וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
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Midrash Tanchuma
(Numb. 25:16-17:) “Then the Lord spoke [unto Moses], saying, ‘Harass the Midianites […].’” Why?5Numb. R. 21:4. (Numb. 25:18:) “Because they are harassing you.” Hence the sages have said, “If someone comes to kill you, act first to kill him.”6Ber. 62b; Sanh. 72a. R. Simeon says, “Whoever causes a person to sin is worse than the one who kills him. Because whoever kills [a person] kills him in this world, but he [still] has a share in the world to come. However, the one who causes him to sin kills him in this world and for the world to come. Two peoples encountered Israel with the sword, the Egyptians and the Edomites. Thus it is stated (of the Egyptians that they said (in Exod. 15:9), “I will pursue, I will overtake, [I will divide the spoil…].” And Edom [did the same], as stated (in Numb. 20:18), “But Edom said unto him, ‘You shall not pass through me, or else I will come out to meet you with the sword.’” Moreover, two [peoples encountered them] with sin, Moab and the Ammonites. Concerning the ones who encountered them with the sword, it is written (in Deut. 23:8), “You shall not abhor an Edomite …; you shall not abhor an Egyptian.” But concerning the ones who encountered them with sin to cause Israel to sin, it is stated (according to Deut. 23:4), “No Ammonite or Moabite shall come into the assembly of the Lord […].” And in this world you have not [yet] fulfilled your obligation, as stated (in Numb. 25:17), “Harass the Midianites.” (Numb. 25:17:) “Harass the Midianites.” What is the meaning of “Harass the Midianites?” Even though it is written in the Torah (in Deut. 20:10), “When you draw near unto a city to fight against it, you shall offer terms of peace (shalom) unto it”; however, in regard to these [peoples] you shall not do this; (according to Deut. 23:7), “You shall not seek their welfare (shalom) and benefit all your days forever.”7Numb. R. 21:5. You find that the one who came to them with the trait of mercy, in the end came to disgrace, war and distress. And who [was that]? David, as stated (in II Sam. 10:2), “David said, ‘I will do kindness with Hanun son of Nahash.’” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “You are transgressing My word, as I wrote (in Deut. 23:7), ‘You shall not seek their welfare and benefit,’ and you are doing acts of kindness with them? (Eccl. 7:12:) ‘Do not be greatly righteous,’ such that a man should not forego [what is written in] the Torah. And this one is sending [word] to console the Children of Ammon and to do kindness and good to him?” And in the end, he came to disgrace [as stated] (in II Sam. 10:4), “So Hanun seized David’s courtiers, clipped off one side of their beards [and cut away half of their garments at the buttocks, and sent them off].” And he came to disgrace, and afterwards to war with four nations: Aram-Naharayim, with the kings of Zova, with the kings of Maakha and with Children of Ammon. And it is written (about this in II Sam. 10:9), “Joab saw that there was a battle line against him both front and rear.” What caused him [this]? That he sought to do good to those about whom the Holy One, blessed be He, told him, “You shall not seek their welfare and benefit.” Hence it is written (Numb. 25:17), “Harass the Midianites.” Another interpretation (of Numb. 25:17), “Harass (tsrwr) the Midianites.” Even though I have written (in Deut. 20:19), “When you besiege (rt. tswr) a city a [long time] […], you shall not destroy its trees,”8Numb. R. 21:6. in the case of these (i.e., Moab and the Ammonites) you shall not do so. On the contrary, their trees you shall destroy. And so you find that when Joram king of Israel, Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and the king of Edom went to fight with Moab, (according to II Kings 3:9) “they circled around on a seven-day march, so that there was no water for the army or for the animals that were with them.” They began to weep, and (according to vs. 10) “The king of Israel said, ‘Alas, for the Lord has summoned these three kings to give them into the hand of Moab.’” Jehoshaphat answered (in vs. 11), “Is there no prophet of the Lord here through, who we may inquire of the Lord…?” [This passage is] to make known the wickedness of Joram, in that he did not acknowledge Him. (Vs. 12:) “Then Jehoshaphat said, ‘the word of the Lord is with him’; so the king of Israel, Jehoshaphat, and the king of Edom went down unto him.” Why is Jehoshaphat not called a king here? In order to make known the humility of that righteous man, in that he did not want to go down before the prophet in royal garb, but as a commoner.9Gk.: idiotes. But some say, “[It was] because an edict had been decreed that he would be killed with Ahab that the scriptural text has reckoned [the reign of] his son from that hour. For that reason ‘king’ was not written.” But as a reward for their going down to the prophet, they attained the right to see all those miracles. When the king of Israel saw Elisha, Elisha said to the king of Israel (according to vs. 13,) “What have I to do with you; go unto the prophets of your father and unto the prophets of your mother.” He began to implore him. (Ibid., cont.:) “And the king of Israel said to him…,” as he had never asked him [anything] in his life. (Vss. 14-15:) “Elisha said, ‘As the Lord of hosts lives…Now then get me a musician….” And the rest of the whole parashah. Moreover, he said to them “The Moabites shall fall into your hands, (in vs. 19) ‘thus you shall smite every fortified city and every choice city, [you shall also fell every good tree].’” They said to him, “[But] the Holy One, blessed be He said (in Deut. 20:19), ‘You shall not destroy its trees’; yet you are saying [to do] so.” He said to them, “He gave the command with reference to the rest of the nations, but this one is insignificant and contemptable,” as stated (in II Kings 3:18), “This one is insignificant in the eyes of the Lord, so He will give Moab into your hands.” It is [also] stated (in Deut. 23:7), “You shall not seek their welfare and benefit (literally, their good).” [That is referring to] the good trees. It is therefore stated (in Numb. 25:17), “Harass the Midianites.”
