וְהִתְהַלַּכְתִּי֙ בְּת֣וֹכְכֶ֔ם וְהָיִ֥יתִי לָכֶ֖ם לֵֽאלֹהִ֑ים וְאַתֶּ֖ם תִּהְיוּ־לִ֥י לְעָֽם׃
mais je me complairai au milieu de vous, et je serai votre Divinité, et vous serez mon peuple.
Ramban
AND IT SHALL COME TO PASS, WHEN ALL THESE THINGS ARE COME UPON THEE. I have already mentioned47See Leviticus 26:12, and above, 4:25; 19:8. that this chapter refers to the future, for all its subjects have not happened and have not been created, but they are destined to take place.
Ramban
Now that G-d had told Israel face to face1Deuteronomy 5:4. the Ten Commandments, and had further commanded them through Moses some of the precepts which are like general principles to the [individual] commandments of the Torah — in the same way that our Rabbis were accustomed to deal with strangers who come to be converted to the Jewish faith2Yebamoth 47 a: “We inform him of some of the light commandments and of some of the weightiest …” The convert to Judaism is thus not taught the whole Torah prior to his conversion but only some of the essentials thereof, which is followed by his total commitment to observe whatever the Torah will command. Ramban’s language clearly indicates that the procedure of the Rabbis with converts followed the pattern of events at Sinai. — and now that the Israelites accepted upon themselves to do all that He would command them through Moses and He made a covenant with them concerning all this, from now on they are His people and He is their G-d3See Leviticus 26:12. This is in accordance with the condition He made with them at the beginning: Now, therefore, if ye will indeed hearken unto My voice, and keep My covenant, then ye shall be Mine own treasure,4Above, 19:5. and He said further: and ye shall be unto Me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation.5Ibid., Verse 6. They are now holy, in that they are worthy that there be amongst them a Sanctuary through which He makes His Divine Glory dwell among them. Therefore He first commanded concerning the Tabernacle, so that He have amongst them a house dedicated to His name, from where He would speak with Moses and command the children of Israel. Thus the main purpose of the Tabernacle was to contain a place in which the Divine Glory rests, this being the ark, just as He said, And there will I meet with thee, and I will speak with thee from above the ark-cover.6Further, Verse 22. Therefore He first gave the commandment about the ark and the ark-cover, for they are first in importance. Next to the ark He gave the commandment about the table and the candelabrum, which are vessels just like the ark, and because they indicate the purpose for which the Tabernacle was made. Moses, however, preceded to mention in the section of Vayakheil: the Tabernacle, its Tent, and its covering,7Ibid., 35:11. And then in the following verse mentioned: the ark… and in that order Bezalel made them [first the Tabernacle and then the ark],8Ibid., 36:8-38. 37:1-9. because from the practical end it is proper to build the house first [and then make its vessels].
The secret of the Tabernacle is that the Glory which abode upon Mount Sinai [openly] should abide upon it in a concealed manner. For just as it is said there, And the glory of the Eternal abode upon Mount Sinai,9Above, 24:16. and it is further written, Behold, the Eternal our G-d hath shown us His glory and His greatness,10Deuteronomy 5:21. so it is written of the Tabernacle, and the glory of the Eternal filled the Tabernacle.11Further, 40:34. Twice is this verse, and the glory of the Eternal filled the Tabernacle11Further, 40:34. mentioned in connection with the Tabernacle,12Ibid., and in Verse 35. to correspond with His glory and His greatness.10Deuteronomy 5:21. Thus Israel always had with them in the Tabernacle the Glory which appeared to them on Mount Sinai. And when Moses went into the Tabernacle, he would hear the Divine utterance being spoken to him in the same way as on Mount Sinai. Thus just as it is said at the Giving of the Torah: Out of heaven He made thee to hear His voice, that He might instruct thee; and upon earth He made thee to see His great fire,13Deuteronomy 4:36. so it is written of the Tabernacle, and he heard the voice speaking unto him from above the ark-cover…from between the two cherubim; and He spoke unto him.14Numbers 7:89. The expression “speaking unto him” is mentioned here twice in order to indicate that which the Rabbis have said in the Tradition15Bamidmar Rabbah 14:22. that the Voice would come from heaven to Moses from upon the ark-cover, and from there He spoke with him; for every Divine utterance with Moses came from heaven during daytime,16Vayikra Rabbah 1:3: “But to the prophets of Israel the Holy One, blessed be He, revealed Himself at daytime.” and was heard from between the two cherubim,14Numbers 7:89. similar to what is said, and thou didst hear His words out of the midst of the fire.13Deuteronomy 4:36. It is for this reason that the two cherubim were made of gold.17Further, Verse 18. — In order to resemble “the fire” that was on Mount Sinai. (Tziyoni). And Scripture so states: where I will meet with you, to speak there unto thee;18Further, 29:42. and it shall be sanctified by My glory,19Ibid., Verse 43. for there [in the Tabernacle] will be the appointed place for the Divine utterance, and it will be sanctified by My glory.19Ibid., Verse 43.
