וַיִּהְי֥וּ פְקֻדֵיהֶ֖ם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֑ם אַלְפַּ֕יִם שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת וַחֲמִשִּֽׁים׃
И было пронумеровано их семьями две тысячи семьсот пятьдесят.
Bamidbar Rabbah
“Do not cut off the tribe of the Kehatite families from among the Levites” (Numbers 4:18).
“Do not cut off the tribe of the Kehatite families from among the Levites” (Numbers 4:18). That is what is written: “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him, on those who await His kindness, to deliver them from death, and to sustain them in famine” (Psalms 33:18–19). “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him,” this is the tribe of Levi, who sit and hope for the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He. Do all people not long for the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He? It is, rather, more so regarding the tribe of Levi, as they did not receive a portion in the Land. Rather, they sit and pray that the Land of Israel will produce its produce so they can take tithes, as they have nothing in the world other than the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He. That is, “on those who await His kindness.” “To deliver them from death,” from death itself, “and to sustain them in famine,” these are twenty-four gifts of the priesthood, which were given to the tribe of Levi: ten in the Temple, ten in the provinces, and four in Jerusalem. That is, “and to sustain them in famine.”
Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said: From what death were they delivered? If it was from death of this world, there is no creature that does not die. What is “to deliver them from death”? It is from death by the Ark. How so? Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: When Israel was traveling, two sparks of fire would emerge from the midst of the two staves of the Ark in order to smite their enemies. From where is it derived? It is as Moses said to Israel: ‘Why do you fear the giants; are they tougher than those who would come against us and the Ark would burn them?’1See Deuteronomy 9:1–3 where Moses tell Israel not to fear the giants because of the devouring fire which passes before them. Likewise, it says: “You shall know today that the Lord your God is He who passes before you, [a devouring fire]” (Deuteronomy 9:3). From here, you expound that two sparks would precede them. He said to them: “He will destroy them, and He will subdue them before you” (Deuteronomy 9:3). Since the sparks would emerge, the fire would graze the bearers of the Ark and they would be burned and decrease in number.
From where is it derived that the tribe of Kehat diminished in number? You find that three families would bear all the Tabernacle vessels. [The family of] Gershon bore all the woven materials: sheets, curtain, the screen, and the hangings. The family of Kehat would bear the Ark, the table, the candelabrum, the altars, and the sacred vessels. [The family of] Merari would bear the beams, the bars, the pillars, and the bases. You find that these four2The fourth family was Moses, Aaron and his children, who camped by themselves to the east of the Tabernacle. They were included in the count of Kehat. families were counted from one month old and from thirty years old. When he counts the Gershonites, he counts them from one month old, and finds them “seven thousand five hundred” (Numbers 3:22). He then counted them from thirty years old and finds them “two thousand six hundred and thirty” (Numbers 4:40). They were one hundred and thirty more than one-third. Likewise, Merari, he counts them from one month old, and their total comes to “six thousand two hundred” (Numbers 3:34). When he attributes them from thirty years old, he finds them “three thousand two hundred” (Numbers 4:44). They were one hundred more than half of them. But the family of Kehat, you find them most numerous of all the families, as from one month old he counts them and finds them “eight thousand six hundred” (Numbers 3:28). When he came from thirty years old, he finds them “two thousand seven hundred and fifty” (Numbers 4:36). They were less than one-third, by one hundred and seventeen. Why was it so? It is, rather, as Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: When Israel was traveling; two sparks of fire would emerge from the midst of the two staves and graze the bearers of the Ark and they would decrease in number. Each and every one of them was running; this one would take the table, this one would take the candelabrum, this one would take the altars, but they would flee from the Ark because it would harm them. It was as though the Ark was treated with contempt and the Holy One blessed be He would become angry with them, and again they would be eradicated. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘How am I killing the sons of Kehat?I If they bear it, they decrease in number, if they do not bear it, there is anger directed at them.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses and to Aaron: ‘Institute a remedy for the sons of Kehat so they will not be cut off from the world, so they will not abandon and flee. “Do not cut off the tribe …” Rather, let Aaron and his sons come: “Assign them, each man to his service and to his burden” (Numbers 4:19), so that they will be unable to switch from service to service and from burden to burden.’ That is what is written: “But do this for them, and they will live, [and will not die upon their approaching the Holy of Holies. Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them, each man to his service and to his burden]” (Numbers 4:19).
