Comentario sobre Génesis 33:20
וַיַּצֶּב־שָׁ֖ם מִזְבֵּ֑חַ וַיִּ֨קְרָא־ל֔וֹ אֵ֖ל אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (ס)
Y erigió allí un altar, y llamóle: El Dios de Israel.
Rashi on Genesis
ויקרא לו אל אלהי ישראל AND HE CALLED IT EL-ELOHE ISRAEL — It does not mean that the altar was named “The God of Israel” thus bearing a Divine Name, but because the Holy One blessed be He, had been with him and delivered him he called the name of the altar by a term that had an allusion to the miracle, so that the praise of God might be mentioned when people called it by its name. Thus it would mean: He who is El, God — viz, the Holy One, blessed be He — is the God of me whose name is Israel. We find something similar in the case of Moses (Exodus 17:15): “And he called its (the altar’s) name Adonai-Nissi. Not that the altar was called by the Divine Name Adonai, but he named the altar thus, to mention the praise of the Holy One, blessed be He: “The Lord — He is my banner!" Our Rabbis, of blessed memory, expounded it thus: that the Holy One, blessed be He, called Jacob by the name El. The verse therefore should be translated “and the God of Israel called him (Jacob) El” (Megillah 18a). And in reference to all these different explanations it may be said that the words of the Torah — just as a hammer splits the rock into many different pieces (Shabbat 88b) — may be given many different explanations. I however make it my aim to give the plain sense of Scripture.
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Ramban on Genesis
AND HE CALLED ‘LO’ (IT) E-IL-ELOKEI-ISRAEL. It does not mean that the altar was called “The G-d of Israel,” but because the Holy One, blessed be He, had been with him to deliver him, he named the altar in honor of the miracle so that the praise of the Holy One, blessed be He, would be recalled when people referred to the altar. Thus it would mean, “He Who is E-il is the G-d of me whose name is Israel.” Similarly we find in the case of Moses: And he called its [the altar’s] name Adonai-nissi.108Exodus 17:15. It is not that the altar was called by the Divine Name Adonai but rather that he named the altar in honor of the miracle so that the praise of the Holy One, blessed be He, might be mentioned: “G-d — He is my banner.” Our Rabbis expounded that the Holy One, blessed be He, called Jacob eil (a great and mighty man). [According to this, the verse should be interpreted as follows: “And the G-d of Israel called Jacob eil].” The words of the Torah are thus as a hammer splitting the rock into many different pieces, admitting many different explanations. I, however, make it my aim to render the plain sense of Scripture. All of this is the language of Rashi.
Now the words of the Rabbi [Rashi] are correct as regards the plain sense of Scripture. And the meaning of the word lo will then be [not “it,” which would refer to the altar, but “him,” which refers to Jacob], just as is the meaning of the same word in the verses: And his father called ‘lo’ (him) Benjamin;109Genesis, 35:18. ‘Vekarei lecha’ (and thou shalt be called) The repairer of the breach.110Isaiah 58:12.
Know that it was the custom in Israel that names be called which are indicative of the praises of G-d, such as Zuriel111Numbers 3:35. (G-d is my rock), Zurishaddai112Ibid., 7:36. (The Almighty is my rock), for the one who calls that name declares that G-d is his rock and the Almighty is his rock. Likewise, Immanuel113Isaiah 7:14. (G-d is with us). And so also the name of the Messiah, who will be called, The Eternal is our righteousness,114Jeremiah 23:6. and the name of Jerusalem will be, The Eternal is there.115Ezekiel 48:35. And so did they do with the names of the angels: Gabriel116Daniel 8:16. (G-d is my strength), Michael117Ibid., 10:13. (Who is like unto G-d?), for because of their great power they proclaim with their very name that the strength belongs to G-d and who is like unto Him!
Onkelos however said: “And he worshipped on it before G-d, the G-d of Israel.” In that case the meaning of the word lo will be as bo (“in it” or “on it”), in the same manner as: That thou hast chosen ‘l’ben’ (the son) of Jesse;118I Samuel 20:30. And he took hold ‘lo’ (of him);119II Samuel 15:5. ‘L’mei’ (In the waters) of Meribah.120Numbers 20:24. It may be that Scripture is saying, “And he called Him G-d, the G-d of Israel,” and the meaning of the word lo is similar to the usage in these verses: I will get me unto the great men;121Jeremiah 5:5. Get thee out of thy country.122Above, 12:1.
