Commentary for Numbers 15:22
וְכִ֣י תִשְׁגּ֔וּ וְלֹ֣א תַעֲשׂ֔וּ אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַמִּצְוֺ֖ת הָאֵ֑לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶֽׁה׃
And when ye shall err, and not observe all these commandments, which the LORD hath spoken unto Moses,
Rashi on Numbers
וכי תשגו ולא תעשו AND IF YE HAVE ERRED, AND NOT DONE [ALL THESE COMMANDMENTS WHICH THE LORD HATH SPOKEN UNTO MOSES] — Idolatry (which is the transgression referred to here; cf. Rashi on next passage) is naturally comprehended under the general term “all the commandments” (see Leviticus 4:13) for which the whole community brings a bullock as a sin-offering if it infringes one of them, but, you see, Scripture here excepts it (the sin of idolatry) from the general law about them, to bring it under the law of a bullock as a burnt-offering, and a he-goat for a sin-offering (whilst the rule in Leviticus 4:13 is a bullock for sin-offering, and no he-goat is prescribed) (Sifrei Bamidbar 111:1).
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Ramban on Numbers
AND WHEN YE SHALL ERR, AND NOT OBSERVE ALL THESE COMMANDMENTS. This section is obscure in meaning, and the commentators of the plain meaning of Scripture183A veiled reference to Ibn Ezra, who [in Verse 27] interprets the verse in this way. — But this is obviously not the accepted law. See Vol. III, pp. 11-13, with the respective notes. have mistakenly explained it as referring to an offering which must be brought by one who has unwittingly failed to observe what G-d has commanded him to do. But these words are words of wind!184Job 16:3. For if so, there would be an obligation to bring an offering for any of the positive commandments of the Torah, if a person did not fulfill them all and unwittingly [neglected to do] any one of them, and there would [also] be the punishment of excision185Further, Verses 30-31. for anyone who does not fulfill them all, that is, who neglected knowingly to do [any] one of them, since Scripture states, even all that the Eternal hath commanded him unto you!186Verse 23. Moreover, He stated here, And it shall be if it be ‘done’ in error by the congregation,187Verse 24. [clearly indicating] that the error consists of a [positive] act which they did, and not of sitting back and failing to act! Similarly, But the soul that ‘doeth’ ought with a high hand188Further, Verse 30. [which also indicates that the sin consisted of doing something which the Torah prohibited]. But the meaning [of the verse before us] is: “When ye shall err and not observe what G-d has commanded [you to do], but you do the opposite.” Or it [may be that the verse] is stating that [if] “ye shall err and not observe His commandments, namely those things that He has commanded you not to do,” since matters prohibited by a negative commandment are also called “commandments,” just as He said, If any one shall sin through error against any of ‘the commandments’ of the Eternal concerning things which ought not to be done.189Leviticus 4:2. Now this offering [mentioned here] which the congregation has to bring when sinning in error is different from the offering mentioned in the section of Vayikra, for there He commanded [the congregation] to bring a bullock for a sin-offering,190Ibid., Verse 14. and here He commanded them to bring a bullock for a burnt-offering and a he-goat for a sin-offering.191Verse 24 here. Therefore our Rabbis had to say that this offering [mentioned here] applies only to worshipping idols in error [and hence has a stricter form of atonement].
The language of the verses [here] without being taken out of its simple meaning and implication is [to be understood as if] He were saying: “And when ye shall err in all the commandments, and transgress all that G-d has commanded you by the hand of Moses,186Verse 23. inasmuch as you will not do anything of that which He has commanded you, then you shall bring this offering.” Therefore He does not mention here, as He does with reference to those offerings [brought] for [committing a particular] sin, ‘any of all the commandments’ of the Eternal192Leviticus 4:13. [since the reference here is to transgressing all the commandments, and not just one of them, as is explained further on]. Thus this section according to its plain meaning refers to [the duty of] one who is unwittingly an “apostate” with regard to the entire Torah, [to bring] an offering, such as one who goes and becomes assimilated amongst one of the nations, and behaves as they do and does not want to be part of Israel at all. This applies if it was all done in error, such as — in the case of an individual — a child who was taken into captivity among the nations [and grew up unaware of his Jewish origin], and in the case of the community, if they [mistakenly] thought that the time of the Torah had already passed, and that it was not given for all generations; or if they say — as is mentioned in the Sifre193Sifre, Shelach 115. — “‘Why did G-d give [the Torah]? Was it not so that we should observe it and be rewarded for it? We will not observe it, and will take no reward!’ This is similar to that which the Israelites said and asked of Ezekiel, as it is stated, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Eternal and sat before me.194Ezekiel 20:1. They said to him: ‘Our master Ezekiel: A slave that was sold by his master, does he not go out of his control?’195The implication is that the Babylonian exile constituted” a sale” to another “master,” and therefore they were released from the authority of the Torah. The answer was given by Isaiah: Thus saith the Eternal: Where is the bill of your mother’s divorcement, wherewith I have put her away? Or which of My creditors is it to whom I have sold you? (50:1). The exile was thus no “sale” of Israel. Instead, it continues to be G-d’s people and duty-bound to keep His commandments. etc.” Or [the section here may refer to a time] when people forget the Torah. This has already happened to us, because of our sins, for in the days of the wicked kings [of the kingdom] of Israel, such as Jeroboam, most of the people forgot the Torah and the commandments completely, as is mentioned [also] — in the Book of Ezra196Nehemiah 8:14-17. And they found written in the Torah, how that the Eternal had commanded by Moses, that the children of Israel dwell in Booths … And all the congregation of them that were come back out of the captivity made Booths, and dwelt in the Booths etc. It is thus clear that the majority of the people had forgotten this commandment. See my Hebrew commentary p. 252, for a further elucidation of this point. It is important to point out that Ramban is referring only to the majority of the ordinary people, but of course even in the dark times of the kingdom of Israel, there were a significant number of individuals, who observed every commandment of the Torah. — [Ramban here calls the Book of Nehemiah “Ezra,” because it was Ezra who wrote it (Baba Bathra 15a). It is generally referred to, as such by many commentators (see e.g., Rashi on Succah 12a)]. concerning the people of the Second Temple. This, then, is the purport of our verse, for the “error” mentioned here refers to the totality of the Torah and the commandments. Therefore our Rabbis singled out one commandment, through the unwitting violation of which a person goes out of the community of Israel and all that they have been commanded, namely worshipping idols. The explanation of the verse is thus: “And when ye shall err, to walk after other gods,197Deuteronomy 11:28. and not observe one [particular] thing [which is in itself a denial] of all the commandments of the Eternal;” because one who acknowledges any divinity apart from Him, has already rendered meaningless all that the Glorious Name198Ibid., 28:58. has commanded, whether positive commandments or negative commandments, since if there were to be a deity other than Him, then the [duty of] fearing Him and [keeping] His commandments and all the obligations they entail are of no consequence.
This section thus comes to complete the laws of the priests with the law of one who worships idols in error, for this book [of Numbers] completes the laws of the offerings, as I have explained.199In the Introduction to this book, p. 4. It was put in here because the people [after hearing the false report of the spies] rebelled against the word of G-d, and said, Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt,200Above, 14:4. which means to remain in Egypt as they were originally, without Torah and without the commandments. The section thus comes to inform them that even in the case of idolatry, He forgives those who are in error, but those who do it in a high hand201Verse 30. He will cut them off [from among their people]. I have already explained in Seder Acharei Moth202Leviticus 18:29, see Vol. III, pp. 275-9. the meaning of this excision.
