Pensamiento judío sobre Deuteronómio 5:7

(1) Although we have pointed out that the first two of the ten commandments are in a class by themselves since they express the existence of G'd and the exclusive nature of His G'dliness, the shema yisrael expresses the link between that Oneness and the malchut, the majesty which is a manifestation of that Oneness. Our prophets view the messianic message as one in which "on that day G'd will be king over the whole earth, on that day He will be One and His name will be One." (Zachariah 14,9) (2) By this phrase the prophet expresses that Oneness is synonymous with Majesty. An ideal kingdom is one in which everything is based on a unified system emanating from a single source. This is the reason the sages inserted the line about G'ds Majesty in the recital of the keriyat shema. This is also the reason it is included in the Mussaph prayer on the New Year's day, when ten verses dealing with G'ds Majesty form the first of the three major benedictions of the amidah, central prayer. The paragraph commencing with the words "and now Israel, hear the statutes, social laws etc," (4,1) is to be understood thus. Since you have heard directly from Me the first two commandments about My nature, remember this as something you keep on hearing forever three times daily. Anochi and lo yihyeh, are not to be viewed as alternatives to the recital of keriyat shema, rather recital of keriyat shema is the insurance that you will not forget what you have heard at Sinai, and will ensure that lesson will stand you in good stead throughout future generations. Moses used the shema in a different context. He explained that what it represented had been revealed to Israel. The line of baruch shem etc. however, being something that he had overheard the angels use in Heaven, could only be whispered, since it had not been revealed. However, on the Day of Atonement when we are like angels, free from sin, we too can and must recite this line in an audible manner. (3) Although, generally speaking, love relationships exist between equals or at least between people who have a great deal in common, there are two love relationships that need not be affected by the similarities between the parties concerned. One is the love that the recipient feels for the one who endows him, keeps him alive, does undeserved favours for him, etc. Thus children love parents since the latter are providers. The greater the benefits received, the greater the love by the recipient for the donor. Since G'd is the great Provider, absolute love by us for Him is quite natural, and the word ve-ahavta, you shall love (Him) is quite in place. The second reason that true love for G'd is possible, lies in His very uniqueness. When someone owns a variety of artifacts, each similar in nature, it is difficult to love one of those artifacts especially, since it is not distinctive enough to evoke that special feeling of love. When, however, the object in question is absolutely unique, the affection one feels for it can be termed love, without such love having to be requited. (compare Aristotele's ethics, book nine)

Mitzvoth. — Commandments. — The next requirement, which, though second in rank, gives life its completion and perfection, is love. Never be the instrumentality of curse or misfortune to yourself or your neighbor, but strive, like Deity, to do all your deeds in love, and thus become a blessing to yourself and your surroundings. First become a blessing to yourself in order that you may become it to others. Seek to equip yourself with all the capacities and means which can be of good service to the welfare of your fellow beings; make yourself rich with abundant store of good and noble principles, and then devote yourself to the world for perfect service of blessing. To become the means of blessing, learn first to honor your parents as messengers of God, mankind, and Israel to you; learn also to revere wisdom, age, and virtue, as guides and models, wherever and whenever they appear realized in human character. Illuminate yourself with the revealed wisdom of the Torah, avoid the evil and seek the good.

It is known that the heathen in those days built temples to stars, and set up in those temples the image which they agreed upon to worship; because it was in some relation to a certain star or to a portion of one of the spheres. We were, therefore, commanded to build a temple to the name of God, and to place therein the ark with two tables of stone, on which there were written the commandments “I am the Lord,” etc., and “Thou shalt have no other God before me,” etc. Naturally the fundamental belief in prophecy precedes the belief in the Law, for without the belief in prophecy there can be no belief in the Law. But a prophet only receives divine inspiration through the agency of an angel. Comp. “The angel of the Lord called” (Gen. 22:15); “The angel of the Lord said unto her” (ibid. 16:11); and other innumerable instances. Even Moses our Teacher received his first prophecy through an angel. “And an angel of the Lord appeared to him in the flame of fire” (Exod. iii.). It is therefore clear that the belief in the existence of angels precedes the belief in prophecy, and the latter precedes the belief in the Law. The Sabeans, in their ignorance of the existence of God, believed that the spheres with their stars were beings without beginning and without end, that the images and certain trees, the Asherot, derived certain powers from the spheres, that they inspired the prophets, spoke to them in visions, and told them what was good and what bad. I have explained their theory when speaking of the prophets of the Ashera. But when the wise men discovered and proved that there was a Being, neither itself corporeal nor residing as a force in a corporeal body, viz., the true, one God, and that there existed besides other purely incorporeal beings which God endowed with His goodness and His light, namely, the angels, and that these beings are not included in the sphere and its stars, it became evident that it was these angels and not the images or Asherot that charged the prophets. From the preceding remarks it is clear that the belief in the existence of angels is connected with the belief in the Existence of God; and the belief in God and angels leads to the belief in Prophecy and in the truth of the Law. In order to firmly establish this creed, God commanded [the Israelites] to make over the ark the form of two angels. The belief in the existence of angels is thus inculcated into the minds of the people, and this belief is in importance next to the belief in God’s Existence; it leads us to believe in Prophecy and in the Law, and opposes idolatry. If there had only been one figure of a cherub, the people would have been misled and would have mistaken it for God’s image which was to be worshipped, in the fashion of the heathen; or they might have assumed that the angel [represented by the figure] was also a deity, and would thus have adopted a Dualism. By making two cherubim and distinctly declaring “the Lord is our God, the Lord is One,” Moses clearly proclaimed the theory of the existence of a number of angels; he left no room for the error of considering those figures as deities, since [he declared that) God is one, and that He is the Creator of the angels, who are more than one.