Comentario citado sobre Deuteronómio 20:3

פרשת משוח מלחמה – (Deuteronomy 20:2): “Before you join battle, etc,” (Deuteronomy 20:3): “Hear, O Israel! You are about to join battle [with your enemy].”

HEAR, O ISRAEL: THE ETERNAL OUR G-D, THE ETERNAL IS ONE. This too is a commandment that offers explanation. For, already contained in the commandment I am the Eternal thy G-d,²¹¹Above 5:6. is [the principle of] the Unity of G-d. As the Rabbis have said:²¹²Mechilta, Bachodesh 5. “Rabbi Nathan says: From here there is a refutation to those heretics who say there are two powers governing the universe. For, when the Holy One, blessed be He, stood on Mount Sinai and proclaimed I am the Eternal thy G-d,²¹¹Above 5:6. who protested against Him?” But here he [Moses] came to explain this commandment [I am the Eternal …] and mentioned it after the Ten Commandments because it is the root of faith, and whoever does not acknowledge it denies the essential principle [of the religion] as if he worships idols. “The Eternal our G-d, the Eternal is One. This means: the Eternal, Who is [now, only] our G-d and not the G-d of the [other] nations, will eventually be acknowledged as the One [and only] Eternal, as it is said, In that day shall the Eternal be One, and His Name One.”²¹³Zechariah 14:9. This is Rashi’s language. Now you must contemplate [the fact] that Scripture changed [the normal usage] here by saying the Eternal ‘our’ G-d and did not state “thy” G-d as it says everywhere else: Hear, O Israel: thou art to pass over the Jordan this day etc. Know therefore this day, that the Eternal ‘thy’ G-d etc.;²¹⁴Further, 9:1-3. Hear, O Israel, ye draw nigh this day unto battle etc. for the Eternal ‘your’ G-d is He that goeth with you.²¹⁵Ibid., 20:3-4. And so also in all sections where [Moses] spoke to Israel he mentioned “the Eternal your G-d” or “the Eternal thy G-d,” and even here [in this very section] he said, And thou shalt love the Eternal ‘thy’ G-d.²¹⁶Verse 5. However, in this declaration of the Unity [of G-d] Moses said, the Eternal ‘our’ G-d because He had done great and awesome things²¹⁷Further, 10:21. with Moses to make Himself a glorious Name²¹⁸Isaiah 63:14. [therefore Moses said “our G-d,” for had he said “your G-d,” he might have appeared to exclude himself from this declaration of Unity].²¹⁹Bei’ur Ha’lvush to Ricanti. See my Hebrew commentary p. 371. Now the letter daleth in the word echad (one) is written [in the Torah] large in order to allude to that which is written, He divided the water before them, to make Himself an everlasting Name.²²⁰Isaiah 63:12. And therefore the Rabbis instituted²²¹Pesachim 56 a. in the reading of the Sh’ma²²²The first word of the section beginning with the verse before us. The word S’hma is used as the title for the group of three portions from Scripture (Deuteronomy 6:4-9; 11:13-21; Numbers 15:37-41) which we must recite twice daily, in the morning and in the evening. See “The Commandments,” Vol. I, pp. 15-16. “Blessed be His Name Whose Glorious Kingdom is for ever and ever” and they further said [there]:²²¹Pesachim 56 a. “This may be compared to a lord’s daughter who smelled the [sweet] odor of some pudding etc.,”²²³“If she were to express her desire for it she would be embarrassed; if she were to remain silent she would find it painful. So her servants began bringing it to her quietly.” The parable explains why the Sages instituted this sacred prayer of praise — “Blessed be His Name Whose glorious Kingdom etc.” is to be recited as part of Sh’ma, but should be done quietly (Pesachim 56 a). for Moses stated it in the Torah by an allusion.²²⁴In the letter daleth [of the word echad — “one”] which is written large (Bachya). And then he reverted [to the general usage] and stated, And ‘thou’ shalt love the Eternal ‘thy’ G-d²¹⁶Verse 5. like the expression found in [the other] sections of Deuteronomy.

A Midrashic approach: The reason that the verse שמע ישראל is written here after the Ten Commandments is to teach the people that when G’d used the attribute אנכי when introducing Himself at the beginning of the Ten Commandments, He referred to this אחדות of His, His uniqueness. Rabbi Nathan used the Ten Commandments (the text) to counter the claim of the heretics who believe that there are two separate and independent domains of authority in the universe. When the Lord stood at Mount Sinai and began the decalogue with the words “I am the Lord your G’d who has taken you out of Egypt,” this was equivalent to a challenge. Who dared oppose G’d at that time? Seeing that this verse שמע ישראל introduces our declaration of G’d’s Uniqueness, Moses saw fit to commence numerous verses in the Book of Deuteronomy with the words שמע ישראל. Some samples of such verses are found in Deut. 9,1; 20,3; 27,9. There are many others.
We read in the Midrash (Devarim Rabbah Lieberman edition page 66) that the words שמע ישראל recall the time when Yaakov was worried that may be one of his sons was not whole-hearted in his loyalty to Hashem and he called in his sons and confronted them on the issue by saying ושמעו אל ישראל אביכם, (Genesis 49,2). What he meant was: “listen to the One whom your father Israel serves, i.e. to G’d.” Upon hearing this, the sons replied in unison שמע ישראל ה’ אלו-הינו ה’ אחד. Ever since the Jewish people have adopted the declaration made by the 12 sons of Yaakov as one of abiding faith in G’d also their own declaration of faith, pronounced every day. The formula has been amended to read: “שמע ישראל אשר במערת המכפלה ה’ אלו-הינו ה’ אחד “hear O Israel who is buried in the cave of Machpelah the Lord our G’d, the Lord is One.” (Compare Devarim Rabbah Lieberman edition page 67).
Our sages also commented in Devarim Rabbah (Lieberman edition page 77) that when the people had stood at Mount Sinai they had vowed נעשה ונשמע, “we will do and we will listen.” Once they had made the golden calf Moses said to them that seeing they had already reneged on the first half of their undertaking they should at least honor the second part, i.e. the נשמע, by reaffirming their faith in the one and only G’d by saying the שמע ישראל on a daily basis. This matter can best be illustrated by a parable. A king betrothed a wife by giving her two 2 pearls. When she lost one he said to her: “safeguard the remaining one.” Thus far Midrash Rabbah.