Midrash Tanchuma Buber
(Numb. 25:16–17:) THEN THE LORD SPOKE UNTO MOSES, SAYING: HARASS THE MIDIANITES. Why?20Tanh., Numb. 8:3; Numb. R. 21:4. (Numb. 25:18:) BECAUSE THEY ARE HARASSING YOU. Hence the sages have said: If someone comes to kill you, act first to kill him.21Ber. 62b; Sanh. 72a. [R. Simeon says:] Whoever causes a person to sin is worse than the one who kills him, because whoever kills <a person> kills him in this world, but he <still> has a share in the world to come. However, the one who causes him to sin kills him in this world and for the world to come.22Matthew 10:28 // Luke 12:4–5. Two peoples encountered Israel with the sword: Egyptians and Edomites. Thus it is stated (of the Egyptians, that they said in Exod. 15:9): I WILL PURSUE, I WILL OVERTAKE, I WILL DIVIDE THE SPOIL. (Also in Numb. 20:18:) BUT EDOM SAID UNTO HIM: YOU SHALL NOT PASS THROUGH ME, OR ELSE I WILL COME OUT TO MEET YOU WITH THE SWORD. Moreover, two <peoples encountered them> with transgression: Moab and the Ammonites. Concerning the ones who encountered them with the sword, it is written (in Deut. 23:8 [7]): YOU SHALL NOT ABHOR AN EDOMITE …; YOU SHALL NOT ABHOR AN EGYPTIAN. But concerning the ones who encountered them with transgression (according to Deut. 23:4 [3]): NO AMMONITE OR MOABITE SHALL COME INTO THE ASSEMBLY OF THE LORD.
Sefer HaYashar (midrash)
and when Balak saw that Balaam was not willing to follow his words, he rose up and went to his home, and Balaam also returned to his home in Midian. And the children of Israel journeyed from the plain of Moab and encamped by the Jordan, from Beth-hajesi moth up to Abel-shittim in the end of the plain of Moab. And when the children of Israel abode in the plain of Shittim they began to commit fornication with the daughters of Moab. For when the children of Israel approached Moab, and the people of Moab pitched their tents opposite the camp of Israel, the Moabites were in great fear of the children of Israel, and they took their daughters and wives who were of fine figure and comely appearance, and they dressed them in silver and in gold and in costly garments; and the children of Moab placed those women in the doors of their tents, that the children of Israel might incline to them and not fight against Moab; and the children of Israel turned unto the daughters of Moab, and they were charmed with them and went after them. And when a Hebrew came to the door of a Moabitish tent and he saw the daughter of Moab, he felt a desire for her in his heart, and he spoke unto her as he pleased. And while they were en gaged in conversation, the men of Moab would come out of the tent and address the Hebrew in words like these, saying: Are we not brethren, all the descendants of Lot and the descendants of Abraham his brother, wherefore then do you not abide with us, and wherefore do you not eat of our bread and of our sacrifices? And when the Moabites had thus spoken and enticed him with their smooth words, they seated him in the tent and they slaughtered and sacrificed before him, and he ate of their bread and sacrifices; and they gave him wine and he drank, and when they had him intoxicated they placed a beautiful maiden before him, and he did with her according to his pleasure, for he knew not what he was doing after having drunk such an abundance of wine. Thus did the sons of Moab unto Israel in that place in the valley of Shittim. And the anger of the Lord was kindled against the children of Israel on that account, and he sent a pestilence among them, and there died of Israel twenty-four thousand men. And there was a man of the children of Simeon, Zimri, son of Salu, was his name, and he enjoyed the person of the Midianite, Cobi, daughter of Zur, king of Midian, before the eyes of all the children of Israel; and when Phineas, son of Eleazar, son of Aaron, the priest, saw this great wickedness of Zimri, Phineas went and took a spear into his hands, and he followed them and pierced both of them through, and slew them. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel.