שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה עָבְד֖וּ אֶת־כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר וּשְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה מָרָֽדוּ׃
Douze années, ils avaient été asservis à Kedorlaomer, et la treizième année ils s’étaient révoltés.
Bereshit Rabbah
“Twelve years they served Kedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled” (Genesis 14:4).
“Twelve years they served [Kedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year50Literally, “and thirteen years.” they rebelled]” – Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel, Rabbi Yosei says: Twelve plus thirteen, this is twenty-five.51The rebellion lasted thirteen years, after twelve years of submission. He translates the words: “thirteen years.” Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel said: They were thirteen years altogether.52He translates the words: “in the thirteenth year.” How does Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel53This should be corrected to: Rabbi Yosei (Radal). explain: “And in the fourteenth year”?54According to Rabbi Yosei, twenty-five years had already passed; how can the following year be called “the fourteenth year", as it is in the subsequent verse? The explanation is that it was the fourteenth year after their rebellion began.
“And in the fourteenth year, Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him came and smote Refa’im in Ashterot Karnayim, the Zuzim in Ham, and the Eimim in Shaveh Kiryatayim” (Genesis 14:5).
“And in the fourteenth year, Kedorlaomer…came” – the owner of the beam bears its thickest part,55Kedorlaomer was the main party among the five kings against whom the rebellion was directed (Genesis 14:4). “and the kings who were with him.”
“And smote Refa’im in Ashterot Karnayim” – in Ashtera DeKarna.56This is what that place was called in the days of the Midrash.
“The Zuzim in Ham [beham]” – the radiant ones [ziv] among them [bahem]. “And the Eimim in Shaveh Kiryatayim” – they were two cities [kiryan].57The ending ayim is generally used to refer to two items.
“And the Ḥori in their mountain, Se'ir, until Eil Paran, which is adjacent to the wilderness” (Genesis 14:6).
“And the Ḥori” – this is a metropolis.58The reading in manuscripts is: This is Eleutheropolis (Free City) – the Greek name for Bet Guvrin in southern Israel. Why is it called it Ḥori? Because they selected it to be a free place in the generation of the Dispersion.59The residents were not scattered when the Dispersion occurred. “Until Eil Paran, which is adjacent to the wilderness” – until the plain of Paran.60Eil Paran means the Plain of Paran.
“Twelve years they served [Kedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year50Literally, “and thirteen years.” they rebelled]” – Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel, Rabbi Yosei says: Twelve plus thirteen, this is twenty-five.51The rebellion lasted thirteen years, after twelve years of submission. He translates the words: “thirteen years.” Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel said: They were thirteen years altogether.52He translates the words: “in the thirteenth year.” How does Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel53This should be corrected to: Rabbi Yosei (Radal). explain: “And in the fourteenth year”?54According to Rabbi Yosei, twenty-five years had already passed; how can the following year be called “the fourteenth year", as it is in the subsequent verse? The explanation is that it was the fourteenth year after their rebellion began.
“And in the fourteenth year, Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him came and smote Refa’im in Ashterot Karnayim, the Zuzim in Ham, and the Eimim in Shaveh Kiryatayim” (Genesis 14:5).
“And in the fourteenth year, Kedorlaomer…came” – the owner of the beam bears its thickest part,55Kedorlaomer was the main party among the five kings against whom the rebellion was directed (Genesis 14:4). “and the kings who were with him.”
“And smote Refa’im in Ashterot Karnayim” – in Ashtera DeKarna.56This is what that place was called in the days of the Midrash.
“The Zuzim in Ham [beham]” – the radiant ones [ziv] among them [bahem]. “And the Eimim in Shaveh Kiryatayim” – they were two cities [kiryan].57The ending ayim is generally used to refer to two items.
“And the Ḥori in their mountain, Se'ir, until Eil Paran, which is adjacent to the wilderness” (Genesis 14:6).
“And the Ḥori” – this is a metropolis.58The reading in manuscripts is: This is Eleutheropolis (Free City) – the Greek name for Bet Guvrin in southern Israel. Why is it called it Ḥori? Because they selected it to be a free place in the generation of the Dispersion.59The residents were not scattered when the Dispersion occurred. “Until Eil Paran, which is adjacent to the wilderness” – until the plain of Paran.60Eil Paran means the Plain of Paran.
Bereshit Rabbah
“They turned back, and came to Ein Mishpat, which is Kadesh, and smote the entire field of the Amalekites, and also the Emorites, who reside in Ḥatzetzon Tamar” (Genesis 14:4).
“They turned back, and came to Ein [Mishpat]…” – Rabbi Aḥa said: They came only to fight against the eyeball [ein] of the world;61Abraham is called the eyeball of the world, because it was only for his sake that God took an interest in and looked out for the benefit of the people of the world. they sought to blind the eye [ayin] that overcame the attribute of justice [mishpat] in the world.62Abraham. That is astonishing. “Which is [hi] Kadesh” – Rav Aḥa said: Hu is written. It is he [hu] who sanctified [kiddesh] the name of the Holy One blessed be He in the fiery furnace.
“And smote the entire field of the Amalekites” – Amalek had not yet been born, and yet you say: “And smote the entire field of the Amalekites”? The explanation is that [God] “tells the outcome from the outset” (Isaiah 46:10).63God knows the future, so He is able to name places after future events. “And also the Emorites, who reside in Ḥatzetzon Tamar” – in Ein Gedi, with the dates [temaraya].64The identification of Ḥatzetzon Tamar with Ein Gedi is stated explicitly in II Chronicles 20:2.
