Commentaire sur Les Nombres 35:33
וְלֹֽא־תַחֲנִ֣יפוּ אֶת־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתֶּם֙ בָּ֔הּ כִּ֣י הַדָּ֔ם ה֥וּא יַחֲנִ֖יף אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ וְלָאָ֣רֶץ לֹֽא־יְכֻפַּ֗ר לַדָּם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר שֻׁפַּךְ־בָּ֔הּ כִּי־אִ֖ם בְּדַ֥ם שֹׁפְכֽוֹ׃
De la sorte, vous ne souillerez point le pays où vous demeurez. Car le sang est une souillure pour la terre; et la terre où le sang a coulé ne peut être lavée de cette souillure que par le sang de celui qui l’a répandu.
Rashi on Numbers
ולא תחניפו means AND YE SHALL NOT [MAKE THE LAND] WICKED, as it is translated in the Targum: לא תחיבון.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Numbers
V’LO TACHANIPHU’ (AND YE SHALL NOT POLLUTE) THE LAND. Because He had said at the beginning: And these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your habitations,104Verse 29. meaning that these judgments apply also outside the Land [of Israel], therefore He mentioned additional stringencies applying to the inhabitants of the Land [of Israel], in honor of the Divine Presence which is [especially] present there, and He warned us not to pollute it and not to defile it.105Verse 34.
And the meaning of the term chanuphah [mentioned here, which literally means: “flattery,” or “pollution”] is that which is said with reference to the imprecations: Thou shalt carry out much into the field, and shalt gather in little;106Deuteronomy 28:38. Thou shalt plant vineyards and dress them, but thou shalt neither drink of the wine;107Ibid., Verse 39. Thou shalt have olive-trees throughout all thy borders, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with oil;108Ibid., Verse 40. All thy trees and the fruit of thy land shall the locust make bare,109Ibid., Verse 42. for all expressions of chanuphah indicate doing the opposite of that which is seen by or appears to the eyes. This is the punishment [which will come] to the Land because of idolatry, bloodshed, and immorality, just as it is said, will not the Land ‘chanoph techenaph’ (become polluted)?;110Jeremiah 3:1. the earth also ‘chanepha’ (is polluted) under the inhabitants thereof;111Isaiah 24:5. ‘vatachniphi’ (and thou hast polluted) the Land with thy harlotries.112Jeremiah 3:2. In all these three verses, the earth itself is described as becoming “chanuphah (polluted)” because of the sins of its inhabitants, which means, according to Ramban, that it will do the opposite of that which is its nature, for it will be planted and cultivated but not produce fruit. And the meaning of the term “defilement” [used in the next verse — And thou shalt not ‘defile’ the Land] is that the Land will become defiled so that the Glory of G-d will not dwell therein if there is innocent blood [shed] in it which has not been atoned for by the blood of him that shed it.113Verse 36 here. Thus the Rabbis have said in the Sifre:114Sifre, Mas’ei 161. “‘V’lo tachaniphu’ the Land — this is an admonition against flatterers.” For at first [in Verses 31-32] He warned us against taking a bribe from murderers, and then [in Verse 33 here] He warned us against flattering them because of their high position or their power, or the honor of their family, even without taking a bribe, because if we flatter them, we will thereby cause the Land to “betray” its inhabitants [as explained above].