And by way of the Truth, [that is, the mystic lore of the Cabala, the verse is to be understood] as being in accord with the Midrash which the Rabbis have expounded in Tractate Megillah:12318a. “Whence do we know that the Holy One, blessed be He, called Jacob eil? It is said, And He — the G-d of Israel — called him ‘eil.’ “ There is in this matter a great secret, which the Sages have additionally mentioned in Bereshith Rabbah12479:10. in another way: “Jacob said to G-d, ‘Thou art the G-d of those on high, and I am the master of those down below.’” The Sages thereby alluded to that which they constantly say: the likeness of Jacob is engraved in the Heavenly Throne.125Tanchuma Numbers 19. The intent [of Jacob’s statement quoted in the Midrash — “I am the master of those down below”] — is that the Divine Glory rests in the Land of Israel. The student learned in the mystic lore of the Cabala will understand.
Now the words of the Rabbi [Rashi] are correct as regards the plain sense of Scripture. And the meaning of the word lo will then be [not “it,” which would refer to the altar, but “him,” which refers to Jacob], just as is the meaning of the same word in the verses: And his father called ‘lo’ (him) Benjamin;109Genesis, 35:18. ‘Vekarei lecha’ (and thou shalt be called) The repairer of the breach.110Isaiah 58:12.
Know that it was the custom in Israel that names be called which are indicative of the praises of G-d, such as Zuriel111Numbers 3:35. (G-d is my rock), Zurishaddai112Ibid., 7:36. (The Almighty is my rock), for the one who calls that name declares that G-d is his rock and the Almighty is his rock. Likewise, Immanuel113Isaiah 7:14. (G-d is with us). And so also the name of the Messiah, who will be called, The Eternal is our righteousness,114Jeremiah 23:6. and the name of Jerusalem will be, The Eternal is there.115Ezekiel 48:35. And so did they do with the names of the angels: Gabriel116Daniel 8:16. (G-d is my strength), Michael117Ibid., 10:13. (Who is like unto G-d?), for because of their great power they proclaim with their very name that the strength belongs to G-d and who is like unto Him!
Onkelos however said: “And he worshipped on it before G-d, the G-d of Israel.” In that case the meaning of the word lo will be as bo (“in it” or “on it”), in the same manner as: That thou hast chosen ‘l’ben’ (the son) of Jesse;118I Samuel 20:30. And he took hold ‘lo’ (of him);119II Samuel 15:5. ‘L’mei’ (In the waters) of Meribah.120Numbers 20:24. It may be that Scripture is saying, “And he called Him G-d, the G-d of Israel,” and the meaning of the word lo is similar to the usage in these verses: I will get me unto the great men;121Jeremiah 5:5. Get thee out of thy country.122Above, 12:1.
And by way of the Truth, [that is, the mystic lore of the Cabala, the verse is to be understood] as being in accord with the Midrash which the Rabbis have expounded in Tractate Megillah:12318a. “Whence do we know that the Holy One, blessed be He, called Jacob eil? It is said, And He — the G-d of Israel — called him ‘eil.’ “ There is in this matter a great secret, which the Sages have additionally mentioned in Bereshith Rabbah12479:10. in another way: “Jacob said to G-d, ‘Thou art the G-d of those on high, and I am the master of those down below.’” The Sages thereby alluded to that which they constantly say: the likeness of Jacob is engraved in the Heavenly Throne.125Tanchuma Numbers 19. The intent [of Jacob’s statement quoted in the Midrash — “I am the master of those down below”] — is that the Divine Glory rests in the Land of Israel. The student learned in the mystic lore of the Cabala will understand.
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Rashbam on Genesis
א-ל אלו-הי ישראל, Who has saved me from Lavan as well as from Esau. The wording means that the same G’d Who had been the G’d of someone called Yaakov, continued in His role as the G’d of Yisrael. Just as people who are called Eliezer (G’s is my help) are also called Immanuel, seeing that the meaning is identical, so also the comparison between the G’d of Yaakov and the G’d of Yisrael. I believe this is the plain meaning of our verse.
