Commentary for Genesis 10:5
מֵ֠אֵלֶּה נִפְרְד֞וּ אִיֵּ֤י הַגּוֹיִם֙ בְּאַרְצֹתָ֔ם אִ֖ישׁ לִלְשֹׁנ֑וֹ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖ם בְּגוֹיֵהֶֽם׃
Of these were the isles of the nations divided in their lands, every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.
Ramban on Genesis
FROM THERE WERE PARTED THE INHABITANTS OF THE MARITIME SETTLEMENT OF THE NATIONS IN THEIR LANDS. The meaning of this is that the children of Japheth are those who dwell on the isles of the sea, and they are separated, each one of his sons residing singly on another isle, and their countries are far from each other. This was indeed the blessing of their father Noah, who said, May G-d enlarge Japheth,264Above, 9:27. meaning that they be numerous in the expanses of the earth. The sons of Ham, however, are all near one another as they dwell on the continents. Therefore Scripture said, And the boundary of the Canaanite was from Sidon…in their lands and in their nations.265Verses 19-20 here. The same is true of the sons of Shem.
Now Scripture narrates all this in order to inform us of Abraham’s lineage from Shem, and Ham’s descendants are mentioned to inform us of those nations whose lands Abraham was favored with on account of the sin of their fathers. Therefore it tells also of Japheth and of the dispersion266Genesis 11:1-9. in order to inform us of the cause of the difference in languages and the scattering of the nations to the ends of the earth in a short period of time after the first man. Moreover, this narration serves to let us know the kindness of G-d and His keeping the covenant He made with Noah that he would not destroy them.
The Rabbi267Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Rambam or Maimonides). See Seder Bereshith, Note 139. said in Moreh Nebuchim268III, 50. that the genealogy of the nations verifies to those that hear it the principle of the creation of the world.269“It is one of the fundamental principles of the Torah that the universe has been created out of nothing, and that of the human race, one individual being, Adam was created. As the time which elapsed from Adam to Moses was not more than about two thousand five hundred years, people would have doubted the truth of that statement if no other information had been added, seeing that the human race was apread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, very unlike the one to the other. In order to remove this doubt the Law gives the genealogy of the nations [Genesis 5 and 10], and the manner how they branched off from a common root. It names those of them who were well known, and tells who their fathers were, how long and where they lived. It describes also the cause that led to the dispersion of men over all parts of the earth, and to the formation of their different languages, after they had lived for a long time in one place, and spoken one language [ibid., 11], as would be natural for descendants of one person.” (Ibid., Friedlander’s translation III, p. 273.) This also is true, for our father Abraham will command his children and his household after him270Genesis 18:19. and will affirm to them the narration concerning Noah and his sons who saw the flood and were in the ark. Thus he, [Abraham, not having seen the flood but hearing of it], was witness from mouth to mouth in the whole matter of the flood, and he was a fourth witness to creation since Noah saw his father Lamech who saw Adam. Isaac and Jacob saw Shem, the witness of the flood, and Jacob told all this to those that went down to Egypt, as well as to Pharaoh and the people of his generation. The people in every generation similarly know from their fathers who tell them the deeds and progeny of the four to five previous generations.
Now Scripture narrates all this in order to inform us of Abraham’s lineage from Shem, and Ham’s descendants are mentioned to inform us of those nations whose lands Abraham was favored with on account of the sin of their fathers. Therefore it tells also of Japheth and of the dispersion266Genesis 11:1-9. in order to inform us of the cause of the difference in languages and the scattering of the nations to the ends of the earth in a short period of time after the first man. Moreover, this narration serves to let us know the kindness of G-d and His keeping the covenant He made with Noah that he would not destroy them.
The Rabbi267Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Rambam or Maimonides). See Seder Bereshith, Note 139. said in Moreh Nebuchim268III, 50. that the genealogy of the nations verifies to those that hear it the principle of the creation of the world.269“It is one of the fundamental principles of the Torah that the universe has been created out of nothing, and that of the human race, one individual being, Adam was created. As the time which elapsed from Adam to Moses was not more than about two thousand five hundred years, people would have doubted the truth of that statement if no other information had been added, seeing that the human race was apread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, very unlike the one to the other. In order to remove this doubt the Law gives the genealogy of the nations [Genesis 5 and 10], and the manner how they branched off from a common root. It names those of them who were well known, and tells who their fathers were, how long and where they lived. It describes also the cause that led to the dispersion of men over all parts of the earth, and to the formation of their different languages, after they had lived for a long time in one place, and spoken one language [ibid., 11], as would be natural for descendants of one person.” (Ibid., Friedlander’s translation III, p. 273.) This also is true, for our father Abraham will command his children and his household after him270Genesis 18:19. and will affirm to them the narration concerning Noah and his sons who saw the flood and were in the ark. Thus he, [Abraham, not having seen the flood but hearing of it], was witness from mouth to mouth in the whole matter of the flood, and he was a fourth witness to creation since Noah saw his father Lamech who saw Adam. Isaac and Jacob saw Shem, the witness of the flood, and Jacob told all this to those that went down to Egypt, as well as to Pharaoh and the people of his generation. The people in every generation similarly know from their fathers who tell them the deeds and progeny of the four to five previous generations.
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Radak on Genesis
מאלו נפרדו, after the debacle with the Tower, the descendants of Yaphet chose for themselves the various islands in the Aegean as their habitat, resulting in each tribe being separated from the other.
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Tur HaArokh
מאלה נפרדו איי הגויים, “from these the various nationalities developed as separate ‘islands of peoples.’” According to Nachmanides, especially the descendants of Yephet took up residence in the islands of the Mediterranean sea around the Greek mainland, each one consisting of a distinct and separate nation-state. The blessing given to Yephet envisioned that his descendants would be scattered over a large area, whereas the descendants of Cham lived in close proximity to one another. This is hinted at by the words מאלה נפרדו, “they separated from these.” This is also why the text (verse 19) continues with: ויהי גבול הכנעני מצידון באכה גררה עד עזה, “the boundaries of the territory belonging to the various clans of the Canaanite extended from Tzidon in the north as far south as Gerar until Gaza.” Significantly, the text adds (verse 20)למשפחותם, ללשונותם, בארצותם בגויהם, “according to their respective families, their different dialects, in their respective countries according to their differing nationalities.” The reason that the Torah went to such length to inform us of all these details is to establish the genealogy of Avraham to Noach via his son Shem. ([importance of being a Semite. Ed.] Through this detailed description of the descendants of both Cham and Shem, the title to the land of Israel by the descendants of Avraham, who had inherited the status of master over Cham due to Noach’s curse of his grandson Canaan, had been established for all future times. The Torah provides details of the development of the descendants of Yephet and the breaking up of a united mankind into clans of different languages, different orientations, in order to provide a logical explanation for the fact that mankind which at one time had all spoken the same language had gradually grown apart from one another both ideologically and geographically, so that international friction can be seen as an act of G’d’s kindness, the G’d Who but for His desire to keep His covenant with Noach would have destroyed the generation who had built the tower meaning thereby to challenge G’d’s supremacy in His own world.
Maimonides, in his Moreh Nevuchim comments on this subject that what the Torah writes in our chapter is proof to the readers that the world did not precede G’d, but that G’d preceded the world. The report of these chapters in the Torah establishes a direct link between Noach and Avraham, as the ages given demonstrate that the survivors of the deluge gave eye witness accounts of these events having indeed taken place. Therefore, Avraham was in a position to command his own descendants to adhere to the laws of G’d. Shem was alive when Avraham was born, and Noach’s grandfather Methuselah had still known Adam personally. Even Yitzchok and Yaakov had still known Shem, a survivor of the ark, personally. Important historical data were handed down by eye-witnesses for an average of 3-4 generations due to the relatively long lifespan these people enjoyed.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
נפרדו. Von der eigentlichen Zerstreuung und Sprachenzerfällung wird erst später gesprochen. Gleichwohl sehen wir hier schon ein Auseinandergehen der Völker nach Sprachen und Ländern. Das, was später in Folge eines ganz besonderen Einschreitens der göttlichen, die Menschheit erziehenden Waltung geschah, ist von dem hier Mitgeteilten verschieden. Das hier Mitgeteilte war vielmehr etwas ganz Natürliches, war nichts anderes, als was nach allen den neugestalteten Vorbedingungen geschehen mußte. Durch die Verschiedenheit des Bodens, der Temperatur, des Klimas usw. war ja eine Mannigfaltigkeit der Völker bei ihrer natürlichen Verbreitung über die Erde so gegeben als beabsichtigt. Und dies, und nur dies ist auch hier gesagt. Denn פרד, das hier wiederholt von dieser Sonderung der Völker gebraucht wird, ist sehr von dem פוץ und הפיץ zu unterscheiden, das die spätere Begebenheit charakterisiert und ein gewaltsames Zerstreuen bedeutet. הפרד hingegen heißt auch ein ganz naturgemäßes oder freiwilliges Auseinandergehen. So bei den Strömen, so bei Abraham und Lot. —
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Radak on Genesis
איש ללשונו, the people on each of those islands developed a different language or dialect. The word הגויים implies that although all these tribes were offspring of Yaphet, they were in fact as if separate nations. Seeing that the descendants of Noach listed comprise a total of 70, the concept of mankind comprising “seventy nations” not including the Jewish people, was born. [If, nowadays, in the United Nations, for instance, we have far more than 70 nations represented, this in no way contradicts the sages’ reference to “the 70 nations of the world.” Ed.]
