פּירוש אויף דברים 4:26

העידתי בכם I CALL AS WITNESSES AGAINST YOU [THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH] — Behold I summon them to be witnesses that I have warned you.

את השמים ואת הארץ, “both heaven and earth;” Moses refers to all the stars in heaven, as well as to the permanent and unalterable phenomena that are part of the earth. [The rock of Gibraltar, the Himalayan Mountains, etc. Ed.] (Compare Ibn Ezra)

I call as witnesses Some say [Sa‘adya Gaon on 32: 1] that the testimony of heaven and earth denotes the angels and the human race, respectively. Others say it alludes to the rains, as in, “I will make your skies like iron and your land like brass” [Leviticus 29: 19]. In my opinion, heaven and earth are called as witnesses to watch them and their children forever, because they are permanent (as in “as long as the heaven endures on the earth” [11: 21]; “Hear, O mountains, God ’s controversy” [Micah 6: 2]; and “this stone shall be a witness to us” [Joshua 24: 27]). Those people who object to this interpretation on the grounds of such verses as “heaven shall vanish away like smoke…” [Isaiah 51: 6] are vigilant in disputation, but their minds are asleep!