Comentario sobre Exodo 21:22
וְכִֽי־יִנָּצ֣וּ אֲנָשִׁ֗ים וְנָ֨גְפ֜וּ אִשָּׁ֤ה הָרָה֙ וְיָצְא֣וּ יְלָדֶ֔יהָ וְלֹ֥א יִהְיֶ֖ה אָס֑וֹן עָנ֣וֹשׁ יֵעָנֵ֗שׁ כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֨ר יָשִׁ֤ית עָלָיו֙ בַּ֣עַל הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה וְנָתַ֖ן בִּפְלִלִֽים׃
Si algunos riñeren, é hiriesen á mujer preñada, y ésta abortare, pero sin haber muerte, será penado conforme á lo que le impusiere el marido de la mujer y juzgaren los árbitros.
Rashi on Exodus
וכי ינצו אנשים IF MEN STRIVE with each other and one intended to strike the other and inadvertently struck the woman (Sanhedrin 79b).
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Ramban on Exodus
AND IF MEN STRIVE TOGETHER, AND HURT A WOMAN WITH CHILD, SO THAT HER FRUIT DEPART, AND YET NO HARM FOLLOW, HE SHALL BE SURELY FINED, ‘KA’ASHER’ THE WOMAN’S HUSBAND SHALL LAY UPON HIM. “This means: ‘when’145Rashi is thus explaining the letter kaf in the word ka’asher not in the sense of “as,” indicating degree or extent (“according as”), but in the sense of “when” — when the woman’s husband takes him to court. the husband will summon him before the court in order that they put a fine on him for it.” Thus far Rashi’s language. And it is correct [to interpret here the letter kaf in the word ka’asher as meaning “when”, and not “as”]. A similar case is the expression, ‘ka’asher’ (when) it shall be well with thee,146Genesis 40:14. and there are many other such cases. And the intention of the verse is that the assailant has to pay compensation for the miscarriage when the husband takes him to court, not when the woman does so, as the compensation is not hers. Onkelos, however, translated: “according to the amount [that the woman’s husband] shall lay upon him.”
Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained the verse as follows: according as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him, or147The Hebrew word v’nathan, which is generally translated “and he shall pay” — as the judges determine, Ibn Ezra interprets to mean “or he shall pay,” and the purport thereof is as explained in the text. he shall pay as the judges determine, as if to say that the assailant should come to agreement with the husband on a fixed sum, or he should pay compensation as the court will assess him. This is not correct, for what reason is there to mention this?148For surely if the parties voluntarily agree on a sum there is no necessity for them to go to court, and if they fail to agree on a sum it is self-understood that the court will have to assess the fine.
In my opinion, since the damage done is one that is not discernible in the unborn children themselves — for who could know their fortune — therefore Scripture said, that although he cannot be made to pay a precise monetary compensation, he should nonetheless be fined as a sort of penalty in the form of a sum of money149See my Hebrew commentary p. 424 for further elucidation of this phrase of Ramban “a sort of penalty.” which others [i.e., the judges] shall impose upon him. A similar usage [of the term onesh — punishment] is also found in these verses: and he put the land to ‘onesh’ (a fine);150II Kings 23:33. they drink the wine of them that have been ‘anushim’ (fined).151Amos 2:8. Scripture is thus stating that the punishment be entirely as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him, because he desires his children and they are important to him, but he [i.e., the husband] should fix the sum through the judges, in order that he should not impose upon him an exorbitant sum. In the words of the Mechilta:136Mechilta here on the Verse., “According as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him. I might think this to mean, whatever he pleases; Scripture therefore says, and he shall pay as the ‘pelilim’ determine, and pelilim always means judges.”
Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained the verse as follows: according as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him, or147The Hebrew word v’nathan, which is generally translated “and he shall pay” — as the judges determine, Ibn Ezra interprets to mean “or he shall pay,” and the purport thereof is as explained in the text. he shall pay as the judges determine, as if to say that the assailant should come to agreement with the husband on a fixed sum, or he should pay compensation as the court will assess him. This is not correct, for what reason is there to mention this?148For surely if the parties voluntarily agree on a sum there is no necessity for them to go to court, and if they fail to agree on a sum it is self-understood that the court will have to assess the fine.
