Eclesiastés 2:14 Referencias del Talmud: Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot, Jerusalem Talmud Yevamot, Jerusalem Talmud Sotah & Chullin

That means¹⁹²Referring to the statement in the Mishnah, that Rebbi Tarphon was told that he incurred guilt by following the teachings of the school of Shammai (with which he probably grew up). after the divine voice¹⁹³A בת קוֹל, “daughter of a voice”, is a sound carrying information of indeterminate origin. was heard. But before the divine voice was heard, ¹⁹⁴Tosephta Idiut 2:3 (in a different version Sukkah 2:3). The main discussion in the Babli is Eruvin 6b. The 24 instances of restrictions of the school of Hillel where the school of Shammai is more lenient are enumerated in Tosephta Idiut 2. It is reported there that the most conscientious one of the followers of Shammai in the years before the destruction of the Temple, R. Yoḥanan ben Haḥoranit, followed the rulings of the school of Hillel in practice. The man who rebuilt Jewish learning after the destruction of the Temple, R. Yoḥanan ben Zakkai, was a student of Hillel. it was said of anyone who wanted to restrict himself and follow the restrictions both of the school of Shammai and that of Hillel: (Eccl. 2:14) “the fool walks in darkness;” anyone who followed the leniencies of both of them¹⁹⁵In the opinion of the Babli, only in the case of two leniencies whose theoretical bases contradict one another. Similarly, the fool is one who follows contradictory rigidities. was called an evildoer. But one had to follow either the leniencies and restrictions of one school or the leniencies and restrictions of the other. That was before the divine voice was heard. But after the divine voice was heard¹⁹⁶This is an explanation of the Tosephta, rather than a duplication of the earlier note on the Mishnah., practice always follows the school of Hillel and everyone who transgresses the rulings of the school of Hillel merits death. We have stated: “A divine voice came and said: Both of them are the words of the Living God but practice follows the school of Hillel”.¹⁹⁷The same statement is in Babli Eruvin 6b. The language is tannaïtic, but the origin of the phrase is unknown. Where was the divine voice heard? Rebbi Bibi¹⁹⁸Since in Talmudic times every ב or בּ was pronounced /v/ in Galilee under the influence of Byzantine Greek, his name probably is a shortening of Latin Vivianus, חַיִּים. R. Bibi was one of the notable students of R. Yoḥanan. in the name of Rebbi Yoḥanan: The divine voice came in Jabneh¹⁹⁹The Synhedrion was at Jabneh between the two wars against the Romans and held there its first meeting when it was reconstituted after the persecutions that followed the war of Bar Kokhba. Afterwards, it moved to Galilee permanently. This gives a terminus ad quem for the adoption of the rules of the school of Hillel by all of Judaism. It seems that the exact point in time was the reconstitution of the Synhedrion after the war of Bar Kokhba.
While Talmudic literature is full of disagreements on practical points of Jewish practice, there is unanimity that the principles underlying all discussions are those fixed by the school of Hillel in Rabbinic (Pharisaic) Judaism. After the war of Bar Kokhba, we do not hear of any followers of the school of Shammai in practice, nor of Jews that are Sadducees in practice. In the Talmud (Babli Nidda 33b), R. Yose (ben Ḥalaphta) states that the Sadducees in his time follow Rabbinic practice. We know that the sect at Qumran were Sadducees and their Tefillin follow Sadducee rules; characteristically, they have many more Biblical quotes in addition to the required verses (cf. Y. Yadin, Tefillin from Qumran, Jerusalem, 1978). The Tefillin found with the Bar Kokhba letters in the caves of the Judean desert are of the same type. Hence, Sadducee practice did not completely stop until the war of Bar Kokhba. As far as Sadduceeism goes, its disappearance in practice can be dated to the aftermath of the war of Bar Kokhba.
It is not believable that a man of the stature of Rebbi Tarphon would transgress a generally accepted practice supported by a divine pronouncement and by popular consent. Hence, the episode of Rebbi Tarphon must be dated in time before the bat qol. It is generally accepted that Rebbi Tarphon did not live to see the war of Bar Kokhba. This narrows the time of the bat qol to close to that war..

In this matter²⁵⁶As R. Moses Margalit points out, this kind of reference fits the style of the Yerushalmi. Those who want to delete כהדא ד are lead astray by the style of the Babli., it was stated²⁵⁷Tosephta Sukkah 2:3, Yebamot1:13, Idiut 2:3. Babli Eruvin 6b, Roš Haššanah 14b, Ḥulin 43b.: “About anybody who wants to take upon himself the stringencies both of the House of Shammai and the House of Hillel it was said²⁵⁸Eccl. 2:14.: ‘The silly one walks in darkness’. The leniencies of both of them, he is called wicked. Only either following the words of the House of Shammai in their leniencies and stringencies, or following the words of the House of Hillel in their leniencies and stringencies.” That is, before there came the disembodied voice²⁵⁹The collective agreement of the people, over the heads of the rabbinic establishment.. But after the disembodied voice was heard, “practice follows the House of Hillel forever²⁵⁷Tosephta Sukkah 2:3, Yebamot1:13, Idiut 2:3. Babli Eruvin 6b, Roš Haššanah 14b, Ḥulin 43b..” And any who transgresses the words of the House of Hillel is deserving of death²⁶⁰Cf. Mishnah Berakhot 1:7.. It was stated: There came the disembodied voice and said: Both of them are the words of the Living God, but practice follows the House of Hillel forever. Where was the disembodied voice heard? Rav Bebai in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: The disembodied voice was heard at Yabneh²⁶¹Between the two wars against the Romans..

Rebbi Meïr said: It is written²³⁰Eccl. 2:14., “the wise man’s eyes are in his head.” The stupid one’s are where? In his legs²³¹This parallels the German saying that one must have in one’s legs what he does not have in his head.. Rebbi Abba Mari said, the wise man knows what will be the final outcome when he starts something. “Gad, a troop will gang up on him²³²Gen. 49:19. The reference naturally is to the entire verse, “Gad, a troop will gang up on him but he will catch their heel.”.” A troop comes to rob him, and he robs them.