Дварим 24:14 Комментарий: Rashi, Chizkuni, Ramban & Tur HaArokh

לא תעשק שכיר THOU SHALT NOT WRONG ANY HIRED SERVANT — But has not this already been stated in Leviticus 19:13? But it is repeated here to make one transgress in respect of the hired, servant who is poor (i.e., if he wrongs such a person) two negative commands, for the meaning of the text here is: thou shalt not suppress the wages of an hired servant who is poor and needy. (The meaning is not: thou shalt not wrong a hired servant, the poor and the needy). As to the well-to-do hired servant one has already been prohibited to wrong him (Leviticus 19:13): “thou shalt not wrong thy neighbour” (Bava Metzia 61a).

לא תעשוק שכיר, “do not oppress a hired hand.” This has also been written already in Leviticus 19,13, but has been repeated here to include the resident stranger.”

THOU SHALT NOT WRONG A HIRED SERVANT THAT IS POOR AND NEEDY. Scripture is speaking of the common occurrence, for the poor, the needy, and strangers hire themselves out [for wages, but the law applies to all workers]. Similarly, If thou lend money to any of My people that is poor by thee³⁵⁷Exodus 22:24. and so also, it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow,³⁵⁸Further, Verse 19. because they are generally poor. Likewise in many places Scripture speaks of common occurrence, such as, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn³⁵⁹Ibid., 25:4. [which applies equally to all domestic and wild animals as well as birds]; Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together³⁶⁰Above, 22:10. [which also applies to any two different species]. And in the Sifre the Rabbis have said:³⁶¹Sifre, Ki Theitzei 278. “If so, why is it stated here poor and needy [when the law applies to all workers]? It is because I hasten to punish when the poor and needy are involved more than any other people.” They also interpreted: “Whether he be of thy strangers [in Verse 14 before us] — this refers to a righteous proselyte, so that he who wrongs him [in his hire] transgresses two prohibitions” [since he is also of thy brethren].

אביון is one who longs for everything, (lacks all the necessities of life; cf. Rashi on Deuteronomy 15:4).

מגרך [WHETHER HE BE OF THY BRETHREN, OR] OF ANY STRANGERS — this refers to a “proselyte of righteousness” (who embraces the entire Jewish Faith out of conviction) (Sifrei Devarim 278:4),