Now he who looks carefully at the verses mentioned at the Giving of the Torah, and understands what we have written about them,20See above, 20:16, 24:10, and further here, Verse 21. will perceive the secret of the Tabernacle and the Sanctuary [built later by King Solomon]. He will also be able to understand it from what Solomon in his wisdom said in his prayer in the Sanctuary: O Eternal, the G-d of Israel,21I Kings 8:23. just as is said at Mount Sinai: And they saw the G-d of Israel.22Above, 24:10. Solomon however added the Name the Eternal because of a matter which we have alluded to above;22Above, 24:10. for the G-d of Israel sitteth upon the cherubim,23II Kings 19:15. just as is said: And the glory of the G-d of Israel was over them above. This is the living creature that I saw, under the G-d of Israel by the river Chebar; and I knew that they were cherubim,24Ezekiel 10:19-20. and David said, and gold for the pattern of the chariot, even the cherubim, that spread out their wings, and covered the ark of the covenant of the Eternal.25I Chronicles 28:18. Solomon also always mentions that the Sanctuary is to be for the name of the Eternal,26I Kings 5:19. or for Thy name,27Ibid., 8:44. and at each and every section of the prayer he says, then hear Thou in heaven28Ibid., Verse 32 etc. — with the attribute of mercy. And it is further written: If Thy people go out to battle against their enemy… and they pray unto the Eternal toward the city which Thou hast chosen, and toward the house which I have built for Thy name, then hear Thou in heaven,29Ibid., Verses 44-45. and in explanation Solomon said: But will G-d in very truth dwell with man on the earth? Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot contain Thee.30II Chronicles 6:18. And it is written concerning the ark, And David arose… to bring up from thence the ark of G-d, whereupon is called the Name, even the Name of the Eternal of hosts that sitteth upon the cherubim,31II Samuel 6:2. and in the Book of Chronicles it is written: to bring up from thence the ark of G-d, the Eternal, Who sitteth upon the cherubim, whereon is called the Name32I Chronicles 13:6. — for it is G-d Who sitteth upon the cherubim.
The secret of the Tabernacle is that the Glory which abode upon Mount Sinai [openly] should abide upon it in a concealed manner. For just as it is said there, And the glory of the Eternal abode upon Mount Sinai,9Above, 24:16. and it is further written, Behold, the Eternal our G-d hath shown us His glory and His greatness,10Deuteronomy 5:21. so it is written of the Tabernacle, and the glory of the Eternal filled the Tabernacle.11Further, 40:34. Twice is this verse, and the glory of the Eternal filled the Tabernacle11Further, 40:34. mentioned in connection with the Tabernacle,12Ibid., and in Verse 35. to correspond with His glory and His greatness.10Deuteronomy 5:21. Thus Israel always had with them in the Tabernacle the Glory which appeared to them on Mount Sinai. And when Moses went into the Tabernacle, he would hear the Divine utterance being spoken to him in the same way as on Mount Sinai. Thus just as it is said at the Giving of the Torah: Out of heaven He made thee to hear His voice, that He might instruct thee; and upon earth He made thee to see His great fire,13Deuteronomy 4:36. so it is written of the Tabernacle, and he heard the voice speaking unto him from above the ark-cover…from between the two cherubim; and He spoke unto him.14Numbers 7:89. The expression “speaking unto him” is mentioned here twice in order to indicate that which the Rabbis have said in the Tradition15Bamidmar Rabbah 14:22. that the Voice would come from heaven to Moses from upon the ark-cover, and from there He spoke with him; for every Divine utterance with Moses came from heaven during daytime,16Vayikra Rabbah 1:3: “But to the prophets of Israel the Holy One, blessed be He, revealed Himself at daytime.” and was heard from between the two cherubim,14Numbers 7:89. similar to what is said, and thou didst hear His words out of the midst of the fire.13Deuteronomy 4:36. It is for this reason that the two cherubim were made of gold.17Further, Verse 18. — In order to resemble “the fire” that was on Mount Sinai. (Tziyoni). And Scripture so states: where I will meet with you, to speak there unto thee;18Further, 29:42. and it shall be sanctified by My glory,19Ibid., Verse 43. for there [in the Tabernacle] will be the appointed place for the Divine utterance, and it will be sanctified by My glory.19Ibid., Verse 43.