The language of the verses [here] without being taken out of its simple meaning and implication is [to be understood as if] He were saying: “And when ye shall err in all the commandments, and transgress all that G-d has commanded you by the hand of Moses,186Verse 23. inasmuch as you will not do anything of that which He has commanded you, then you shall bring this offering.” Therefore He does not mention here, as He does with reference to those offerings [brought] for [committing a particular] sin, ‘any of all the commandments’ of the Eternal192Leviticus 4:13. [since the reference here is to transgressing all the commandments, and not just one of them, as is explained further on]. Thus this section according to its plain meaning refers to [the duty of] one who is unwittingly an “apostate” with regard to the entire Torah, [to bring] an offering, such as one who goes and becomes assimilated amongst one of the nations, and behaves as they do and does not want to be part of Israel at all. This applies if it was all done in error, such as — in the case of an individual — a child who was taken into captivity among the nations [and grew up unaware of his Jewish origin], and in the case of the community, if they [mistakenly] thought that the time of the Torah had already passed, and that it was not given for all generations; or if they say — as is mentioned in the Sifre193Sifre, Shelach 115. — “‘Why did G-d give [the Torah]? Was it not so that we should observe it and be rewarded for it? We will not observe it, and will take no reward!’ This is similar to that which the Israelites said and asked of Ezekiel, as it is stated, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Eternal and sat before me.194Ezekiel 20:1. They said to him: ‘Our master Ezekiel: A slave that was sold by his master, does he not go out of his control?’195The implication is that the Babylonian exile constituted” a sale” to another “master,” and therefore they were released from the authority of the Torah. The answer was given by Isaiah: Thus saith the Eternal: Where is the bill of your mother’s divorcement, wherewith I have put her away? Or which of My creditors is it to whom I have sold you? (50:1). The exile was thus no “sale” of Israel. Instead, it continues to be G-d’s people and duty-bound to keep His commandments. etc.” Or [the section here may refer to a time] when people forget the Torah. This has already happened to us, because of our sins, for in the days of the wicked kings [of the kingdom] of Israel, such as Jeroboam, most of the people forgot the Torah and the commandments completely, as is mentioned [also] — in the Book of Ezra196Nehemiah 8:14-17. And they found written in the Torah, how that the Eternal had commanded by Moses, that the children of Israel dwell in Booths … And all the congregation of them that were come back out of the captivity made Booths, and dwelt in the Booths etc. It is thus clear that the majority of the people had forgotten this commandment. See my Hebrew commentary p. 252, for a further elucidation of this point. It is important to point out that Ramban is referring only to the majority of the ordinary people, but of course even in the dark times of the kingdom of Israel, there were a significant number of individuals, who observed every commandment of the Torah. — [Ramban here calls the Book of Nehemiah “Ezra,” because it was Ezra who wrote it (Baba Bathra 15a). It is generally referred to, as such by many commentators (see e.g., Rashi on Succah 12a)]. concerning the people of the Second Temple. This, then, is the purport of our verse, for the “error” mentioned here refers to the totality of the Torah and the commandments. Therefore our Rabbis singled out one commandment, through the unwitting violation of which a person goes out of the community of Israel and all that they have been commanded, namely worshipping idols. The explanation of the verse is thus: “And when ye shall err, to walk after other gods,197Deuteronomy 11:28. and not observe one [particular] thing [which is in itself a denial] of all the commandments of the Eternal;” because one who acknowledges any divinity apart from Him, has already rendered meaningless all that the Glorious Name198Ibid., 28:58. has commanded, whether positive commandments or negative commandments, since if there were to be a deity other than Him, then the [duty of] fearing Him and [keeping] His commandments and all the obligations they entail are of no consequence.
This section thus comes to complete the laws of the priests with the law of one who worships idols in error, for this book [of Numbers] completes the laws of the offerings, as I have explained.199In the Introduction to this book, p. 4. It was put in here because the people [after hearing the false report of the spies] rebelled against the word of G-d, and said, Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt,200Above, 14:4. which means to remain in Egypt as they were originally, without Torah and without the commandments. The section thus comes to inform them that even in the case of idolatry, He forgives those who are in error, but those who do it in a high hand201Verse 30. He will cut them off [from among their people]. I have already explained in Seder Acharei Moth202Leviticus 18:29, see Vol. III, pp. 275-9. the meaning of this excision.
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Sforno on Numbers
וכי תשגו, this verse has already been explained by Sifri as speaking of inadvertent commission of the sin of idolatry. Seeing that eventual exile had already been decreed for the descendants of this generation, it would be practically impossible for the exiled Jews not to become guilty of such acts in their host countries from time to time even if they did not intend thereby to violate Torah laws. They would become guilty of such acts even after their return to their homeland, having acquired idolatrous habits while under duress in exile.
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Or HaChaim on Numbers
וכי תשגו ולא תעשו, If you err and do not observe, etc. We are taught in Horiot 8 that this verse speaks about someone who commits the sin of idolatry. We find that the Torah repeats itself here, first writing "all the commandments," and then, in verse 23, "all that G'd has commanded you." The Torah appears to speak of someone who denies the validity of the Ten Commandments [commandments the people heard from G'd directly, Ed.] as well as all of the other commandments recorded in the written Torah but relayed to the people only through Moses. The message of the verse is that if someone worships idols he effectively rejects all the positive as well as all the negative commandments which make up Judaism. The words לא תעשו refer to the positive commandments, whereas the words את כל אשר צוה ה׳ אליכם refer to the negative commandments. The Torah informs us of a new concept, i.e. that there are individual positive commandments whose performance is equated with performance of all the positive commandments. Nonetheless, if someone worships idols he is considered as if he had also denied the validity of all the positive commandments. Similarly, there are some negative commandments the violation of which is considered as equivalent to rejection of all the negative commandments and the punishment in store for the person guilty of this is that which would be visited upon a person who had physically violated all the negative commandments.
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Rashbam on Numbers
וכי תשגו, by mistakenly committing an act considered forbidden under the rules of idolatry. What is written here also applies to inadvertent sins of a different nature which carry the karet penalty if committed deliberately.
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Tur HaArokh
וכי תשגו ולא תעשו את כל מצות האלה, “if you err and do not fulfill all of these commandments, etc.” Nachmanides refers to an error by numerous commentators who mistakenly believed that the offerings described here apply to people who failed to perform positive commandments they were bidden to do. The true meaning of the words is that they apply to negative commandments, and disobedience whether deliberate or inadvertent consists in doing the opposite of what one is supposed to do, i.e. ignoring a negative commandment by acting in opposition to it. It is clear beyond doubt from verse 24 that the error consisted of the people doing something that the Torah had forbidden.
The offering described here is one that must be brought when the entire people acted in error but in good faith. This is not the same offering as has been legislated in Leviticus In that instance the offering required was a bull as a sin offering. The bull that is discussed here is one that is offered as a burnt offering, עולה, not as a חטאת, a sin offering. The accompanying sin offering in our instance is a male goat. The sin the people became inadvertently guilty of is the sin of idolatry, a sin which is equated with violation of all of G’d’s commandments, i.e. את כל המצות האלה.
According to the plain meaning of the text, (as opposed to the Rabbinic interpretation) the scenario of which the Torah speaks here is, in the case of an individual, someone who was raised amongst gentiles, unaware of the Torah and its laws. When he becomes aware of his error, he is obliged to offer one single such sacrifice in respect of all the previous violations. In the case of the whole people having erred, the scenario would be that they considered that the laws of the Torah are not applicable for all times, and they had believed that the applicability of the law in question had already expired.
According to our sages, the subject is violation of the laws of idolatry and it is written here as the Torah (the Book of numbers) concludes the legislation of different kinds of offerings for different reasons. The fact that it has been written specifically here is due to the people now having committed acts of rebellion against G’d as described when they wanted to appoint alternate leaders who would lead them back to Egypt.
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Siftei Chakhamim
To indicate that it requires an ox as a burnt-offering and a goat as a sin-offering. But not an ox as a sin-offering, as [is the case] with someone who mistakenly transgressed any of the other mitzvos. Thus we have learned that the mistaken transgression of idol worship is not included with the other mistake transgressions; meaning that if it was not for this passage one would have thought that idol worship was included. However this passage teaches that it is not. (Gur Aryeh) You might ask: Let us learn the case of idol worship from the other transgressions and oblige him to bring an ox as a sin-offering. Since for other transgressions where one does not bring an ox as a burnt-offering, one does bring an ox as a sin-offering, in the case of idol worship where one brings an ox as a burnt-offering one should certainly bring one as a sin-offering. Sifri answers that the Torah writes “you shall make one young ox as a burnt-offering” meaning one for a burnt-offering but not as a sin-offering, given that it does not write “you shall make an ox as a burnt-offering.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 22. וכי תשנו וגו׳. Die מרגלים-Verirrung hatte als Objekt die göttliche Fürsorge für unsere irdische Existenz, deren ausreichende Ausschließlichkeit angezweifelt. Und mit נתנה ראש ונשובה מצרימה gestaltete sich ihr Charakter zu vollendeter Empörung und vollendetem Abfall von Gott. Aus jenem Objekt gingen die beiden Institutionen נסכים und חלה hervor. Die erfahrungsmäßig gegebene Tatsache dieses Abfalls erzeugte die hier folgende פרשת שעירי ע׳׳ו, die ja nichts Geringeres als die Möglichkeit der Wiederholung eines solchen irrtümlichen, selbst nationalen oder bewussten individuellen Abfalls supponiert, und für die Wiederkehr aus jener nationalen Verirrung als charakteristisches Opfer außer dem חטאת, ja ihm vorangehend, ebenfalls ein von vorschriftsmäßigen נסכים begleitetes עולה statuiert.