And the meaning of the term chanuphah [mentioned here, which literally means: “flattery,” or “pollution”] is that which is said with reference to the imprecations: Thou shalt carry out much into the field, and shalt gather in little;106Deuteronomy 28:38. Thou shalt plant vineyards and dress them, but thou shalt neither drink of the wine;107Ibid., Verse 39. Thou shalt have olive-trees throughout all thy borders, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with oil;108Ibid., Verse 40. All thy trees and the fruit of thy land shall the locust make bare,109Ibid., Verse 42. for all expressions of chanuphah indicate doing the opposite of that which is seen by or appears to the eyes. This is the punishment [which will come] to the Land because of idolatry, bloodshed, and immorality, just as it is said, will not the Land ‘chanoph techenaph’ (become polluted)?;110Jeremiah 3:1. the earth also ‘chanepha’ (is polluted) under the inhabitants thereof;111Isaiah 24:5. ‘vatachniphi’ (and thou hast polluted) the Land with thy harlotries.112Jeremiah 3:2. In all these three verses, the earth itself is described as becoming “chanuphah (polluted)” because of the sins of its inhabitants, which means, according to Ramban, that it will do the opposite of that which is its nature, for it will be planted and cultivated but not produce fruit. And the meaning of the term “defilement” [used in the next verse — And thou shalt not ‘defile’ the Land] is that the Land will become defiled so that the Glory of G-d will not dwell therein if there is innocent blood [shed] in it which has not been atoned for by the blood of him that shed it.113Verse 36 here. Thus the Rabbis have said in the Sifre:114Sifre, Mas’ei 161. “‘V’lo tachaniphu’ the Land — this is an admonition against flatterers.” For at first [in Verses 31-32] He warned us against taking a bribe from murderers, and then [in Verse 33 here] He warned us against flattering them because of their high position or their power, or the honor of their family, even without taking a bribe, because if we flatter them, we will thereby cause the Land to “betray” its inhabitants [as explained above].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashbam on Numbers
כי אם בדם שפכו. As if the Torah had written כי אם בדם האיש אשר שופך את הדם, ”only blood spilled by the killer of the murdered party does not contaminate the Holy Land but cleanses it from blood spilled innocently.” [this is the way I understand the author. Do not forget that normally spilling blood in the Holy Land contaminates its soil, whereas here the blood of the murderer does the very oppsosite. Ed.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ולא תחניפו את הארץ, “you shall not pollute the land.” Nachmanides writes that seeing a little while ago (35,29) the Torah wrote והיו אלה לכם לחוקת משפט לדורותיכם, “these shall be for you a decree of justice for your generations,” we might have thought that the legislation of cities of refuge is applied also beyond the boundaries of the land of Israel; to prevent us from making this error the Torah now stresses that its concern with this legislation is that the Holy Land not become polluted, not that the whole globe not become polluted. The yardsticks of conduct and account- ability for failing to maintain the proper standards that the Torah applies to residents in the land of Israel are stricter than those applied to people riding outside that land, seeing that the presence of G’d, i.e. the Shechinah, does not hover over the Diaspora. Lands that are not holy in the first place, but are halachically ritually impure at all times, cannot be polluted by murder committed by man. The residents of the Holy Land are charged with the duty to preserve the holiness of that land. The choice of the term חניפה by the Torah here, a term that is usually applied to flattery, which is a form of misrepresentation of the true facts, is deliberate. as treating an intentional murderer as if he had killed accidentally, by accepting monetary compensation, is a form of distorting the facts. Allowing murder, even unintentional killing, [which by the way the Torah does not describe as הורג, “killing,” but chillingly, as רוצח בשגגה “murdering unintentionally,” Ed.] is apt to drive away the presence of the Shechinah unless the legislation written here is observed in all its details. In the Sifri the expression לא תחניפו את הארץ is understood as a warning to habitual flatterers not to treat the unintentional or intentional killer with flattery, i.e. by accepting a fine from him instead of what the Torah has demanded. The warning is repeated when the Torah writes כי הדם הוא יחניף את הארץ, implying that the guilt of the killer (intentional) must not be downgraded (a form of flattery, misrepresentation) by treating it as if it had only been an unintentional killing. The warning is that if we, the inhabitants of the Holy Land will deceive in this fashion, the land itself will deceive us by withholding its yield after we have toiled with ploughing, seeding, watering, etc
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