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Radak on Genesis
ויצב שם, considering that the Torah used the word ויצב instead of ויבן, he built, it is probable that this altar consisted of only one large lab of stone. He placed this stone in the appropriate position to serve as an altar upon which to offer his sacrifice.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
Our Sages interpret that it was God who called Yaakov... It is as if it said ויקרא אלקי ישראל ליעקב אל. I.e., Hashem is the Almighty above, and so is Yaakov below. Why? Because the Divine Presence rests on earth because of Yaakov — thus it is considered as if he was the Almighty.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ויצב שם מזבח ויקרא לו וגו׳, beides ungewöhnlich. Das Errichten eines מזבה heißt sonst: עשה ,בנה, nie aber: הציב. Ferner lesen wir sonst von den Vätern nach dem Bauen des Altars ׳ויקרא בשם ד, hier aber ׳ויקרא לו א׳ א׳ י. Schon oben Kap.28. Raw Hirsch on Genesis 33: 10, haben wir das Verhältnis von מצבה (worauf ויצב hinweist) und מזבה zu einander angedeutet. מצבה, der einzelne, von der Natur gereichte Stein, entspricht dem Erinnerungsdenkmal an das, was Gott an uns getan, und war daher אהובה לאבות, die Gott vor allem erst in seinem Walten, in Natur und Geschichte, zu erkennen und zu lehren hatten. Die Menschentat offenbarte mehr den Menschen als Gott, der noch nicht durch die תרי"ג Mizwoth seines Gesetzes die Entfaltung eines ganzen, in seinem Dienste zu vollbringenden Menschen- und Volkslebens zur Offenbarung seines Willens und Waltens geweiht hatte. Bei den אבות hatte daher die מצבה neben dem die Hingebung der Menschentätigkeit an Gott ausdrückenden מזבח ihre vollberechtigte Geltung. Dem entsprechend war auch die מצבה vorzugsweise zu נסכים, zur Anerkennung der von Gott erhaltenen Segensspenden, מזבח aber zu קרבנות, zur Hingebung des ganzen lebendigen Wesens bestimmt. Mit מתן תורה tritt nicht nur מזכח in den Vordergrund, sondern es geht מצבה völlig in ihn auf: die Huldigung Gottes in dem uns von seinen Händen werdenden Geschicke durch מצבה, getrennt von der Dahingebung der ganzen Tätigkeit unseres inneren und äußeren Lebens an die Vollbringung seines Willens, wird sündhaft. Denn nicht mehr in dem, was von Ihm uns, sondern in dem, was von uns Ihm wird, nicht mehr in der Beherrschung des Himmels und der Erde, sondern in der Beherrschung des Menschenlebens, nicht mehr in unserem Geschicke, sondern in unserer Tat will Gott geschaut und offenbar werden, nicht mehr soll unser Tun ein Produkt unseres Geschickes, sondern unser Geschick, unser Wohl und Weh selbst, eine Schöpfung unseres Tuns und Lassens, von ihm bedingt, uns ihm hervorgehend sein; — מצבה schwindet und מזבח allein wird für עולה ומנחה, für זבה ונסכים, die gemeinsame Stätte, die durch ihre Konstruktion und Bedeutung die Aufgabe verkündet: durch die Gottes Gesetz vollbringende Menschentätigkeit die Erde zu einem הרא, zu einem "Gottesberg" zu erheben, auf welchem das alles überwältigende Feuer des Gesetzes — das אש דת als אריא — die weithin leuchtende Offenbarung Gottes auf Erden zu sein bestimmt ist.15 Mit dem Eintritt Jakobs auf den künftigen Boden dieses Gesetzes bezeichnete Jakob vorbereitend diesen Wendepunkt, indem er ויצב שם מזכח, indem er dort einen מזבת als מצבה, als Denkmal errichtete, damit aussprechend, dass hier, auf diesem Boden, das "von Menschen zu Bauende" das "Gottesoffenbarungs-Denkmal" werden, Gott aus dem Menschenleben hervorleuchten solle, es hier nicht gelte, nur Wohl und Wehe dankend oder ergeben aus Gottes Händen hinzunehmen, sondern mit allem und in allem alles Irdische zum göttlichen Wohlgefallen in Vollbringung seines Willens zu umwandeln.