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Rashi on Numbers
וכי תשגו וגו׳ AND IF YE HAVE ERRED etc. — Scripture is speaking of the sin of idolatry. Or perhaps not, but of the transgression of any of all the commandments? It, however, states, “[And if ye have erred, and not done] all these commandments” which implies “one command that is the same as (the equivalent of) all the commands”. What is the case of one who transgresses all the commandments? He throws off the yoke of the Law, breaks the covenant and bids defiance to the Torah (more lit., exposes his face, acts bare-facedly). So, too, must this single commandment referred to here be of such a nature that by transgressing it one throws off the yoke, breaks the covenant and bids defiance to the Torah. And which is this? It is idolatry (Sifrei Bamidbar 111:1).
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Sforno on Numbers
ולא תעשו את כל המצות האלה אשר דבר ה' אל משה. Seeing that you had inadvertently become guilty of idolatrous acts even if you would meticulously observe all the other commandments in the Torah this would not count for much as the commandments not to become guilty of any kind of idolatry had preceded all the other commandments, and by being guilty of that sin you had broken the covenant. Our sages (in Sifri 111) have stated flatly that anyone acknowledging that any idolatrous cult is of substance, is useful, is considered as having denied the validity of the entire Torah.
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Siftei Chakhamim
A single commandment … idol worship. Because it is written (v. 24) נעשתה (“having been done” in the singular form), which implies a single transgression.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
וכי תשנו. Wir haben bereits zu Wajikra 4, 13 nachgewiesen, wie die Wurzel שגה in Unterscheidung von שגג, dem praktischen Irrtum, vorzugsweise einen theoretischen Irrtum bezeichnet. Schon aus diesem sprachlichen Grunde kann das folgende ולא תעשו nicht als Erklärung von תשנו den Inhalt des hier zur Besprechung kommenden Irrtums angeben, sondern nur eine praktische Folge des theoretischen Irrtums bezeichnen. Ebensowenig kann aber auch das ולא תעשו וגו׳ die unmittelbare praktische Folge, die unmittelbar durch sie veranlasste Versündigung angeben, die hier ihre Sühne erhalten soll. לא תעשו spricht eine Unterlassung aus, und aus V. 24: והיה אם וגו׳ נעשתה לשגגה, ebenso V. 30: והנפש אשר תעשה ביד רמה ist es klar, dass hier eine Übertretung besprochen wird. Das את כל אשר צוה ,ולא תעשו את כל המצות וגו׳ ד׳ וגו׳ וגו׳ spricht ferner offenbar eine Nichterfüllung des ganzen Gesetzes aus, das נעשתה לשנגה des V. 24, sowie die Ausdrücke תחטא בשנגה ,שנגתם ,שנגה היא (Verse 25, 27, 28) sprechen nach aller sonstigen Analogie nur von einer irrtümlichen Gesetzübertretung. Es kann daher das ולא תעשו וגו׳ nur den Charakter dieser einen Verirrung und Gesetzesübertretung in ihrer begrifflichen Bedeutung und ihren weiteren Folgen, und zwar als einen Abfall von der Gesamterfüllung des Gesetzes bezeichnen wollen: "wenn ihr einmal in eine solche Verirrung geratet, mit welcher ihr die fernere Nichterfüllung aller dieser Gebote usw. aussprecht". Wird ja auch V. 31 das absichtsvolle Begehen des hier aus Verirrung Geübten als דבר ד׳ בזה ואת מצותו הפר, als eine Höhnung des Gotteswortes und ein völliges Aufheben seines Gesetzes gekennzeichnet. Es lehrt denn auch die Halacha (Horiot 8 a), dass unser Vers von einer Verirrung im Gebiete der ע׳׳ז spricht und dies eben durch den Beisatz ולא תעשו usw. bezeichnet: אמר קרא וכי תשנו ולא תעשו את כל המצות האלה איזו חיא מצוה שהיא שקולה בכל המצות הוי אומר זו ע׳׳ז, d.h. durch den Beisatz ולא תעשו וגו׳ ist die eine Verirrung, von welcher hier die Rede ist, als die Übertretung eines solchen Gebotes bezeichnet, das an Schwere g dem Gesamtumfang des Gesetzes gleichkommt, d. h. mit dessen Erfüllung oder Nichterfüllung das ganze Gesetz steht und fällt, das ist aber kein anderes, als das über Abgötterei, in welchem ja in der Tat das Grundprinzip der ganzen Gesetzgebung wurzelt. Im ספרי זוטא wird diese Halacha also an unserem Texte erläutert: יכול שהוא מדבר בכל המצות אמרת אם מעיני העדה נעשתה בשגגה באחת מכל המצות דיבר ולא דיבר בכל המצות אי אפשר לומר בכל המצות שכבר נאמר באחת ואי אפשר לומר באחת שכבר נאמר בכל המצות הא מה מצוה שכל המצות תלוין בה זו ע׳׳ז, und ist es nach ס׳ באר שבע zu Horiot daselbst eben diese Auffassung des Textes, welche der dortigen Erläuterung zu Grunde liegt.