ולא תחניפו את הארץ, “you must not bring guilt upon the land.” The word חנף means to commit evil secretly.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Do not bring evil. For the word חנופה [lit. "false flattery"] is not appropriate when referring to blood. With regard to the land this term is understandable, since חנופה would be appropriate if “land” is explained as referring to the inhabitants of the land, with whom false flattery is possible. However, regarding blood, it cannot be explained in this manner.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 33. חנף .ולא תחניפו וגו׳, wie dessen Bedeutung in Ijow und Mischle entschieden klar ist, heißt: heucheln, also eine andere und zwar eine bessere Erscheinung äußerlich darstellen, welcher die Wirklichkeit des inneren Wesens nicht entspricht. Wer also einen Menschen zum Heuchler macht, der nimmt ihm bei unveränderter äußerer Erscheinung den innern Kern. Während ענף, der Zweig, und ענב, die Traube, das treueste und vollendetste Hinausleben des inneren Seins bedeutet, ist חנף — wie so oft bei dem ע- und ח-Wurzeln — eine Negation von ענף und ענב, es ist die äußere Zweigerscheinung, aber der Zweig bringt keine Blüte und keine Frucht, es ist die äußere Fruchterscheinung, aber die Frucht enthält nichts von dem edlen Saft eines segensreichen Innern. Wenn nun das Land zum "Heuchler" wird, so ist dies, wie man sieht, die buchstäblichste "חנופה". Es ist noch derselbe Boden, der unter Gottes Tau und Sonnenstrahl die reichste Fülle des Fruchtsegens zu tragen bestimmt ist; allein Boden, Tau und Sonnenstrahl täuschen, kein Segenskeim treibt aus dem Innern zum Leben und zur Freude der Menschen, und was davon treibt, ist wiederum Täuschung, es wohnt kein Segen in dem Mark und Saft der Triebe und Pflanzen. Es heißt nun: ולא תחניפו את הארץ, wenn ihr vorsätzlichen Mord und unvorsichtige Tötung eines Menschen duldet, so macht ihr das Land, אשר אתם בה, in welchem ihr seid (nicht bloß אשר אתם יושבים בה wie V. 34), in welchem euer irdisches Dasein wurzelt, das in euch, das in dem Menschen sein edelstes Produkt zu erblicken hat, zum "Heuchler". Es täuscht die Erwartung, die ihr sonst von ihm zu hegen berechtigt seid, es hält den Segen, in dem es sich hinausleben sollte, zurück, "כי הוא יחניף את הארץ" denn Blut, Menschenblut, ist der edelste Saft, den das Land, den die Erde zeitigt, und "unschuldig vergossenes "Menschenblut" macht das Land zum "Heuchler". In dem zu Gott naher sittlichen Freiheit berufenen Menschen gipfelt das Ziel aller irdischen Entwicklungen und Kräfte, in jedem lebendigen Blutstropfen, der die נפש eines "Menschen" trägt und sein Hiersein vermittelt, berührt sich der Himmel und die Erde, vermählt sich das Irdische mit Göttlichem; die Menschengesellschaft, der nicht jeder Blutstropfen ihrer Angehörigen heilig ist, die nicht eintritt für unschuldig vergossenes Menschenblut, verneint den Zweck, für welchen die Kräfte der Erde arbeiten, bricht die Bedingung, unm welche der Boden ihres Landes ihr ist, täuscht die Erwartung, in welcher die Erde ihr ihre Kräfte bietet, wird zur "Heuchlerin" an ihrem Lande und macht hinwieder das Land zum "Heuchler" gegen sie. ולארץ לא יכפר לדם אשר שפך בה כי אם כדם שפכו: diese חנופה des Landes wird nur abgewendet, wenn das unschuldig vergossene Blut und der in ihm um sein Hiersein gebrachte Mensch in der ihn überlebenden Menschengesellschaft seinen Vertreter findet und der Mörder von der Hand dieses Vertreters den Mord mit seinem durch den Mord verwirkten Hiersein büßt. Denn mit dem von seiner Hand vergossenen Blute des Brudermenschen hat sein eigenes Blut die Berechtigung verloren, hat er selbst das Hierseinsrecht eingebüßt, und das geduldete fernere Hiersein dessen, der einen Brudermenschen mit Bewusstsein und Vorsatz gemordet, ist ein Hohn auf die höhere Dignität des gottnahen Menschenwesens überhaupt, ist ein Bruch des Vertrages, unter welchem Gott dem Menschen die Erde, unter welchem Gott Israel das Land erteilt.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ולא תחניפו את הארץ, “this verse is to be understood at face value, i.e. “you shall not flatter the land;” this is a warning for wealthy people who had become guilty of the death penalty not to be allowed to plead to a lesser charge, and to make generous financial restitution to the party whom they had harmed or to the family of that person. 'כי הדם הוא הוא יחניף וגו, “for the blood spilled (and not atoned for) would contaminate” the soil of the Holy Land. This is why G-d warns us not to contaminate the land he has given us by allowing bloodshed to go unpunished according to the principle of נפש תחת נפש, “a life for a life,” a principle spelled out already in Genesis 9,6, a principle applicable to all of mankind.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
In dem Augenblicke, in welchem Gott Noah und seine Söhne die neugeschenkte Erde wieder betreten lässt und ihnen die Pflanzen- und Tierwelt zur freien Disposition übergibt, proklamiert er mit dem: ואך את דמכם לנפשתיכם אדרש וגו׳ שופך דם האדם באדם דמו ישפך כי בצלם אלקים עשה את האדם die Geltung der unantastbar höheren Dignität der Gottebenbildlichkeit des Menschen als Grundbedingung des Genusses dieses Geschenkes und dieser freien Waltung. In dem Augenblick, in welchem Gott Israel das Land als Boden seiner segensreichen Entfaltung für die Verwirklichung Seines Gesetzes übergibt, erneuert er mit dem: ולארץ לא יכפר לדם אשר שפך בה כי אם בדם שפכו dieselbe Humanitätsproklamation für Israel als Grundbedingung des gesegneten Besitzes und Genussessegens dieses Landes und erweitert sie noch durch die Sühneinstitution für den unvorsätzlichen Mord.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ולארץ לא יכופר, “and no expiation can be made for the land;” the Torah, of course, refers to the inhabitants of the land even more so, [seeing that the earth had been completely passive. Ed.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy