Вайикра 17:15 Комментарий: Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Rashbam & Sforno

אשר תאכל נבלה וטרפה [AND EVERY SOUL] THAT EATETH CARRION, OR THAT WHICH WAS TORN … [HE SHALL BOTH WASH HIS GARMENTS AND LAVE HIMSELF IN WATER] — Scripture is here speaking of the carrion of a clean bird which causes uncleanness only during the time it passes through the gullet (lit., it is being swallowed in the gullet) and what Scripture teaches you here is that it makes one unclean by eating of it [but it does not defile one by touching it]. The טרפה mentioned here (though being superfluous since a טרפה which died) is of course also a נבלה and thus causes uncleanness just as any other נבלה is mentioned only for the sake of the correct interpretation of the word נבלה. For thus we learn (in Sifra): One might think that the carrion of an unclean bird causes uncleanness in the moment it passes through the gullet! Scripture therefore adds the word טרפה to intimate that this law of נבלה applies only to that class of birds among which טרפה is possible, thus excluding unclean birds for in their class a רפה‎ט can never occur (Sifra, Acharei Mot, Chapter 12 7; Zevachim 69b).

Scripture now mentions Whoever eats the carcass of an animal that has died on its own, or of an animal that has been torn by wild beasts — because such flesh is also not sacrificed (Another reason for juxtaposing these two passages is that the previous passage mentions hunting). Someone who intentionally eats such flesh violates a negative commandment, and incurs corporal punishment; if he unintentionally eats it, he must bring a sin-offering. the stranger Here an objection can be raised: Does not Scripture elsewhere assert, “you may give it to the stranger who is within your gates, and he may eat it” [Deuteronomy 14:21]? The answer is that there the resident alien is meant; this verse, on the other hand, describes “the stranger who dwells among you” [16:29] — i.e., a proselyte. We must not allow a proselyte to eat an animal that has died on its own; but we may give it to a resident alien passing through our gates, for him to eat it outside.

אשר תאכל נבלה, even a minor will become ritually defiled. [because the Torah addresses itself to כל נפש, “every living person.” Ed.]