In my opinion, since the damage done is one that is not discernible in the unborn children themselves — for who could know their fortune — therefore Scripture said, that although he cannot be made to pay a precise monetary compensation, he should nonetheless be fined as a sort of penalty in the form of a sum of money149See my Hebrew commentary p. 424 for further elucidation of this phrase of Ramban “a sort of penalty.” which others [i.e., the judges] shall impose upon him. A similar usage [of the term onesh — punishment] is also found in these verses: and he put the land to ‘onesh’ (a fine);150II Kings 23:33. they drink the wine of them that have been ‘anushim’ (fined).151Amos 2:8. Scripture is thus stating that the punishment be entirely as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him, because he desires his children and they are important to him, but he [i.e., the husband] should fix the sum through the judges, in order that he should not impose upon him an exorbitant sum. In the words of the Mechilta:136Mechilta here on the Verse., “According as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him. I might think this to mean, whatever he pleases; Scripture therefore says, and he shall pay as the ‘pelilim’ determine, and pelilim always means judges.”
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Or HaChaim on Exodus
וכי ינצו אנשים, And if men strive together, etc. In this case each one is presumed to have murderous intent. It happpened that instead of killing his adversary the potential killer struck the woman (either fatally or otherwise).
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Rashbam on Exodus
ולא יהיה אסון, and no harm will befall her.
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Tur HaArokh
כאשר ישית עליו בעל האשה, “according to the assessment levied upon him by the husband of the pregnant woman whose fetus died.” The Torah emphasizes that the injured party herself, i.e. the woman, is not allowed to determine the scale of compensation as she has no ownership rights concerning her children. [she is not allowed to “sell” her daughter, for instance, whereas the father is. However, she is compensated for pain, etc. Ed.
Ibn Ezra explains that our verse allows for a mutually agreed settlement between the husband of the woman and the one causing the injury, failing which the court, i.e. בפלילים will assess the amount of damages payable.
Nachmanides explains that the new aspect of this legislation is the fact that although the damage is not definite as no one knows if the woman would have successfully carried out this fetus, and normally when the value of the damage cannot be assessed with precision, no financial damages are payable, the nature of this payment is under the heading of “punitive damages.” The Torah gives the husband leeway to determine the amount of punitive damages due to him. The reason is that he is presumed to have a greater stake in the loss of this fetus. The reason that the Torah also involves the court, בפלילים is to ensure that the husband does not make unreasonable demands, above the value of such a fetus if it had been born already, for instance.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
ונגפו אשה הרה, “and they collide with a pregnant woman,” the collision described was unintentional; ולא יהיה אסון “no ascertainable damage occurred,” to the woman although she miscarried.
כאשר ישית עליו בעל האשה, “as the husband of the woman shall assess against him.” It is not the woman who had miscarried who will assess the amount of loss she has sustained. The reason for this is that the mother has no financial standing in her offspring. Although the Torah speaks of ילדיה, “her children,” giving the impression as if she had a proprietary interest in them, this is not so. The legal position of a woman and her children is similar to the legal position of a man to whom an object or animal has been entrusted for safe-keeping. [The male who impregnated her gave her his seed as a treasure to guard. In due course he would reclaim it, compare Kidushin 59]. The Talmud phrases it as “wherever the seed may be it remains the property of the donor-husband.” This is the reason that when the matter of compensation comes up the father determines the amount of compensation he feels he is entitled to. In the event that the father makes a claim which is perceived as excessive, the matter is adjudicated before judges, i.e. ונתן בפלילים. The way this verse is interpreted in Mechilta (Nezikin 8) is that if the Torah had only written the words כאשר ישית עליו, I would have concluded that the father of the prematurely born baby can demand any amount of compensation he likes. To make sure that he will not demand an excessive amount the Torah adds the words “he will give it (the man who caused the mishap) according to the decision of judges.”