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Chizkuni
ויקרא לו, He called it אל, the construction is similar to Genesis 20 13: אמרי לי אחי הוא, “say, concerning me, that he is my brother.” The word לו here may be understood as if it had been עלי, “on it,” in other words: he proclaimed the altar as dedicated the G-d Who is the G-d of Israel. This is also how Onkelos translates it. Rashi emphasises that it was not the altar that was called: “the G-d of Israel,” by the nations of the world, but that Yaakov called it by a name that symbolised the special relationship between G-d and Israel on account of all the miracles He had performed for him. It is not so different from when he called the site where he had the dream with the ladder 34 years earlier, Beyt El (Genesis 5,7), after he erected an altar there. We find a similar construction in Judges 6,24 where Gideon built an altar in honour of G-d, and named it: ה' שלום. This is also how we understand the name Moses gave the altar he built after having fought off the Amalekites in Exodus 17,17 which became known as ה' נסי, “the Lord is my Banner.”
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Radak on Genesis
ויקרא לו א-ל אלו-הי ישראל, he named the altar thus in commemoration of the fact that G’d had saved him while he was en route, and had sent an angel to accomplish that, and had also changed his name to Yisrael. It is possible that he placed the stone at the site where he had the nocturnal encounter with the angel. We find a parallel to this in Exodus 17,15 where Moses called the altar he had built ה' נסי, “G’d is my miracle,” in commemoration of the miracle G’d had performed for the Israelites enabling them to defeat the Amalekites. Another similar example of the name of G’d being linked to the salvation He brings to the Jewish people, albeit in the future, is found in Jeremiah 23,6, זה שמו אשר יקראו ה' צדקנו. A similar verse occurs in Jeremiah 33,17, whereas in Ezekiel 48,35 we found a city (the new Jerusalem) being named after an event (the redemption), the new name meaning: “the Lord is there.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Daher auch — ויקרא לו, er verkündete sich und den Seinen. Die Väter קראו בשם ד׳ riefen nach außen im Namen Gottes, riefen die Menschen im Namen Gottes, riefen sie zu dem Bewusstsein, dass Gott nicht nur der ist, der die Welt vor Jahrtausenden erschaffen, sondern der ist, der noch Himmel und Erde trägt und von dem noch unmittelbar jeder gegenwärtige und kommende Moment stammt. Was aber Jakob mit diesem als מצבה errichteten מזבת verkünden wollte, das hatte er nicht nach außen, das hatte er zunächst erst sich und den Seinen zu verkünden: dass k, dass die Allmacht,16 von der alles stammt im Himmel und auf Erden, dass sie אלקי ישראל sein und werden wolle, Israels Gesetzgeber, Richter und Gott, sichtbar nicht nur in Israels Ge- schick, sondern vor allem sichtbar in Israels Tat.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Ist ja dieser Gedanke bis auf den heutigen Tag noch zunächst Erbteil der Jakobsfamilie geblieben und hat noch erst seine Arbeit auch an uns zur vollen Verwirklichung zu bringen. "Glaube und Hoffnung", "Tröstung und Stärkung" diese מצבה-Gedanken sind außer dem jüdischen Kreise das, was vor allem von der "Religion"; von der Beziehung der Menschen zu Gott erwartet wird, und feiert diese daher vorzüglich ihre Siege als Retterin der Menschen im Schiffbruch des Geschickes. Aber die volle Unterwerfung des ganzen vollkräftigen Lebens unter den göttlichen Willen, die Pflegung des Gesetzes als des alleinigen "Baumes des Lebens" für den einzelnen wie die Gesamtheit, die volle und ganze Beherrschung des Lebens in allen Beziehungen und Fügen durch die geoffenbarte Norm des göttlichen Willens, kurz, das Gesetz und der ihm entsprechende freie, freudige Gehorsam, diese Gestaltung des ganzen Menschenlebens zu einem Denkmal der Gottesoffenbarung, das ist annoch der von Jakobs Haus allein gepflegte Schatz, und erst am Ende der Tage werden die Völker sprechen: ויורנו מדרכיו ונלכה בארחתיו. —
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Nach der Ansicht יהודה ׳Ts, dass גיד הנשה nicht bloß נכתב במקומו, sondern schon sofort nach dem Ereignis, — נוהג בבני נח — selbst vor מתן תורה von Jakobs Nachkommen beobachtet worden war, erhielte alles Obige noch die tiefere Begründung, dass ja sodann mit גיד הנשה der Anfang gemacht war, den Gottesgedanken nicht mehr nur durch den toten מצבה-Stein, sondern durch die lebendige, das ganze Leben beglückende n^ö-Tat zu verewigen. Um so prägnanter wäre dann das: ויצב שם מזכח וגו׳. —
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