Комментарий о цитате к Йеошуа 5:2

A Midrashic approach (based on Tanchuma Shelach 14): just as a father is obligated to train his son in five aspects of successful living, i.e. to circumcise him, to teach him Torah, to redeem him from a priest if he is a firstborn, to teach him an honest trade, and to arrange for him to marry a suitable woman, so G’d provided similarly for the Jewish people (His firstborn son). He circumcised them employing Joshua as the Mohel performing the ritual as recorded in Joshua 5,2. G’d “redeemed” Israel as we know from Samuel II 7,23: “and who is like Your people Israel, a unique nation on earth whom G’d went and redeemed as His people, etc.” He taught the Israelites the Torah as He said: “you shall teach them (the words of the Torah) to your children,” [employing the fathers as the teachers. Ed.]. It is also written that G’d personally taught the Torah, as stated in Isaiah 48,17: ”I the Lord am your G’d, instructing you for your own benefit.” G'd taught the people a useful trade by teaching them the commandments, as we know from Leviticus 27,34 “These are the commandments which G’d instructed, etc.” Finally, He arranged for the people to have suitable marriage partners when he blessed them saying: “Be fruitful and multiply.”
Just like a father feeds his family, anoints them with oil and washes them (arranges for all this) so G’d does the same for Israel as we know from Ezekiel 16,9-10: “I bathed you in water, and washed the blood off you, and anointed you with oil. (verse 19) and the food which I had given you, the choice flour, the oil and the honey, which I had provided for you to eat, etc.” In Numbers 21,11 we find the Israelites addressing the well of water provided for them by G’d with the words: “spring up O well-sing to it,” Just as when the father gives properties to his children the children offer gifts to the father as symbols of their gratitude, so G’d here told the Israelites to offer certain libations to express their gratitude when they would arrive in the land of Israel.

בפרשת מועדות שבתורת כהנים – “When an ox or sheep or a goat [is born…]” (Leviticus 22:27 – it begins the verse before and extends to Leviticus 23:44). It is dealing with the first day. But nowadays, it is the general practice that on the first day [of Passover] we read: “Go, pick out [lambs for your families…]” (Exodus 12:21 through verse 51), and we recite the Haftarah concerning the Passover in Gilgal (Joshua 3:5-7 and Joshua 5:2-16 and 6:1, 27); on the Second Day [of Passover” we read [in the Torah]: “When an ox or sheep or a goat [is born…]” (Leviticus 22:26-23:44). And we recite the Haftarah of the Passover of [King] Josiah (II Kings 23:1-9; 21-25 – though Bartenura errantly lists chapter 22). On the third day, [we read]: “Consecrate to Me every first-born” (Exodus 13:1-16). On the fourth day, [we read]: “If you lend money to My people…” (Exodus 22:24-23:19); on the fifth day [we read]: “Carve [two tablets of stone like the first…” (Exodus 34:1 – though today, the Torah reading, if it is Shabbat Hol HaMoed/the Intermediate Sabbath, begins with Exodus 33:12 and extends to Exodus 34:26); on the sixth day, [we read]: “Let the Israelite people offer the Passover sacrifice at its set time” (Numbers 9:2 – but the reading begins at Numbers 9:1 as pointed out in the Bartenura commentary – and extends to Numbers 9:14); on the seventh day, the Song at the Sea of Reeds (Exodus 13:17 – which extends to Exodus 15:26); and we recite the Haftarah: “And David spoke” (II Samuel 22:1-51). On the eighth day, which is the last day of Yom Tov in the Diaspora, we read [from the Torah]: “All male firstlings” (Deuteronomy 15:17 through Deuteronomy 16:17) and recite from the Haftarah: “This same day at Nob He will stand [and wave his hand]…” (Isaiah 10:32 through verse 34, Isaiah 11:1-16 and Isaiah 12:1-6). On Shavuot/Atzeret, on the first day of Yom Tov,[we read in the Torah]: “In the third month…” (Exodus 19:1 through Exodus 20:23) and recite the Haftarah of the Chariot of Ezekiel (Ezekiel, 1:1-28 and 3:12; on the Second Day of the Diaspora, [we read in the Torah}: “All male firstlings” (Deuteronomy 15:17 through Deuteronomy 16:17] and recite from the Haftarah Habbakuk (Chapter 3, verses 1-19; there is a Sephardic practice to extend the reading from Habbukuk 2:20-3:19). On Rosh Hashanah [we read in the Torah]: “And God took note of Sarah” (Genesis 21:1 through verse 24) for on Rosh Hashanah, Sarah was remembered, and we recite from the Haftarah of Hannah (I Samuel 1:1 through chapter 2, verse 10) as she too was remembered on Rosh Hashanah. On the Second Day of Rosh Hashanah, [we read in the Torah] the Akedah/the Binding [of Isaac] (Genesis, chapter 22, verses 1 through 24) and we recite the Haftarah portion: “Truly, Ephraim is a dear son to Me…” (verse 20 is the verse quoted at the conclusion of the Haftarah – of chapter 31 of Jeremiah – the Haftarah begins at verse 2). On Yom Kippur morning [we read in the Torah]: “After the death” (Leviticus 16:1 – the reading extends to the end of the chapter, verse 34) and we recite the Haftarah portion: “[For thus said] He who high aloft forever dwells” (verse 15 of the Haftarah from Isaiah that begins with chapter 57 verse 14 and concludes in Isaiah chapter 58 verse 14). At Minhah/Afternoon Service, [we read from the Torah]: the [laws of] incest (Leviticus chapter 18, verses 1-30) and recite the Haftarah [of the book of] Jonah. On [both] of the first two days of Yom Tov of “the holiday” (i.e., Sukkot), [we read from the Torah]: “When an ox or sheep or goat [is born]…” (Leviticus 22:26-23:44) and on the first day, we recite the Haftarah: “Lo, the day of the LORD is coming…” (Zechariah 14:1 and continuing to verse 21), and on the Second Day [of the Holiday], we recite the Haftarah: “All the men of Israel gathered [before King Solomon at the Feast…]” (I Kings, chapter 8, verses 2-21). And all the rest of the days of the Holiday (i.e., Sukkot), we read the sacrifices of the Holiday. How so? On the third day, which is the first day of Hol HaMoed, the Kohen reads, “And on the second day” (Numbers 29:17 and onwards to 19), the Levite reads: “And on the third day” (Numbers 29:20-22) and the Israelite reads: “On the fourth day” (Numbers 29:23-25), and the fourth Aliyah returns and reads: “On the second day” (Numbers 29:17-19) and “On the third day” (Numbers 29:20-22). On the fourth day (which is the second day of Hol HaMoed), the Kohen reads: “On the third day” (Numbers 29:20-22); the Levite reads “On the fourth day” (Numbers 29:23-25); the Israelite reads: “On the fifth day” (Numbers 29:26-28), and the fourth Aliyah reads: “On the third day” (Numbers 29:20-22) and “On the fourth day” (Numbers 29:23-25) and similarly for all of them. On the concluding day of the Holiday (i.e., Shemini Atzeret, as we know it today), [we read from the Torah]: “All male firstlings” (Deuteronomy 15:17 through Deuteronomy 16:17 – but today, if Shemini Atzeret occurs on Shabbat, we begin the Torah reading at Deuteronomy 14:22). And we recite the Haftarah: “When Solomon finished [offering to the LORD]…” (I Kings 8, 54-66), and on the morrow, we read [from the Torah]: “And this is the blessing” (Deuteronomy 33:1-through the conclusion of the Torah, Deuteronomy 34:12. The Bartenura does NOT mention the reading of the first chapter of Genesis as well). And we recite the Haftarah: “And it came to pass after the death of Moses” (Joshua, 1:1-18). And on the Shabbat that falls on Hol HaMoed/the Intermediate Days, whether for Passover or Sukkot, we read [from the Torah]: “See, You say to me…” (Exodus 33:12-34:26), and recite for the Haftarah: On Passover – The Dry Bones (Ezekiel 37:1-14) and for Sukkot: “When Gog sets foot [on the soil of Israel]…” (Ezekiel 38:18-39:16), for the tradition is in our hands that the Resurrection of the Dead will someday occur during Passover, and the War of Gog and Magog on Sukkot.