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: God forbid, the sons of Kehat would not abandon the Ark and run to the table and the candelabrum; rather, even though they would decrease in number, they would give their lives for the sake of the Ark. If so, why was He cautioning them: “Do not cut off the tribe…”? Rather, it was because they knew that anyone who bears the Ark, his reward is great; they would abandon the table, the candelabrum, and the altars, and they would all run to the Ark to receive a reward. As a result, this one would quarrel and say: ‘I will bear here,’ and that one would quarrel and say: ‘I will bear here,’ and as a result, they would act with levity and the Divine Presence would harm them. God said to Moses: ‘Institute a remedy for the sons of Kehat so they will not be eradicated from the world. “Do not cut off…” Rather, have them assigned to their service and to their burden so they will not quarrel with one another.’ Moses instituted a remedy, but they were quarreling with one another: This one would say: ‘I will bear the Ark,’ and that one would say: ‘I will bear it,’ and one would not know what was fixed for him, what was his burden. The Holy One blessed be He said, and consequently Aaron and his sons would enter and give each and every one his burden, as it is stated: “Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them...”
“Do not cut off the tribe of the Kehatite families from among the Levites” (Numbers 4:18). That is what is written: “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him, on those who await His kindness, to deliver them from death, and to sustain them in famine” (Psalms 33:18–19). “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him,” this is the tribe of Levi, who sit and hope for the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He. Do all people not long for the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He? It is, rather, more so regarding the tribe of Levi, as they did not receive a portion in the Land. Rather, they sit and pray that the Land of Israel will produce its produce so they can take tithes, as they have nothing in the world other than the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He. That is, “on those who await His kindness.” “To deliver them from death,” from death itself, “and to sustain them in famine,” these are twenty-four gifts of the priesthood, which were given to the tribe of Levi: ten in the Temple, ten in the provinces, and four in Jerusalem. That is, “and to sustain them in famine.”
Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said: From what death were they delivered? If it was from death of this world, there is no creature that does not die. What is “to deliver them from death”? It is from death by the Ark. How so? Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: When Israel was traveling, two sparks of fire would emerge from the midst of the two staves of the Ark in order to smite their enemies. From where is it derived? It is as Moses said to Israel: ‘Why do you fear the giants; are they tougher than those who would come against us and the Ark would burn them?’1See Deuteronomy 9:1–3 where Moses tell Israel not to fear the giants because of the devouring fire which passes before them. Likewise, it says: “You shall know today that the Lord your God is He who passes before you, [a devouring fire]” (Deuteronomy 9:3). From here, you expound that two sparks would precede them. He said to them: “He will destroy them, and He will subdue them before you” (Deuteronomy 9:3). Since the sparks would emerge, the fire would graze the bearers of the Ark and they would be burned and decrease in number.
From where is it derived that the tribe of Kehat diminished in number? You find that three families would bear all the Tabernacle vessels. [The family of] Gershon bore all the woven materials: sheets, curtain, the screen, and the hangings. The family of Kehat would bear the Ark, the table, the candelabrum, the altars, and the sacred vessels. [The family of] Merari would bear the beams, the bars, the pillars, and the bases. You find that these four2The fourth family was Moses, Aaron and his children, who camped by themselves to the east of the Tabernacle. They were included in the count of Kehat. families were counted from one month old and from thirty years old. When he counts the Gershonites, he counts them from one month old, and finds them “seven thousand five hundred” (Numbers 3:22). He then counted them from thirty years old and finds them “two thousand six hundred and thirty” (Numbers 4:40). They were one hundred and thirty more than one-third. Likewise, Merari, he counts them from one month old, and their total comes to “six thousand two hundred” (Numbers 3:34). When he attributes them from thirty years old, he finds them “three thousand two hundred” (Numbers 4:44). They were one hundred more than half of them. But the family of Kehat, you find them most numerous of all the families, as from one month old he counts them and finds them “eight thousand six hundred” (Numbers 3:28). When he came from thirty years old, he finds them “two thousand seven hundred and fifty” (Numbers 4:36). They were less than one-third, by one hundred and seventeen. Why was it so? It is, rather, as Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: When Israel was traveling; two sparks of fire would emerge from the midst of the two staves and graze the bearers of the Ark and they would decrease in number. Each and every one of them was running; this one would take the table, this one would take the candelabrum, this one would take the altars, but they would flee from the Ark because it would harm them. It was as though the Ark was treated with contempt and the Holy One blessed be He would become angry with them, and again they would be eradicated. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘How am I killing the sons of Kehat?I If they bear it, they decrease in number, if they do not bear it, there is anger directed at them.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses and to Aaron: ‘Institute a remedy for the sons of Kehat so they will not be cut off from the world, so they will not abandon and flee. “Do not cut off the tribe …” Rather, let Aaron and his sons come: “Assign them, each man to his service and to his burden” (Numbers 4:19), so that they will be unable to switch from service to service and from burden to burden.’ That is what is written: “But do this for them, and they will live, [and will not die upon their approaching the Holy of Holies. Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them, each man to his service and to his burden]” (Numbers 4:19).