כאשר ישית עליו בעל האשה, “as the husband of the woman shall assess against him.” It is not the woman who had miscarried who will assess the amount of loss she has sustained. The reason for this is that the mother has no financial standing in her offspring. Although the Torah speaks of ילדיה, “her children,” giving the impression as if she had a proprietary interest in them, this is not so. The legal position of a woman and her children is similar to the legal position of a man to whom an object or animal has been entrusted for safe-keeping. [The male who impregnated her gave her his seed as a treasure to guard. In due course he would reclaim it, compare Kidushin 59]. The Talmud phrases it as “wherever the seed may be it remains the property of the donor-husband.” This is the reason that when the matter of compensation comes up the father determines the amount of compensation he feels he is entitled to. In the event that the father makes a claim which is perceived as excessive, the matter is adjudicated before judges, i.e. ונתן בפלילים. The way this verse is interpreted in Mechilta (Nezikin 8) is that if the Torah had only written the words כאשר ישית עליו, I would have concluded that the father of the prematurely born baby can demand any amount of compensation he likes. To make sure that he will not demand an excessive amount the Torah adds the words “he will give it (the man who caused the mishap) according to the decision of judges.”
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Siftei Chakhamim
If men will fight — with one another. As opposed to both of them fighting with the woman. For if that was the case, even one man [would be sufficient]. Furthermore, it would say [at the end of our verse], “They shall pay. . .”
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Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael
(Exodus 21:22) "And if men fight, etc." What is the intent of this section? From (Ibid. 14) "And if a man be bent against his neighbor to kill him," we hear only that one who intends to smite his foe and does so is to be put to death; but we do not hear the same for one who intends to smite his foe and smites his friend. It is, therefore, written (to this effect) "And if men fight … and if there be death (in his friend) then you shall give a life for a life."
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 22 u. 23. Wir haben schon bemerkt, dass נצה in Gegensatz zu ריב, zunächst einen Streit mit Tätlichkeiten, einen Kampf bedeutet. So wird Dewarim 35, 11 auch mit כי ינצו אנשים וגו׳ להציל וגו׳ מיד מכה offenbar eine Schlägerei bezeichnet. Auch hier spricht der Fall von einer solchen, und wenn V. 23 bei erfolgter Tötung auf Todesstrafe erkannt wird, so muss das וכי ינצו sogar einen Totschlag beabsichtigenden Kampf bezeichnen, במצות שבמיתה הכתוב מדבר (Sanhedrin 74 a); und sind daher in diesem kombinierten Problem sehr wichtige Rechtsgrundsätze niedergelegt.
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Chizkuni
וכי ינצו אנשים, “if men fight,” why was there a need for this verse? Seeing that from verse 14 where we were told only that deliberate killing of one’s enemy is punishable by death, we would not have known that when one kills one’s friend instead of one’s enemy in a fight, he would not be considered as a murderer, we are told now that when the objective of an altercation was to kill one’s adversary, it does not matter that one had killed the wrong target by mistake. There are some commentators who do not understand this verse as prescribing the death penalty for the killer, but that he is only liable for monetary compensation to be assessed by the court. (Rabbi Yitzchok in Mechilta Mishpatim chapter 8) He interprets our verse along the following lines: as long as we had only heard Leviticus 24,17: if someone deliberately smites a human being (so that he dies) the killer must be executed, even if that human being had been born after a pregnancy of only eight months, (which according to the Talmud is not considered a baby with a regular life expectancy). The Torah here describes the premature birth of such a baby as a result of the mother having been struck as having given birth to a נפש אדם a human being in the full sense of the word. The wording in our verse makes it clear that only if the mother had been struck in the region of her body to which her fetus is sensitive, does the attacker deserve the penalty prescribed, not when she was hit on the head or other parts of her body not related to her pregnancy. An alternate explanation: even if only one of her fetuses was killed. [The wording in the verse speaks about fetuses, plural. Ed.]