ממחרת השבת יניפנו הכהן. Im Gegensatze zu der sadduzäischen Auffassung, die ,in diesem ממחרת השבת einen Tag nach dem Schabbat, somit einen ersten Wochentag einen Sonntag erblicken will, so daß das auf den fünfzigsten Tag von der Omerdarbringung bestimmte Schabuotfest immer auf einen Sonntag falle, und diese Interpretation und Schabuotfestbestimmung zu einem Stichblatt ihrer Traditionsleugnung macht, lehrt die Halacha (Menachot 65a-b), daß unter diesem ממחרת השבת kein anderer als der 16. Nissan, der Tag nach dem ersten Mazzafesttage zu verstehen sei. Es wird dort auch das Ungeeignete, ja das geradezu Absurde dieser sadduzäischen Interpretation unter anderem auch darin nachgewiesen, daß das Gesetz unmöglich könne sagen wollen, die Darbringung solle am Tage nach dem Schabbat im Sinne des שבת בראשית des gewöhnlichen Wochensabbats, geschehen, da es ja deren mehr als fünfzig im Jahre gebe und völlig unbestimmt gelassen wäre, welchen dieser Schabbate das Gesetz gemeint habe. Auch hat man sehr richtig bemerkt, eine sadduzäische Interpretation müsse ja dann auch das עד ממחרת השבת השביעית des V. 16 vom Wochensabbat verstehen. Ist aber der erste Tag der Zählung "ein Tag nach dem Schabbat" so ist der fünfzigste nicht ein Tag nach dem siebten, sondern nach dem achten Schabbat. Maimonides (הל׳ תמידין ומוספים 7, 11) weist auch auf Josua 5, 11 ויאכלו מעבור הארץ ממחרת הפסה hin, wo ganz übereinstimmend mit der tradierten Halacha, der Genuss von der neuen Landesfrucht an den Tag nach dem ersten Festtag geknüpft ist. Es würde somit dieser erste Festtag, der fünfzehnte Nissan, hier שבת genannt sein, vermöge des ihm innewohnenden שבתון-Charakters, der ihn durch איסור מלאכת עבודה von den folgenden Mitteltagen unterscheidet.

whetted Heb. יוּצַר, an expression similar to (Jos. 5:2) “sharp knives (חַרְבוֹתצֻרִים),” also (Ps. 89:44) “You have also turned the edge of his sword (צוּר חַרְבּוֹ).”

You even turned back the sharp edge of his sword You turned back and reversed the sharp edge of his sword, as (Josh. 5:2): “sharp (צרים) knives,” and likewise (Isa. 54:17): “Any weapon whetted (יוצר) against you.”