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Rashi on Numbers
אשר דבר ה’ אל משה WHICH THE LORD HATH SPOKEN UNTO MOSES — [This refers to the two commandments prohibiting idolatry:] “I am the Lord, thy God”, and “Thou shalt have no other gods, etc.”, which we heard from the mouth of the Almighty (and which God also commanded us by Moses (v. 23) in many other passages where idolatry is forbidden), as it is written (Psalms 62:12): “Once did God speak these commandments to us but we heard them twice” (cf. Sifrei Bamidbar 111:1; Horayot 8a).
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Siftei Chakhamim
And brazenly defies. He expounds aggados fallaciously, for example [he says that] “Moshe should not have written ‘the sister of Lotan was Timna’ (Bereishis 36:22)” (Sanhedrin 99b).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Diesem gemäß dürfte denn vielleicht das ולא תעשו וגו׳ in der Tat der Inhalt des mit וכי תשנו supponierten theoretischen Irrtums sein, als theoretischer Irrtum aber nicht die praktische Richterfüllung des ganzen Gesetzes, sondern die Meinung der nicht ferneren Verpflichtung für das Gesetz aussprechen, und setzt dann das והיה אם מעיני הערה וגו׳ den Fall, dass durch irrige Lehre der Gesetzrepräsentanz diesem theoretischen Abfall vom Gesamtgesetz sodann in einer gesetzwidrigen Handlung Folge gegeben worden. Es hieße: "wenn ihr einmal in den Irrtum geratet, dass ihr nicht mehr alle diese Gebote zu erfüllen habet, was Gott zu Mosche gesprochen, alles was Gott für euch durch Mosche geboten, von dem Tage an, dass Gott überhaupt Gebote erteilte und weiter für eure Nachkommen, wenn es sodann von den Augen der Gemeinde aus zu einer Verirrung in der Tat geworden, so usw." Diese eine Tatverirrung, in welcher die theoretische Abrogierung des ganzen Gesetzes Äußerung gewonnen, ist aber nichts als eine ע׳׳ז-Handlung. In der Tat ist auch die Möglichkeit, dass von עיני העדה, von dem Lehrkörper der Nation, der ihre "Intelligenz" bildet, eine ע׳׳ז-Handlung, die göttliche Verehrung eines Nichtgottes als gestattet gelehrt werde, kaum denkbar, wenn nicht zuvor theoretisch die ganze, oder doch die ganze fernere Verpflichtungskraft des Gesetzes in der Idee zu Grabe gegangen. Gott als den ausschließlich einzigen Lenker unserer Geschicke und Leiter unserer Handlungen anzuerkennen, ist die Grundbasis der ganzen Gesetzgebung, wie sie am Sinai (Schmot 20, 2 u. 3; siehe daselbst) promulgiert worden. Ein Schritt von dieser Basis ist Abfall vom ganzen Gesetz und bewusstvoll prinzipieller Abfall vom Gesetz identisch mit völligem Verlassen dieser Basis. Und wohl sind, wie רמב׳׳ן in seinem Kommentar z. St. bemerkt, Israels Geschichte bereits Zeiten nicht fremd, in welchen durch irriges Verständnis der Zeitlage eine irrige Meinung von Antiquierung des Gesetzes oder fast ein völliges Vergessen des Gesetzes durch frevelhafte Politik der Führer oder die Leidenswucht der Geschicke sich selbst einer jüdischen Gesamtheit bemächtigen konnte. Es waren "Israels Älteste", die sich vor dem Propheten Ezechiel mit dem Ersuchen um Gottes Ausspruch für die neue Zukunft niedersetzten. Denn es lebte in ihrem Gemüte die Frage nach der noch fortdauernden Verpflichtung zum Gesetze. Glaubten sie doch, es könne Gott mit dem Preisgeben Seines Volkes dessen Entlassung aus Seinem Dienste und damit seine Emanzipation von dem Gesetze ausgesprochen haben, also, dass an sie, an die "Ältesten der Nation" das Wort gerichtet werden konnte: der in eurem Gemüte aufsteigende Gedanke wird nimmer zur Wirklichkeit werden, dass ihr denket: wir können nun wie die Völker sein, wie die Geschlechter der Länder, Holz und Stein zu dienen. So gewiß Ich lebe, spricht Gott, mit