“The king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah, the king of Adma, the king of Tzevoyim, and the king of Bela, which is Tzoar, went out and they waged a war with them in the valley of Sidim” (Genesis 14:8).
“With Kedorlaomer king of Eilam, and Tidal king of Goyim, and Amrafel king of Shinar, and Ariokh king of Elasar; four kings against the five” (Genesis 14:9).
“The king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah…went out…with Kedorlaomer king of Eilam…” – four kings waged war against five, and yet they overcame them.
“The valley of Sidim was full of clay pits and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, and they who remained fled to the mountain” (Genesis 14:10).
“The valley of Sidim was full of clay pits” – many pits producing clay.
“The kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, 65“They fell there” means that they died in the pits. [and they who remained fled to the mountain]” – Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: “They fell there” – this refers to the multitudes; “and they who remained fled to the mountain” – this refers to the kings. Rabbi Neḥemya said: “They fell there” – this refers to the kings; “and they who remained fled to the mountain” – this refers to the multitudes.
According to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, it works out well, but according to the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya, it is difficult.66In Genesis 14:17 we read that the king of Sodom survived. Rabbi Azarya and Rabbi Yonatan ben Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: When Abraham descended into the fiery furnace and was saved, there were some idolaters who believed [the story of Abraham’s miraculous rescue], and there were some idolaters who did not believe. When the king of Sodom descended into the clay pit and was rescued, they began believing in [the rescue of] Abraham retroactively.
“They took all the property of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their food, and they went” (Genesis 14:11).
“They took all the property of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their food” – Rabbi Yehuda says: This refers to their tools of work.67“Their property” refers to their means of sustenance. Rabbi Neḥemya said: This refers to their dates.68Their main food staple.
“They took Lot, son of Abram’s brother, and his property and they went, and he resided in Sodom” (Genesis 14:12).
“They took Lot, [son of Abram’s brother]…” – this is what they did to Lot: They placed him in a cage and they took him with them.69This is derived from the fact that the words “they took” already appear in the previous verse. The repetition of these words here indicates that he was treated with special harshness. Why to such an extent?70What did Lot do to deserve such harsh punishment? “And he resided in Sodom” – in realization of what is stated: “One who walks with the wise will become wise, and one who consorts with fools will be broken” (Proverbs 13:20).
“They turned back, and came to Ein [Mishpat]…” – Rabbi Aḥa said: They came only to fight against the eyeball [ein] of the world;61Abraham is called the eyeball of the world, because it was only for his sake that God took an interest in and looked out for the benefit of the people of the world. they sought to blind the eye [ayin] that overcame the attribute of justice [mishpat] in the world.62Abraham. That is astonishing. “Which is [hi] Kadesh” – Rav Aḥa said: Hu is written. It is he [hu] who sanctified [kiddesh] the name of the Holy One blessed be He in the fiery furnace.
“And smote the entire field of the Amalekites” – Amalek had not yet been born, and yet you say: “And smote the entire field of the Amalekites”? The explanation is that [God] “tells the outcome from the outset” (Isaiah 46:10).63God knows the future, so He is able to name places after future events. “And also the Emorites, who reside in Ḥatzetzon Tamar” – in Ein Gedi, with the dates [temaraya].64The identification of Ḥatzetzon Tamar with Ein Gedi is stated explicitly in II Chronicles 20:2.
“The king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah, the king of Adma, the king of Tzevoyim, and the king of Bela, which is Tzoar, went out and they waged a war with them in the valley of Sidim” (Genesis 14:8).
“With Kedorlaomer king of Eilam, and Tidal king of Goyim, and Amrafel king of Shinar, and Ariokh king of Elasar; four kings against the five” (Genesis 14:9).
“The king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah…went out…with Kedorlaomer king of Eilam…” – four kings waged war against five, and yet they overcame them.
“The valley of Sidim was full of clay pits and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, and they who remained fled to the mountain” (Genesis 14:10).
“The valley of Sidim was full of clay pits” – many pits producing clay.
“The kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, 65“They fell there” means that they died in the pits. [and they who remained fled to the mountain]” – Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: “They fell there” – this refers to the multitudes; “and they who remained fled to the mountain” – this refers to the kings. Rabbi Neḥemya said: “They fell there” – this refers to the kings; “and they who remained fled to the mountain” – this refers to the multitudes.
According to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, it works out well, but according to the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya, it is difficult.66In Genesis 14:17 we read that the king of Sodom survived. Rabbi Azarya and Rabbi Yonatan ben Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: When Abraham descended into the fiery furnace and was saved, there were some idolaters who believed [the story of Abraham’s miraculous rescue], and there were some idolaters who did not believe. When the king of Sodom descended into the clay pit and was rescued, they began believing in [the rescue of] Abraham retroactively.
“They took all the property of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their food, and they went” (Genesis 14:11).
“They took all the property of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their food” – Rabbi Yehuda says: This refers to their tools of work.67“Their property” refers to their means of sustenance. Rabbi Neḥemya said: This refers to their dates.68Their main food staple.
“They took Lot, son of Abram’s brother, and his property and they went, and he resided in Sodom” (Genesis 14:12).
“They took Lot, [son of Abram’s brother]…” – this is what they did to Lot: They placed him in a cage and they took him with them.69This is derived from the fact that the words “they took” already appear in the previous verse. The repetition of these words here indicates that he was treated with special harshness. Why to such an extent?70What did Lot do to deserve such harsh punishment? “And he resided in Sodom” – in realization of what is stated: “One who walks with the wise will become wise, and one who consorts with fools will be broken” (Proverbs 13:20).