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אי rad. איה. So wie איה und אי die Frage nach dem unbekannten Orte ist, an welchem sich irgend ein Gegenstand befindet, so ist אי überhaupt der isolierende Raum, in welchem sich eine Menge befindet, daher: Insel und ein abgeschlossenes Land, dann auch die in solcher Weise von andern abgeschlossenen Bewohner. — איש ללשנו, nicht בלשנו. Ihre besondere Mundart war nicht Ursache ihrer Trennung, sondern Folge. Sie gingen in Folge ihrer Vermehrung auseinander in verschiedene Gegenden, und unter dem Einfluss des Bodens usw. modifizierte sich ihre Sprache. Es dürfte ein bedeutender Unterschied zwischen dem שפה der späteren Begebenheit und dem לשון des hier Berichteten sein und שפה: die Sprache, z. B. die deutsche, französische usw. לשון aber die Sprachweise, die Mundart, den Dialekt bezeichnen. (S. Kapitel ,kneten (לוץ von לצון ,זוד von זרון analog. wie) לוש wahrscheinlich von 11, 1.) לשון d.i.a. eine getrennte Masse zu einer einheitlichen Masse bringen und zugleich b. sie gestalten und formen. So die Zunge. Sie formt den Bissen zur Aufnahme in den Magen und sie gestaltet auch den Hauch und den Laut. Durch sie wird die Luftsäule, die in ihren feinen Vibrierungen die unendliche Mannigfaltigkeit der menschlichen Sprachlaute erzeugt, gestaltet und modifiziert. So wie לוש Gestaltung der Stimme zu Lauten und Worten, so ist לוץ der künstliche Gebrauch der Worte לָצוֹן לֵץ ;מליצה מליץ: der Zungenkünstler, die Dialektik. — Es heißt also: Indem die Nachkommen Noas anwuchsen, gingen sie natürlich auseinander, wurden אִיִים, räumlich getrennt, die eine ארץ zerfiel in verschiedene ארצות, das eine גוי ging in verschiedene Völkergruppen auseinander, und da die Persönlichkeit durch die äußeren Verhältnisse beherrscht und umwandelt wird, so wurde die eine Sprache zu verschiedenen Mundarten. Sie gingen also jeder ללשונו auseinander. Während aber so die Verschiedenheit der Dialekte ein Trennungsmittel nach außen war und verschiedene גוים bildete, so war sie ein um so innigeres Bindemittel nach innen, sie war das Verbindungsmittel der משפחות בגויהם. Es gibt keine Einigung ohne Trennung. So כדל, trennen; בתולה ,בתל, die mit noch keinem Verbundene. Sofort springt der Begriff über und heißt in פתיל ,פתל, fest und innig verbunden. Wer es mit allen hält, hält es mit niemandem. — Bemerken wir noch: auch bei Chams und Schems Nachkommen stehen dieselben Trennungs- und Verbindungs momente: אִיִיִ הגוים ;למשפחתם ללשנתם בארצתם בגויהם, die noch größere Parzellierung, steht aber nur bei den japhetischen Stämmen; und müssen diese somit in eine noch größere Mannigfaltigkeit sondernder Eigentümlichkeiten auseinander gegangen sein. Von den בני יון, den Griechen, ist uns dies bekannt. Und sollte — wie sehr wahrscheinlich — der populären Überlieferung, die in אשכנו die germanischen Stämme, Deutschland, findet, eine Wirklichkeit zu Grunde liegen, so hätten wir in אשכנו das zweite eklatante Beispiel nationaler Zersplitterung, eine Dezentralisierung, die aber der japhetischen Sendung den entschiedensten Vorschub geleistet haben dürfte. In kleinen Staaten hat stets die Bildung die größte Pflege gefunden. —
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