhit (Destroyer), and Hemah (Rage); ⁵¹Cf. Tanh., Exod. 9:20. Moses mentioned three patriarchs, and three <angels> went away.⁵²See also Exod. R. 44:1. But ANGER AND RAGE remained behind. Moses said to the Holy One: Sovereign of the World: You stand up to one and I to one, as stated (in Ps. 7:7 [6]): RISE UP, O LORD, IN YOUR Af (ANGER).⁵³A more traditional translation would be: RISE UP, O LORD IN YOUR ANGER. The Holy One said to him (in Exod. 32:7): GO AND GET DOWN; you have a descent (i.e., degradation). He said to him: Why? HE SAID TO HIM: BECAUSE YOUR PEOPLE <WHOM YOU HAVE BROUGHT UP FROM THE LAND OF EGYPT > HAVE ACTED BASELY. Moses said to him: Now are they my people and not your people! (Exod. 32:12:) TURN BACK FROM YOUR WRATHFUL ANGER. R. Simeon ben Johay said: Moses did not move from praying until the Holy One was reconciled to them. The Holy One said: In this world you sinned against me because the evil drive was ordering you; but in the world to come I am rooting it out of you, as stated (in Ezek. 36:26): I WILL REMOVE THE HEART OF STONE FROM YOUR FLESH AND GIVE YOU A HEART OF FLESH.⁵⁴Below, Tanh. (Buber), Lev. 1:12; above, Tanh. (Buber), Gen. 1:40; Tanh., Exod. 9:19; Tanh., Lev. 1:6.

“The Lord said to Moses: Extend your hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, and they will ascend on the land of Egypt, and eat every grass of the land, everything that the hail left” (Exodus 10:12).
“The Lord said to Moses: Extend your hand” – why did He bring locusts upon them? It is because they tasked Israel to be sowers of wheat and barley; therefore, he brought locusts upon them, and they ate everything that the Israelites had sown.
“Moses extended his staff over the land of Egypt, and the Lord brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all the night; it was morning, and the east wind brought the locusts” (Exodus 10:13).
“Moses extended his staff” – why would the Holy One blessed be He give a time for the plagues, “tomorrow” (Exodus 10:4), and not bring them upon them immediately? It was so they would relent and repent.
Pharaoh hastened to call Moses and Aaron, and he said: I have sinned against the Lord your God, and against you (Exodus 10:16).
“The locusts ascended…they covered the surface of the entire land… Pharaoh hastened to call Moses and Aaron…” (Exodus 10:14–16) – what is “I have sinned against the Lord your God, and against you”? “I have sinned against the Lord your God,” in that I did not let Israel go, “and against you,” in that I drove you out from before me and I thought to curse you, as I said: “So let the Lord be with you” (Exodus 10:10). “Now, please, forgive my sin [just this once, and entreat the Lord your God, and He will remove this death only from me].… He exited from Pharaoh” (Exodus 10:17–18).