וַיִּקָּרְא֣וּ סֹפְרֵֽי־הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ בָּֽעֵת־הַ֠הִיא בַּחֹ֨דֶשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֜י הוּא־חֹ֣דֶשׁ סִיוָ֗ן בִּשְׁלוֹשָׁ֣ה וְעֶשְׂרִים֮ בּוֹ֒ וַיִּכָּתֵ֣ב כְּֽכָל־אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מָרְדֳּכַ֣י אֶל־הַיְּהוּדִ֡ים וְאֶ֣ל הָאֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנִֽים־וְהַפַּחוֹת֩ וְשָׂרֵ֨י הַמְּדִינ֜וֹת אֲשֶׁ֣ר ׀ מֵהֹ֣דּוּ וְעַד־כּ֗וּשׁ שֶׁ֣בַע וְעֶשְׂרִ֤ים וּמֵאָה֙ מְדִינָ֔ה מְדִינָ֤ה וּמְדִינָה֙ כִּכְתָבָ֔הּ וְעַ֥ם וָעָ֖ם כִּלְשֹׁנ֑וֹ וְאֶ֨ל־הַיְּהוּדִ֔ים כִּכְתָבָ֖ם וְכִלְשׁוֹנָֽם׃
Lalu para juru tulis raja dipanggil pada waktu itu, pada bulan ketiga, yaitu bulan Siwan, pada tanggal dua puluh tiga bulan itu. Kemudian dituliskanlah segala sesuatu sesuai dengan apa yang diperintahkan Mordekhai kepada orang-orang Yahudi, dan kepada para wakil raja, para bupati, serta para pembesar daerah-daerah, dari India sampai Kush, seratus dua puluh tujuh daerah. Setiap daerah menerimanya dalam tulisannya sendiri, dan setiap bangsa dalam bahasanya sendiri, dan orang-orang Yahudi dalam tulisan dan bahasa mereka sendiri.
Ein Yaakov (Glick Edition)
Mar Zutra (according to others Mar Ukba), said: "Originally the Torah was given to Israel in Hebrew characters and in the Hebrew language; then it was given again to Israel, in Ezra's time, in Assyrian characters and in the Aramaic language; finally the Assyrian characters and the Hebrew language were selected for Israel, and the Hebrew characters and the Aramaic language were left to the Hedyotim (ordinary class)." Who are meant by Hedyotim? R. Chisda said: "The Samaritans." What is meant by Hebrew characters? R. Chisda said: "The Libunah characters." We are taught in a Baraitha: R. Jose says: "Ezra was worthy that the Torah should be given through him, had not Moses preceded him." Concerning Moses it says (Ex. 19, 3) And Moses went up unto God. And concerning Ezra it says (Ezra 7, 6) This Ezra went up. Just as the term Aliya (went up) used here [concerning Moses] refers to receiving the Torah, so also does the term Aliya, used there [in connection with Ezra] refer to the Torah. Concerning Moses it is said — (Deut. 4, 14) And me the Lord commanded at that time to teach you statutes and ordinances. And concerning Ezra it says (Ezra 7, 10) For Ezra had directed his heart to inquire unto the law of the Lord and to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and ordinances. Although the Torah was not given through him, its characters were nevertheless changed through him, as it is said (Fol. 22) (Ib. 4, 7) And the writing of the letter was written in Aramaic, and interpreted in Aramaic. And it is also written (Dan. 5, 8) They were not able to read the writing, nor to make its interpretation. Hence it was a new character that the Aramaic people could not read. (Deut. 17, 18) He shall write for himself (Mishnah) a copy of this Law. This signifies a change in the character of the writing in the future. And why are they called Assyrian? We are taught in another Baraitha: Rabbi says: "In the Asshurith character the Torah was given to Israel in the very beginning, but after they had sinned it was forgotten by them; and after they had repented, it was returned to them, as it is said (Zech. 9, 12) Return to the stronghold, ye prisoners of hope; even to-day do I declare that I will render double unto thee. And why is it named Asshurith? Because it is praiseworthy in character." R. Simon b. Elazar, however, said in the name of R. Eliezer b. Prata, quoting R. Elazar the Modai, that the characters were not changed at all, as it is said (Esther 8, 9) And to the Jews according to their writing, and according to their language, i.e. Just as their language was not changed, so also was their character not changed. But if so, then what is the meaning of "He shall write (Mishnah) a copy of this Law, [which signifies a change in the future]? This refers to the two copies of the Holy Scrolls which a king has to write; one of which is kept in his treasury and another with which he goes out and comes in. The one with which he goes out and comes in should be in a miniature form attached to his arm, as it is said (Ps. 16, 8) I have always set the Lord before me. But he who maintains that the character of the writing was not changed at all, what does he infer from the passage just cited? He uses it for that which was said by R. Chana b. Bizna in the name of R. Simon the pious: "He who prays should always imagine that the Shechinah is opposite him, for it is said, I have always set the Lord before me.
Shir HaShirim Rabbah
“There are sixty queens, and eighty concubines, and young women without number” (Song of Songs 6:8).
“There are sixty queens.” Rabbi Ḥiyya of Tzippori and Rabbi Levi interpreted the verse regarding the nations of the world. Rabbi Ḥiyya said: Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Forty of them have a language [of their own] but do not have a script [of their own] and forty do not have a language but have a script. “And young women without number,” the rest of them have neither a language nor a script. Is the same, perhaps, true of Israel? The verse states: “To the Jews in their language and in their script” (Esther 8:9).
Rabbi Levi said: Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Seventy of them know their fathers but do not know their mothers. Seventy of them know their mothers but do not know their fathers. “And young women without number,” [those] who do not know their fathers or their mothers. Is the same, perhaps, true of Israel? The verse states: “They established their genealogy according to their families, according to their fathers' household” (Numbers 1:18).24The term “their families” indicates that they knew their mothers and “their fathers’ household” indicates they knew their fathers. Alternatively, “they established their genealogy [vayityaldu]” is related to the term birth [leida], indicating that they knew their mothers.
“There are sixty queens.” Rabbi Ḥiyya of Tzippori and Rabbi Levi interpreted the verse regarding the nations of the world. Rabbi Ḥiyya said: Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Forty of them have a language [of their own] but do not have a script [of their own] and forty do not have a language but have a script. “And young women without number,” the rest of them have neither a language nor a script. Is the same, perhaps, true of Israel? The verse states: “To the Jews in their language and in their script” (Esther 8:9).
Rabbi Levi said: Sixty and eighty are one hundred and forty. Seventy of them know their fathers but do not know their mothers. Seventy of them know their mothers but do not know their fathers. “And young women without number,” [those] who do not know their fathers or their mothers. Is the same, perhaps, true of Israel? The verse states: “They established their genealogy according to their families, according to their fathers' household” (Numbers 1:18).24The term “their families” indicates that they knew their mothers and “their fathers’ household” indicates they knew their fathers. Alternatively, “they established their genealogy [vayityaldu]” is related to the term birth [leida], indicating that they knew their mothers.
Bereshit Rabbah
“They came to the threshing floor of Atad that is beyond the Jordan, and they lamented a very great and substantial lament there and observed mourning for his father for seven days” (Genesis 50:10).
“The inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the mourning at the threshing floor of Atad, and they said: This is a substantial mourning for Egypt. Therefore, he called it Avel Mitzrayim, which is beyond the Jordan” (Genesis 50:11).
“They came to the threshing floor…” – Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: We have reviewed the entire Bible and did not find a place whose name is Atad. Is there a threshing floor for a thorn bush [atad]? Rather, these were the Canaanites. It teaches that they were fit to be trampled like a thorn bush. By what merit were they spared? It is due to the kindness that they performed with Jacob our patriarch. What kindness did they perform? Rabbi Elazar said: They untied the belt of their loins.24They allowed their garments to hang down, which is inappropriate for labor or battle, as a sign of mourning. Reish Lakish said: They untied the ties of their packs. Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom said: They pointed with their finger and said: “This is a substantial mourning for Egypt.” The Rabbis said: They straightened their postures.25This was a sign of respect (Matnot Kehuna). Alternatively, they stretched themselves in order to see Jacob’s bier (Maharzu).
The matters can be inferred a fortiori: If these, who did not move, neither with their hands nor with their feet, but merely because they pointed with their finger, were delivered from punishment, Israel, who perform kindness with their prominent ones and their common ones, with their hands and with their feet, all the more so. Rabbi Abahu said: Those seventy days between missive and missive26The first missive called for the utter destruction of the Jewish people (Esther 3:12), and the second missive allowed the Jews to assemble and defend themselves (Esther 8:9). correspond to the seventy days that the Egyptians performed kindness with Jacob our patriarch.27Jacob’s merit saved the Jews from destruction, but this merit was suspended for seventy days, corresponding to the days on which the Egyptians mourned Jacob.
“The inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the mourning at the threshing floor of Atad, and they said: This is a substantial mourning for Egypt. Therefore, he called it Avel Mitzrayim, which is beyond the Jordan” (Genesis 50:11).
“They came to the threshing floor…” – Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: We have reviewed the entire Bible and did not find a place whose name is Atad. Is there a threshing floor for a thorn bush [atad]? Rather, these were the Canaanites. It teaches that they were fit to be trampled like a thorn bush. By what merit were they spared? It is due to the kindness that they performed with Jacob our patriarch. What kindness did they perform? Rabbi Elazar said: They untied the belt of their loins.24They allowed their garments to hang down, which is inappropriate for labor or battle, as a sign of mourning. Reish Lakish said: They untied the ties of their packs. Rabbi Yehuda bar Shalom said: They pointed with their finger and said: “This is a substantial mourning for Egypt.” The Rabbis said: They straightened their postures.25This was a sign of respect (Matnot Kehuna). Alternatively, they stretched themselves in order to see Jacob’s bier (Maharzu).
The matters can be inferred a fortiori: If these, who did not move, neither with their hands nor with their feet, but merely because they pointed with their finger, were delivered from punishment, Israel, who perform kindness with their prominent ones and their common ones, with their hands and with their feet, all the more so. Rabbi Abahu said: Those seventy days between missive and missive26The first missive called for the utter destruction of the Jewish people (Esther 3:12), and the second missive allowed the Jews to assemble and defend themselves (Esther 8:9). correspond to the seventy days that the Egyptians performed kindness with Jacob our patriarch.27Jacob’s merit saved the Jews from destruction, but this merit was suspended for seventy days, corresponding to the days on which the Egyptians mourned Jacob.