fester Hand und mit gestrecktem Arme und auch mit ergossenem Unwillen bleibe Ich euer König (Ezechiel 20, 1 und 32, 33; ספרי Ende שלח לך). Unter Jerobeams und seiner Nachfolger Einfluss waren 10/12 des jüdischen Volkes der Kenntnis und Übung des göttlichen Gesetzes entrückt, und unter der Wucht des babylonischen Exils war den unteren Schichten des Volkes zum großen Teile die Kenntnis des Gesetzes so fern geblieben, dass den Rückkehrenden unter Esra dessen Verständnis aufs neue vermittelt werden musste — und ist nicht in unserer eigenen lebendigen Gegenwart bereits in weiten Kreisen eine Generation des jüdischen Volkes herangewachsen, die in dem Gedanken jener ezechielischen Ältesten von der Abrogierung des Gesetzes und in geflissentlicher Unkenntnis des Gesetzes erzogen ward und erhalten wird?! —
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Siftei Chakhamim
We heard from the mouth of the Omnipotent. The Torah writes “which Hashem said to Moshe” and it writes “all that Hashem commanded Moshe” which implies that the command was through Moshe. However it is written “which Hashem said” which implies that it was His speech, and that Yisroel heard it from His mouth when he spoke to Moshe. If so, which commandment was both by the word of Hashem and also through Moshe — one must say that it was “I am…” and “you must not have” which we heard from the mouth…
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Indem aber hier der durch eine götzendienende Handlung zum Ausdruck kommende theoretische Abfall vom ganzen Gesetz besprochen werden soll, begnügt sich der Text nicht einfach: ולא תעשו את כל המצות האלה zu sagen, sondern spezialisiert die Gottesgesetze nach deren Offenbarungsart und Offenbarungszeit: אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה, את כל אשר צוה ד׳ אליכם ביד משה מן היום אשר צוה ד׳ והלאה לדרתיכם. Offenbar soll mit) dieser Spezialisierung der Abfall von Gott und seinem Gesetze in umfassendster Totalität bezeichnet sein. Bezieht man das אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה als einfachen Relativsatz zu כל המצות האלה, so waren damit die hier in der Schrift vorliegenden Gesetze gemeint, also את כל אשר צוה ד׳ אלדיכם ,תורה שבכתב ביד משה wäre sodann das euch zur mündlichen Mitteilung durch Mosche Überlieferte, also מן היום וגו׳ .תורה שבעל פה, da es nicht heißt: אשר צוה ד׳ אליכם, sondern: אשר צוה ד׳allgemein, so greift dies ohne Zweifel auf den Moment zurück, in welchem überhaupt Gott zuerst seinen gesetzgebenden Willen an den Menschen offenbart hat, also auch die an Adam und Noa geoffenbarten allgemeinen noachidischen Pflichten, so wie die den אבות erteilten Gebote. In der Tat ist ja auch das ע׳׳ז-Verbot nicht erst die Grundlage des jüdischen, sondern des allgemeinen menschlichen Pflichtkreises, und ebenso geht der Gedanke mit לדרתיכם noch über die mosaische Gegenwart hinüber und schließt auch jedes Gotteswort mit ein, das Gott durch die Propheten der späteren Zeit zur Offenbarung gelangen ließ (ספרי). Damit ist denn unsere Beziehung zu Gott als eine einheitliche bezeichnet, die keine Auswahl und keine Teilung kennt, und dem Wahn keinen Raum gestattet, als ob man beliebig das spezifisch Jüdische aufgeben und sich auf dem noachidischen Standpunkt des rein Menschlichen halten, als ob man das Mosaische aufgeben und sich ein sogenanntes "Prophetisches" konstruieren könne. Es gibt für uns nur ein Entweder — Oder. Entweder ein ganzer Jude mit dem ganzen Gesetz, oder ganz und gar Gott den Rücken zugewendet. Nicht umsonst hat Gott hier den Abfall von Ihm als identisch mit dem Abfall von seinem Gesetze, oder vielmehr, den Abfall von seinem Gesetze als identisch mit dem Abfall von Ihm bezeichnet, hat einen dem Götzentume sich zuwendenden Abfall eben nur durch den Abfall von seinem Gesetze umschrieben; denn Er kennt für uns keine Verbindung mit Sich als nur vermittelst der Treue an seinem Gesetze (siehe zu Verse 30 und 31).