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Rashi on Exodus
ונגפו AND HURT [A WOMAN WITH CHILD] — The root נגף always signifies “dashing against” and “striking”. Examples are: (Psalms 91:15) “lest thou dash (תגוף) thy foot against a stone”; (Jeremiah 13:16) “and before your feet dash (יתנגפו)”; (Isaiah 8:14) “but for a stone of dashing (נגף).
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Siftei Chakhamim
To the woman. It could not refer to the fetus, because the next verse says: “However if there is a fatal injury, you shall give a life for a life.” And if it referred to the fetus, [this law would not apply], because it says [in v. 12 that one is liable only] “if one strikes a man,” as opposed to striking a fetus that cannot live.
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Or HaChaim on Exodus
ונגפו אשה הרה, and they hurt a pregnant woman; the reason that the Torah uses the plural, i.e. "they hurt," is to inform us that if they both fell upon the woman thus causing her to lose the fetus they divide the compensation the woman has to be paid between them (compare Maimonides Hilchot Chovel Umazzik).
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Rashbam on Exodus
בפלילים, in accordance with the assessment by the judges trying the case.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wir haben zuerst den Fall נתכוין להרוג את זה והרג את זה, er will den Gegner treffen und trifft die Frau, einen Fall, über welchen die Halacha nicht ganz entschieden ist; nach den חכמים tritt gerichtliche Todesstrafe ein, nach ר׳ שמעון nicht (Sanhedrin 79 a), und rezipiert Ramb. (Hilch. Rozeach IV, 2) die letztere Ansicht, siehe jedoch כ׳׳מ daselbst. Nach der ersten Auffassung spräche der V. 23 angenommene Fall von Tötung der Frau, nach der zweiten Auffassung jedoch — da die Halacha ferner die Ansicht des תנא רבי חזקי׳ feststellt, dass in keinem Falle bei Menschentötung Geldstrafe eintritt, und daher das נפש תחת נפש nicht mit רבי (das.) wie das sogleich folgende עין תחת עין als ממון begriffen werden kann, — müsste der Fall V. 23 von beabsichtigter Tötung der Frau oder des Gegners verstanden werden (siehe תוספו׳ Kethub. 35.2 ד׳ה ומי איכא).— Wir haben ferner, dass Tötung der ולדות Geldstrafe an den Vater verwirkt. —
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Chizkuni
אשה הרה, “a pregnant woman; we would have known this as soon as we read the balance of the verse in which we are told that she lost her fetuses when the Torah speaks about her losing her fetuses prematurely; how could she have done so unless she had been pregnant?The reason that the Torah had to first inform us that she had been pregnant was to teach us that the attacker’s penalty is related to the fact that she had been pregnant and he should therefore have been especially careful, as well as to tell us that if the loss of her fetus could be attributed to the fact that she had been hit in the region of her womb, the penalty of which the Torah writes does not apply.
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Rashi on Exodus
ולא יהיה אסון AND YET THERE BE NO MISCHIEF — no further mischief with the woman (Sanhedrin 79b).
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Siftei Chakhamim
They shall impose monetary compensation on him. Since it says afterwards, “He shall pay as determined by the judges,” implying that he did not paid yet, Rashi therefore says: “they shall impose,” rather than “he pays.”
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Or HaChaim on Exodus
אשה הרה, a pregnant woman, etc., the scenario is one where the woman had been present and both parties were aware of this. If the woman's presence was unknown to the parties involved in the fight, they are not guilty of any compensation. This is based on the Talmud Yerushalmi and stated explicitly in Maimonides chapter 1 of Hilchot Chovel Umazzik. Here is his wording: "If one of the parties was asleep and the other party lies down beside him, the sleeping party is free of any guilt [if his motions cause the death of the second person, Ed.] seeing that whatever harm he caused was totally accidental."