Now he who looks carefully at the verses mentioned at the Giving of the Torah, and understands what we have written about them,20See above, 20:16, 24:10, and further here, Verse 21. will perceive the secret of the Tabernacle and the Sanctuary [built later by King Solomon]. He will also be able to understand it from what Solomon in his wisdom said in his prayer in the Sanctuary: O Eternal, the G-d of Israel,21I Kings 8:23. just as is said at Mount Sinai: And they saw the G-d of Israel.22Above, 24:10. Solomon however added the Name the Eternal because of a matter which we have alluded to above;22Above, 24:10. for the G-d of Israel sitteth upon the cherubim,23II Kings 19:15. just as is said: And the glory of the G-d of Israel was over them above. This is the living creature that I saw, under the G-d of Israel by the river Chebar; and I knew that they were cherubim,24Ezekiel 10:19-20. and David said, and gold for the pattern of the chariot, even the cherubim, that spread out their wings, and covered the ark of the covenant of the Eternal.25I Chronicles 28:18. Solomon also always mentions that the Sanctuary is to be for the name of the Eternal,26I Kings 5:19. or for Thy name,27Ibid., 8:44. and at each and every section of the prayer he says, then hear Thou in heaven28Ibid., Verse 32 etc. — with the attribute of mercy. And it is further written: If Thy people go out to battle against their enemy… and they pray unto the Eternal toward the city which Thou hast chosen, and toward the house which I have built for Thy name, then hear Thou in heaven,29Ibid., Verses 44-45. and in explanation Solomon said: But will G-d in very truth dwell with man on the earth? Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot contain Thee.30II Chronicles 6:18. And it is written concerning the ark, And David arose… to bring up from thence the ark of G-d, whereupon is called the Name, even the Name of the Eternal of hosts that sitteth upon the cherubim,31II Samuel 6:2. and in the Book of Chronicles it is written: to bring up from thence the ark of G-d, the Eternal, Who sitteth upon the cherubim, whereon is called the Name32I Chronicles 13:6. — for it is G-d Who sitteth upon the cherubim.
Kli Yakar
What seems most likely to me about this is, that the main desire of Israel was to show all the nations that God’s name is called upon them, and they [the nations] should fear them. Through this, they would raise the banner of exaltation and victory in all four directions of the world, because by being surrounded in all four directions with the Divine Presence and the Ark in the middle as a mound that everyone turns to, all nations would see that they walk in the name of God. This is the sign to which all those dwelling in the circle around it direct their eyes, as our Sages said (Taanit 31, see there) that in the future, the Holy One, blessed be He, will make a circle for the righteous in the Garden of Eden with His glory in the middle, as it is said And I will walk among you (Leviticus 26:12). For all the turns that the righteous make are facing the Divine Presence, and so it is in this world.
This is the sign of the banner, for it is a symbol of victory in battle, and this banner is in the name of God, for not by their sword did they possess the land but by the name of God. Similarly, the angels, by surrounding the throne of His glory, instill fear in all creatures, as it is written, Awesome as bannered hosts (Song of Songs 6:10). For through this encirclement, they will inspire fear in all nations like the angels whom everyone fears.
Jacob was promised these banners, as it is said about him You shall spread out westward, etc. (Genesis 28:14). Therefore it says, each man by his banner with the signs. That is, with the signs that their father Jacob gave them, etc., for in a vision the matter of the banners was shown to him in the verse, You shall spread out westward, etc. Therefore the psalm begins May the name of the God of Jacob protect you, etc. (Psalms 20:2-6). And about this it says, and in the name of our God we will raise our banners — to raise the banner of exaltation and victory in all four directions in the name of our God.
Therefore they said, What do you see in the Shulamite, etc. For your victory is a human victory, and all this does not equal “the dance of the camps,” which indicates divine victory, for they have bowed down and fallen. For their outcome is uncertain if they will be victorious, but we have risen and been encouraged, for certainly all who fight in the name of God are victorious.
Moreover, the main thing is missing from you, namely the appearance of God’s glory, which is the sign to which all those dwelling around the center direct themselves. Therefore it says with signs, in order for the Divine Presence to be a sign toward which they direct their gaze.
This is the sign of the banner, for it is a symbol of victory in battle, and this banner is in the name of God, for not by their sword did they possess the land but by the name of God. Similarly, the angels, by surrounding the throne of His glory, instill fear in all creatures, as it is written, Awesome as bannered hosts (Song of Songs 6:10). For through this encirclement, they will inspire fear in all nations like the angels whom everyone fears.
Jacob was promised these banners, as it is said about him You shall spread out westward, etc. (Genesis 28:14). Therefore it says, each man by his banner with the signs. That is, with the signs that their father Jacob gave them, etc., for in a vision the matter of the banners was shown to him in the verse, You shall spread out westward, etc. Therefore the psalm begins May the name of the God of Jacob protect you, etc. (Psalms 20:2-6). And about this it says, and in the name of our God we will raise our banners — to raise the banner of exaltation and victory in all four directions in the name of our God.
Therefore they said, What do you see in the Shulamite, etc. For your victory is a human victory, and all this does not equal “the dance of the camps,” which indicates divine victory, for they have bowed down and fallen. For their outcome is uncertain if they will be victorious, but we have risen and been encouraged, for certainly all who fight in the name of God are victorious.
Moreover, the main thing is missing from you, namely the appearance of God’s glory, which is the sign to which all those dwelling around the center direct themselves. Therefore it says with signs, in order for the Divine Presence to be a sign toward which they direct their gaze.