申命記 16:1 註釋：Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Ramban & Sforno

שמור את חדש האביב WATCH THE MONTH OF ABIB — This means: Before it comes watch whether it will be capable of producing ripe ears (אביב), so that one may offer the Omer meal-offering during it, and if not (i.e. if you observe that the ears will not be ripe by the 16th of Nisan), then intercalate the year (i.e. add a month to the winter-period, so that the month Abib falls later than it otherwise would, by which time the ears will be ripened) (cf. Sanhedrin 11b and Note 4 on p. 191 of Leviticus in the Silbermann edition of the Pentateuch).

the month of Spring is so called because it was during the Springtime that they left Egypt. The Dissenters have claimed that one may not perform the Paschal sacrifice until Spring-time. I have replied to their nonsense elsewhere [comment on Exodus 12: 2] (nevertheless, we must acknowledge that the court did examine whether or not Spring had arrived). Know that in the Hebrew language the months have no proper names. The names that appear in Scripture — like Nisan [Esther 3: 7], Sivan [Esther 8: 9], Kislev [Nehemiah 1: 1], Ṭevet [Esther 2: 16], and Adar [Esther 3: 7] — are all Aramaic. Consequently, Scripture had to tell us, “…this being the month of Nisan” [Esther 3: 7]. The only Hebrew terms that we find are the descriptive terms “Splendor” [I Kings 6: 1], “Mighty” [I Kings 8: 2], and “Wilt” [I Kings 6: 38]. The original rule was that the first month (the month from which the others are counted) was to be reckoned with the coming of the Spring — whether the previous year had twelve or thirteen months being of no concern. However, our ancestors, of blessed memory, added other considerations, in addition to the Spring [Sanhedrin 11b]; and all of their words are true.

KEEP THE MONTH OF AVIV. The commandment of the festivals [mentioned here] is explanatory, for He has already mentioned it. Now, in the Book of Leviticus He mentioned with reference to the festivals, And ye shall bring an offering made by fire unto the Eternal,³¹⁴Leviticus 23:8. but here he did not mention them [the offerings] at all. Instead he commanded Israel to ascend on their account [to celebrate the festivals] to the place which He will choose, and rejoice before Him. For just as he commanded that one bring the Second Tithe before G-d,³¹⁵Above, 14:23. and also the firstling,³¹⁶Ibid., 15:19. and eat them there in the place that G-d will choose, he added [here] to make it clear that they will all be further obligated to come before G-d and celebrate before Him on three festivals and rejoice with the peace-offerings that they will offer before Him. Now he did not mention the times of the Festivals of Unleavened Bread and Tabernacles on which dates they occur, but he briefly mentioned their months, for He had already stated everything there.³¹⁷Leviticus 23:4-43.

ממצרים לילה [FOR IN THE MONTH OF ABIB THE LORD THY GOD BROUGHT THEE FORTH] FROM EGYPT BY NIGHT — But did they not go forth by day , as it is said, (Numbers 30:3) “on the morrow after the Passover the children of Israel went out … [in the sight of all the Egyptians]”? But it states that they went out by night because Pharaoh gave them permission to go forth by night, as it is said, (Exodus 12:31) “And he called for Moses and Aaron by night, [and said, Rise up, go forth from among my people etc.]” (cf. Sifrei Devarim 128:5; Berakhot 9a).