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Der Satz: אם לא יהי׳ אסון ענוש יענש, der sofort auch den Gegensatz enthält: הא אם יהי׳ אסון לא יענש, und zwar nicht nur דין אסון, Todesstraffälligkeit, sondern אסון ממש, überhaupt Todesfall der Getroffenen, gibt den großen Rechtssatz: חייבי מיתה שוגגין פטורין מתשלומין, ,auch nicht straffällige Verübung todesstrafwürdiger Verbrechen" enthebt der Geldstrafe", ein Satz, der durch den Ausspruch des ׳תנא דבי חזקי noch vollständiger also präzisiert wird: מכה אדם ומכה בהמה מה מכה בהמה לא חלקת בו בין בשוגג בין במזיד בין מתכוין לשאין מתכוין בין דרך ירידה לדרך עלייה לפוטרו ממון אלא לחייבו ממון אף מכה אדם לא תחלוק בו בין בשוגוג בין במזיד בין מתכוין לשאין מתכוין (בין דרך ירידה לדרך עליה לחייבו ממון אלא לפוטרו ממון (כתובות לה׳ א׳), .d. h: Wajikra 24, 21 fasst das Gesetz die Geldersatzpflicht für Tötung eines Tieres und die Todesstrafe für Tötung eines Menschen in einen Satz zusammen und gibt damit zugleich die Norm, dasss, wie bei Tötung eines Tieres, ohne Rücksicht auf die größere oder geringere Vollkommenheit des Bewusstseins und der Absicht oder den Grad der Fahrlässigkeit, in jedem Falle Geldersatz eintritt, bei Tötung eines Menschen ebenso in jedem Falle Geldersatz nicht eintrete. Es dürfte aber eben in dieser gegensätzlichen Zusammenstellung des Tieres und des Menschen zugleich das Motiv dieser Rechtsnorm sich kundgeben, und diese tief in der in jedem Falle zu wahrenden höhern Dignität des Menschenwesens wurzeln. Für ein Tierleben gibt es Geldersatz, für ein Menschenleben nie, לא תקחו כופר לנפש רוצח. Und in dem Augenblick, wo ein Mensch mit seinem Leben der strafenden Gottesgerechtigkeit verfallen wird, — und das bleibt er selbst dann, wenn wohl das Verbrechen an sich, aber nicht die Umstände, unter denen es verübt worden, das menschliche Gericht zur Ahndung bestellt sein lassen, — in dem Augenblick kann er keiner Geldespflicht schuldig werden. Die Schwere des Verbrechens und die parallellose Dignität des mit ihm eingesetzten und verfallenen hohen Gutes dulden es nicht, dass neben ihnen noch von Geld die Rede sein dürfte. Man denke: wenn man von einem Mörder auch noch, oder von einem aus Milderungsgründen freigesprochenen Mörder wenigstens den Ersatz des durchbohrten Kleides fordern wollte! Das Gesetz ist aber in Aufrechthaltung dieses Prinzipes so empfindlich, dass es dessen Anwendung selbst auf ממון אחר d. h. selbst auf eine nicht aus dem Objekt des todesschuldigen Verbrechens gleichzeitig resultierende Geldschuld fordert, und zum Beispiel dem Mörder oder Totschläger nicht den Geldersatz des Gutes eines andern auferlegt, das er mit dem auf den Getöteten geführten Pfeil gleichzeitig zerstört. Haben wir doch, nach ר׳׳ת, in dem Problem unseres Textes selbst ein solches Beispiel von ממון אחר vor Augen. Die Geldstrafe ist dem Manne zu zahlen, die Todesstrafe um der Frau willen zu leiden, מיתה לזה ותשלומין לזה, und doch ist die Geldstrafe nur zu zahlen, wenn die Frau nicht getötet worden (siehe תוספו׳ Kethub. 31 a. ד׳ה רב אשי). Ja, selbst wenn die Tötung gar nicht vollzogen, sondern nur erstrebt worden, der Verbrecher nur ein רודף, ein "Verfolger" geblieben, und er hätte in seiner "Jagd auf Mord" irgend das Eigentum irgend eines Menschen zerstört, so würde er zum Ersatz des beschädigten Eigentums nicht herbeigezogen werden: רודף שהיה רודף אחר חברו ושיבר את הכלים בין של נרדף ובין של כל אדם פטור (Sanhedrin 74 a). Auf dem Wege zum Morde war sein Leben jedem verfallen, der, wenn nicht anders möglich, durch seine Tötung die Ausführung des Verbrechens hätte verhindern können und müssen. Und wird konsequenter Weise (daselbst) ebenfalls aus unserm Problem nachgewiesen, dass, wer einen von Mord Bedrohten durch Tötung des Mörders gerettet, wo er bloß durch Verstümmlung des Mörders die Rettung hätte bewirken können, selbst des Todes schuldig wäre. יכול הצילו באחד מאיבריו ולא הציל (אלא בנפשו) נהרג (להרמב׳׳ם חייב מיתה לשמים אבל אין ב׳׳ד ממיתין אותו). Wäre dies nicht, wäre jeder in Mord Begriffene in jedem Falle durch Tötung vom Morde zurückzuhalten, so wäre unser רודף, selbst אם לא יהי׳ אסון, nicht zur Zahlung zu verhalten, da er in dem Momente der Schädigung der ולדות jedem mit seinem Leben verfallen gewesen. — Dieser Grundsatz, dass חייבי מיתות אפי׳ שוגגין פטורין מתשלומין, findet seine Anwendung auf alle Verbrechen, die, wenn במזיד ובהתראה geübt, gerichtlichen Tod nach sich ziehen würden, und wird gewöhnlich mit der Formel bezeichnet: קים ליה בדרבא מניה ."er unterliegt dem Höhern" ר׳ נחוני׳ בן הקנה dehnt den Begriff auch auf nichtgerichtliche Todesschuld, כרת ומיתה בידי שמים aus, seine Überlieferung ist jedoch nicht als Halacha rezipiert.
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Chizkuni
ענוש יענש, “he will be severely punished.” Rashi explains here that the financial penalty is the value of the lost fetuses to the husband if these babies when healthy had been offered for sale in the slave market. If you were to ask why the attacker is not subject to the death penalty for murder, the answer is that there is no certainty that they would have been born after nine months as healthy babies. If this is a relevant consideration why is it not applied to fully grown human beings who might have been terminally ill had they lived to die naturally? The answer is that we base ourselves on the majority of such cases where the victim would prove not to have been terminally ill. To the question why we do not apply the same logic to the fetuses? If we were to do this the attacker would also have to be guilty for hitting the woman who is the mother of these fetuses. We have to derive from the wording of the various verses dealing with violent encounters between people that as long as the fetus has not seen the light of day, it has no market value, as decided in the Talmud tractate Erchin folio 7, where it is stated that unborn fetuses have no claim to the estate of their fathers.
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Rashi on Exodus
ענוש יענש HE SHALL SURELY BE AMERCED to pay the value of the offspring to the husband. We estimate her value according to what she is worth if she were sold as a slave in the market giving her a higher value on account of her being with child (Bava Kamma 49a).
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Siftei Chakhamim
When the husband summons him to the court. [Rashi knows this] because if it meant he pays the amount that the husband demands, what is the meaning of “He shall pay as determined by the judges”?
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Or HaChaim on Exodus
כאשר ישית עליו בעל האשה, in accordance with what the woman's husband will impose upon him. The reason for this ruling is that the husband has the prerogative to receive compensation for the monetary value of his wife's children (such as when he sells his daughter). As a result, he is considered the litigant against the guilty party and not the mother of the unborn child.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ונתתה נפש תחת נפש. Zuvor heißt es: ונתן בפלילים, er, der Beschädiger, hat den Ersatz zu geben. Hier, bei der Todesstrafe, heißt es bezeichnend: ונתתה, und zwar mit dem die Person noch hervorhebenden ה, so hast du, die jüdische Gesamtheit, zu geben Leben für Leben. Die Geldstrafe hat der Schuldige zu geben, sie liegt ihm, so weit sie Ersatz ist, sogar ob, selbst wenn kein Gericht ihn dazu verurteilt. Das Gericht sagt ihm nur, wie viel er zu leisten schuldig sei, die Leistung ist aber seine Aufgabe. Nicht so der Todesschuldige. Er hat nicht sein Leben hinzugeben. Es steht ihm ja gar nicht die Disposition über sein Leben zu. Sein Tod von seiner Hand wäre ja nur ein zweites Verbrechen. Ja, nicht einmal die Herbeiführung seiner Verurteilung wird von ihm erwartet, ja, das Gesetz hat sie ihm unmöglich gemacht. Kein Verbrecher kann nach jüdischem Gesetze sich selbst angeben. Sein Geständnis ist für seine Verurteilung völlig irrelevant. Nur vor Vollziehung eines Todesurteils wird der Verbrecher um der eigenen Sühne willen zum Geständnis ermahnt. (Dürfte doch, in Parenthese, für Gesetzgebungen, die auf Selbstgeständnis des Verbrechers den meisten Nachdruck legen, und darauf hin ein Todesurteil fällen und vollziehen, die Frage nicht leicht zu beantworten sein, warum denn die Selbsttötung eines Mörders Selbstmord wäre?) Nur Gott, und in besonderen Fällen der für diese Fälle von ihm delegierten Gesamtheit, steht die Disposition über sein Leben zu. Indem es aber ונתתה und nicht ולקחת heißt, indem die Vollziehung der Todesstrafe als ein "Hingeben" des Lebens, nicht als ein "Nehmen" desselben bezeichnet wird, so ist damit allen Versuchen, die diese Strafe als ein Rachenehmen an dem Verbrecher, als Abschreckungsmittel, ja auch nur als Vergeltung auffassen möchten, begegnet. In allen solchen Fällen müsste es zweifelsohne: ולקחת heißen, dass dem Mörder das verwirkte Leben genommen werde. ונתתה lässt die Strafe geradezu als "Restitution" begreifen, sei es nun der Gerechtigkeit, des Gesetzes, der im Ermordeten verletzten Menschenwürde, oder aller dieser ohnehin in einander fallenden Momente zusammen. Die Gesamtheit hat den durch das Verbrechen verletzten Momenten das Leben des Verbrechers hinzugeben. In diesem Ausdruck liegt zugleich, dass das Leben des Einzelnen Gott und der Gesamtheit angehöre, und dass mit jedem Tode, auch mit dem des Mörders, die Gesamtheit einen Verlust erleide, der aber von der Pflicht der Restitution überwogen wird.
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Chizkuni
כאשר ישית עליו בעל האשה, In accordance with the conditions imposed upon him by the husband of the woman; in the event that the men who were fighting had decided to settle their dispute out of court. If they cannot agree on the amount of compensation, ונתן בפלילים, he will have to abide by the court’s decision about damages. We find a similar construction in Leviticus 7,10: בלולה בשמן וחרבה, “mixed with oil, or dry.”
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Rashi on Exodus
ענוש יענש (lit., he shall surely be punished) — It means that they shall exact money from him. ענוש is used here in the same sense as in, (Deuteronomy 22:19) “And they shall amerce (וענשו) him an hundred shekel of silver”.
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Siftei Chakhamim
The one who struck. . . the value of the offspring. [Rashi is explaining:] as opposed to paying the value of the stricken woman. And this is a “short” verse [because it says “he shall pay” without saying what he pays].
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Rashi on Exodus
ונתן THEN HE SHALL GIVE — i. e. the man that struck the woman shall give the value of the offspring.
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Rashi on Exodus
כאשר ישית עליו וגו׳ means, when the husband will summons him before the Court that they should place upon him a fine for this (cf. Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 21:23:7),
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Rashi on Exodus
בפללים ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE JUDGES (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 21:23:9).
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