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Im ספרי wird das אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה nicht als Relativsatz zu את כל המצות האלה, erläutert, sondern: אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה bildet mit dem folgenden את כל אשר צוה וגו׳ ,מן היום אשר צוה וגו׳ zusammen den erschöpfenden Inhalt vonכל המצות האלה . In Unterscheidung von אשר צוה ד׳ אליכם ביד משה bezeichnet nämlich: אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה diejenigen Gottesaussprüche, die uns nicht erst durch Mosche überbracht wurden, die uns vielmehr in demselben Momente gebietend zum Bewusstsein kamen, in dem Gott sie zu Mosche sprach. Es sind dies die beiden ersten Aussprüche אנכי und לא יהיה לך der עשרת הדברות, die מפי הגבורה שמענום, die indirekte Anrede an jede Seele in Israel gerichtet — אנכי וגו׳ אלקיך אשר הוצאתיך ,לא יהי לך וגו׳ על פני usw. — von jedem in Israel direkt vernommen worden, während in den übrigen Aussprüchen Gott von sich in der dritten Person spricht, somit sie in der Weise an Mosche richtet, wie dieser sie und so auch alle folgenden Gesetze dem Volke zu wiederholen hatte. Durch die ersten beiden Aussprüche erhielten wir die Gewissheit, dass כי ידבר אלקי׳ את האדם וחי, durch die folgenden die Gewißheit, dass Gott sich Mosis als vermittelnden Überbringers seiner Gesetze an uns bediene. Obgleich את הדברים האלה דבר אלקים אל כל קהלכם , obgleich alle עשרת הדברות von uns am Sinai vernommen wurden, so waren doch nur die ersten beiden in ihrer überwältigenden direkten Anrede so übermächtig dem Volke, dass es der überwältigenden Macht der direkten Gottesanrede sich nicht gewachsen fühlte und sich für den ganzen Verfolg der Gesetzgebung die Vermittlung Mosches erbat (Dewarim 5, 19 — 24; — siehe ס׳ באר שבע zu Horiot 8 a). Demgemäss wären durch אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה nur die beiden direkt empfangenen אנכי und לא יהי לך, durch את כל וגו׳ ביד משה die übrigen דברות und der ganze Verfolg der in Schrift und mündlicher Überlieferung uns durch Mosche übergebenen Gesetzgebung sowie durch מן היום וגו׳ alles, was vor Mosche und nach Mosche von Gott an Adam, Noa, die Patriarchen und die Propheten für uns ausgesprochen ist, bezeichnet. אנכי und לא יהי לך sind aber die beiden grundlegenden Sätze, die durch alleinige und ausschließende Huldigung Gottes als Lenkers unserer Geschicke und Leiters unserer Taten den völligen Bruch mit allem Heidentum in jeglicher Form von uns fordern, und zu welchen alle übrigen Gesetze und alles durch die Propheten Gesprochene nur den Kommentar bilden. Es wären dann diese beiden Sätze vielleicht hier darum besonders hervorgehoben, weil es sich eben hier um den durch eine ע׳׳ז-Handlung dokumentierten Gesamtabfall vom Gesetze handelt, und vielleicht ist dies der Sinn des תני דבי רבי (Horiot daselbst) אמר קרא אשר דבר ד׳ אל משה וכתיב אשר צוה ד׳ אליכם ביד משה איזו היא מצוה שהיא בדיבורו של הב׳׳ה וצוה ע׳׳י משה הוי אומר זו ע׳׳י דתנא דבי רבי ישמעאל אנכי ולא יהיה לך מפי הגבורה שמענום. Es wäre dann das צוה ע׳׳י nicht bloß von der spezielleren Erläuterung des ע׳׳ז-Verbotes allein, sondern von allen מצות zu verstehen, die in weiterem Sinne sich als Konsequenzen des mit אנכי und לא יהי לך promulgierten ע׳׳ז-Verbotes begreifen lassen, und fiele dann תנא דבי רבי mit der Auffassung רבא s oder רבי יהושע בן לוי s, dass ע׳׳ז eben die מצוה ist, die שקולה ככל המצות, in der Idee zusammen.
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