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: God forbid, the sons of Kehat would not abandon the Ark and run to the table and the candelabrum; rather, even though they would decrease in number, they would give their lives for the sake of the Ark. If so, why was He cautioning them: “Do not cut off the tribe…”? Rather, it was because they knew that anyone who bears the Ark, his reward is great; they would abandon the table, the candelabrum, and the altars, and they would all run to the Ark to receive a reward. As a result, this one would quarrel and say: ‘I will bear here,’ and that one would quarrel and say: ‘I will bear here,’ and as a result, they would act with levity and the Divine Presence would harm them. God said to Moses: ‘Institute a remedy for the sons of Kehat so they will not be eradicated from the world. “Do not cut off…” Rather, have them assigned to their service and to their burden so they will not quarrel with one another.’ Moses instituted a remedy, but they were quarreling with one another: This one would say: ‘I will bear the Ark,’ and that one would say: ‘I will bear it,’ and one would not know what was fixed for him, what was his burden. The Holy One blessed be He said, and consequently Aaron and his sons would enter and give each and every one his burden, as it is stated: “Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them...”
Bamidbar Rabbah
“From thirty [years old and above]” (Numbers 4:35); from here they said: Thirty years old for strength (Mishna Avot 5:21).
“Their counted, by their families, was two thousand seven hundred and fifty” (Numbers 4:36).
“Their counted, by their families,” this is what they said, that the Ark would kill of the sons of Kehat, as when he counted them from one month old, they were eight thousand six hundred, but when he counted them from thirty years old, not even one third of them were found.
“These are the counted of the Kehatite families, all who served in the Tent of Meeting, whom Moses and Aaron counted according to the directive of the Lord at the hand of Moses” (Numbers 4:37).
“These are the counted of the Kehatite families,” this is what they said, that the princes did not count with them at the directive of the divine speech, as the princes are not mentioned here.
“According to the directive of the Lord at the hand of Moses,” they acted at the directive of the Lord, just as the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses that Aaron should count the sons of Kehat with him, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron saying: Take a census of [the sons of Kehat]” (Numbers 4:1–2). That is why it is stated: “At the hand of Moses,” as Moses said to Aaron, because Aaron was excluded from all the statements in the Torah that were stated to Moses.
“Their counted, by their families, was two thousand seven hundred and fifty” (Numbers 4:36).
“Their counted, by their families,” this is what they said, that the Ark would kill of the sons of Kehat, as when he counted them from one month old, they were eight thousand six hundred, but when he counted them from thirty years old, not even one third of them were found.
“These are the counted of the Kehatite families, all who served in the Tent of Meeting, whom Moses and Aaron counted according to the directive of the Lord at the hand of Moses” (Numbers 4:37).
“These are the counted of the Kehatite families,” this is what they said, that the princes did not count with them at the directive of the divine speech, as the princes are not mentioned here.
“According to the directive of the Lord at the hand of Moses,” they acted at the directive of the Lord, just as the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses that Aaron should count the sons of Kehat with him, as it is stated: “The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron saying: Take a census of [the sons of Kehat]” (Numbers 4:1–2). That is why it is stated: “At the hand of Moses,” as Moses said to Aaron, because Aaron was excluded from all the statements in the Torah that were stated to Moses.
Bamidbar Rabbah
“They shall send out from the camp every leper…” – why is the portion of lepers juxtaposed to the portion of the Levites? You find that Israel and the Levites accepted the kingdom of the Holy One blessed be He upon themselves at Sinai, as it is stated: “All the people answered together” (Exodus 19:8). At the end of forty days, Israel rebelled against the Holy One blessed be He: “They crafted for themselves a molten calf…and said: This is your god, Israel, who took you up from the land of Egypt” (Exodus 32:8). But the Levites were found faultless before the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Moses stood at the gate of the camp [and said: Whoever is for the Lord, come to me; and all the sons of Levi gathered to him]” (Exodus 32:26). The Holy One blessed be He said: “For those who honor Me, I will honor, but those who scorn Me will be lowly” (I Samuel 2:30). The sons of Levi, who honored Me and did not deny Me, them I honor. But Israel, who scorned Me, as I took them up out of Egypt but they said it was the calf that took them up, by right they should be lowly. With what honor did the Holy One blessed be He honor the Levites? It is that He took them as His portion, as it is stated: “I have hereby taken the Levites from among the children of Israel…[and the Levites shall be Mine]” (Numbers 3:12). When He came to count them to stand in His service, He counted them Himself.
From where is it derived that it is so? Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Shimon said: It is written before the portion of the lepers: “According to the directive of the Lord he counted them, at the hand of Moses” (Numbers 4:49), and it says: “And his count was as the Lord commanded Moses” (Numbers 4:49). It is written at the beginning of the matter: “Their counted were” (Numbers 4:36). Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Shimon said: How will the expounder find his bearings between “his count” and “their counted”? If “his count,” why “their counted”? Rather, “their counted” – what Moses and Aaron counted; “His count” – what God counted. Why did God count them? The Holy One blessed be He said: So no man would say: Were Moses and Aaron capable of counting all those multitudes? God said: If you express reproof about them it is as though you are expressing reproof about Me. That is why He wrote: “His count” and “their counted.”
How did Moses count them? Rabbi Berekhya said: The Holy One blessed be He would say to Moses: ‘In such and such family there are such and such people,’ until he counted them. That is what is written: “According to the directive of the Lord he counted them, at the hand of Moses.” When Moses counted them from one month old, he counted them at the directive of the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “All those counted of the Levites, [whom Moses and Aaron counted according to the directive of the Lord]” (Numbers 3:39). Rabbi Berekhya HaKohen said: Do you believe that Moses would go and enter the tent of each and every one to see how many sons he had? No, rather God said to Moses: ‘There are two in the tent of so-and-so, and three in the tent of so-and-so,’ until he counted them. From where is it derived? As it is stated: “According to the directive of the Lord.” Thus, He accorded great honor to them in that He Himself counted them. But in the census of Israel, you do not find “according to the directive of the Lord.” Because they did not honor Him, He did not honor them.
Likewise, when the Holy One blessed be He came to establish the Tabernacle, He drew the Levites near in His service, as it says in the portion.2This refers to Numbers, chapters 3–4, which describe how the Levites were chosen and what their role was in the Tabernacle. The Holy One blessed be He said: The Levites who honored Me will be with Me, but those who erred with the calf will be afflicted with leprosy, as it is stated: “Moses saw the people, that it was wild [farua]” (Exodus 32:25).3The proof from the verse is explained in Bemidbar Rabba 7:1. Likewise, it says: “I hate the doing of perversity; [it shall not cleave to me]” (Psalms 101:3).4Therefore, other Israelites, who sinned with the calf, were rejected and did not serve in the Tabernacle and Temple.
From where is it derived that it is so? Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Shimon said: It is written before the portion of the lepers: “According to the directive of the Lord he counted them, at the hand of Moses” (Numbers 4:49), and it says: “And his count was as the Lord commanded Moses” (Numbers 4:49). It is written at the beginning of the matter: “Their counted were” (Numbers 4:36). Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Shimon said: How will the expounder find his bearings between “his count” and “their counted”? If “his count,” why “their counted”? Rather, “their counted” – what Moses and Aaron counted; “His count” – what God counted. Why did God count them? The Holy One blessed be He said: So no man would say: Were Moses and Aaron capable of counting all those multitudes? God said: If you express reproof about them it is as though you are expressing reproof about Me. That is why He wrote: “His count” and “their counted.”
How did Moses count them? Rabbi Berekhya said: The Holy One blessed be He would say to Moses: ‘In such and such family there are such and such people,’ until he counted them. That is what is written: “According to the directive of the Lord he counted them, at the hand of Moses.” When Moses counted them from one month old, he counted them at the directive of the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “All those counted of the Levites, [whom Moses and Aaron counted according to the directive of the Lord]” (Numbers 3:39). Rabbi Berekhya HaKohen said: Do you believe that Moses would go and enter the tent of each and every one to see how many sons he had? No, rather God said to Moses: ‘There are two in the tent of so-and-so, and three in the tent of so-and-so,’ until he counted them. From where is it derived? As it is stated: “According to the directive of the Lord.” Thus, He accorded great honor to them in that He Himself counted them. But in the census of Israel, you do not find “according to the directive of the Lord.” Because they did not honor Him, He did not honor them.
Likewise, when the Holy One blessed be He came to establish the Tabernacle, He drew the Levites near in His service, as it says in the portion.2This refers to Numbers, chapters 3–4, which describe how the Levites were chosen and what their role was in the Tabernacle. The Holy One blessed be He said: The Levites who honored Me will be with Me, but those who erred with the calf will be afflicted with leprosy, as it is stated: “Moses saw the people, that it was wild [farua]” (Exodus 32:25).3The proof from the verse is explained in Bemidbar Rabba 7:1. Likewise, it says: “I hate the doing of perversity; [it shall not cleave to me]” (Psalms 101:3).4Therefore, other Israelites, who sinned with the calf, were rejected and did not serve in the Tabernacle and Temple.