Musar untuk Amsal 8:13

“The fear of Hashem is hatred of evil, pride, arrogance and the evil way. (Mishlei 8)” This verse was mentioned by King Solomon, peace be upon him, in the name of Wisdom, says the Wisdom that one who possesses fear of Hashem will hate an evil person. “Hatred of evil” means hatred of an evil person, just as “And I am prayer” means a person of prayer. Since he is an evil person, it is a mitzvah to hate him, and that's why David said: “Do I not hate those who hate You, Hashem? (Tehilim 139)”, And Solomon said: “Those who forsake the Torah praise the wicked, but those who guard the Torah contend with them. (Mishlei 28)” For the righteous and the wicked are opposites; each hates the other. Every kind loves its own kind and hates its opposite. And Solomon said: “Men of blood hate the innocent. (Mishlei 29)” And he said: “The upright in way is an abomination to the wicked.” An evil person includes the evil traits mentioned: pride, arrogance, an evil path, and a perverse mouth. He mentioned the trait of pride first, for it is the most difficult of all traits, and whoever holds onto it is called an abomination of Hashem. The prophet Isaiah called it “a fading blossom,” as it says: “Woe to the crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim, and the fading blossom of his glorious beauty. (Isaiah 28)” The verse explains: Woe to one who crowns pride; Israel held onto it and were intoxicated with it. This was said about the Ten Tribes who were at ease during the time of the Temple. He was prophesying punishment upon them. He called this trait a “fading blossom,” meaning a plant destined to fall. He said such a crown is fit to be trampled underfoot. “With feet shall be trampled the crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim." The reason the trait is repeated “pride and arrogance”, may be explained as follows: pride has two aspects. One person is proud of his wisdom, of the uprightness of his conduct, of his good character traits, and of whatever superiority he believes he has over the people of his generation. Another is proud of his evil traits and of all acts of oppression and corruption. Both of these types are despised by the sages. It goes without saying that one who prides himself on deeds driven by the evil inclination is despised. But even one who prides himself on good deeds is included among those hated by the sages. This is the meaning of “pride and arrogance”: pride from the side of good, which is hatred of evil, and arrogance from the side of evil, which is the evil path, all of it I hate. For even if a person is righteous, and all his conduct is upright, and he performs all his deeds according to intellect and wisdom, it is not fitting for him to become proud of this; rather, he should humble himself. As it is said in the Midrash: Why were Israel compared to a vine? Just as a vine has large and small clusters, and the larger the cluster, the lower it bends, so too are Israel. It may also be said that this is the meaning of the verse stated regarding the Holy One, blessed be He: “For He has triumphed gloriously”, for they sang praise that He exalts Himself over good and exalts Himself over evil. He was a wall for Israel and a wall against Egypt. Pride is fitting for no one except Hashem alone, as it says, “Hashem reigns; He is clothed in majesty. Since the root of good and evil is one, the prophet therefore said, “He makes peace and creates evil,” and “I am Hashem Who does all these,” in order to remove from the hearts of heretics who claim that it is impossible for good and evil to emerge from one source. Therefore, the verse adds, “all these. He mentioned perversities because pride that stems from the evil path brings a person to speak twisted things. That pride forces him to deviate from the path of truth until he says things that ought not to be said. Our sages taught: Anyone who possesses arrogance deserves to be cut down like an Asherah tree. It is written here, “The tall of stature shall be cut down,” and it is written there, “You shall cut down their Asherim.” They further taught: Anyone who has arrogance, the Divine Presence laments over him, as it says, “And You know the haughty from afar.” Elsewhere they taught that leprosy is the punishment for the arrogant, as it says, “for swelling and for a scab,” and “swelling” implies elevation, as it says, “and upon all the high hills.” So too we find with Naaman, who was punished with leprosy because he was arrogant, as it says, “Naaman, commander of the army of the king of Aram, was a great man before his master”, meaning that he was haughty before his master. The severity of the prohibition of pride that we mentioned applies to a person’s conduct in speech and in actions between himself and his fellow. In speech, when he speaks haughtily, as it says, “He who raises his doorway seeks destruction.” The mouth is referred to as a doorway, for it is the entrance of the body as a gate is to a house. It is known that destruction is the punishment of the proud, as it says, “Before destruction comes pride,” and “A man’s pride shall bring him low. In actions, when he conducts himself in matters beyond his level, as David said, “I have not walked in great matters or in things too wondrous for me.” Needless to say, if one is proud regarding mitzvot between himself and the Omnipresent, honoring himself in some act of service, such as boasting of going to the synagogue with his lulav in hand and the like, thinking to honor himself while belittling other mitzvot whose transgression is more severe, the sin is grave and the punishment bitter. As we find with Shebna, who was a great official in the house of Hezekiah. He was proud in his performance of mitzvot and despised the sacrifices. According to our sages, he was a priest, as implied in the verse, “I will clothe him with your tunic.” Because he despised the sacrifices, he was punished, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, killed him. Regarding him it says, “The peg fastened in a secure place shall be removed. We also find with Issachar of Kefar Barkai, upon whom the Temple courtyard cried out because he was arrogant, honored himself, and desecrated sacred things. As our sages expounded in Pesachim, chapter “Makom Shenahagu,” that there were four cries that the courtyard cried out: First: “Depart from here, sons of Eli, who defiled the Sanctuary of Hashem. Again the courtyard cried: “Depart from here, Issachar of Kefar Barkai, who honors himself and desecrates the holy things of Heaven. Again the courtyard cried: “Lift up your heads, O gates, and let Ishmael ben Pabi, the disciple of Pinchas, enter and serve in the High Priesthood.” Again the courtyard cried: “Lift up your heads, O gates, and let Yochanan ben Narbai, the disciple of Barkai, enter and fill his belly from the sacred offerings.” The punishment of Issachar of Kefar Barkai is explained explicitly. Our sages said: The king and queen were sitting. The king said, “Kid meat is superior,” and the queen said, “Lamb is superior.” They said, “Let the High Priest decide, for he offers sacrifices all day.” They brought Issachar. He indicated with his hand that lamb is superior, for if kid were superior it would be offered as the daily offering. The king said, “Since he shows no fear of the monarchy, cut off his right hand.” Issachar gave a bribe, and they cut off his left hand. The king heard and said, “Let them return and cut off his right hand.” Rav Yosef said, “Blessed is the Merciful One who repaid Issachar in this world,” meaning it was better for him to receive his punishment in this world than in the World to Come.

The second section: One who lies, but there is no damage or loss to his fellow from the actual lie; however he plans it in order to do the damage or the evil - like one who deceives his fellow to believe that he is his friend and trusted companion; and he plans that [the other] will trust him through this and not be on guard against him, so that he will be able to lead him to evil; like the matter that is stated (Jeremiah 9:7), “One speaks peace to his fellow, but lays an ambush for him in his heart.” And it is stated after it (Jeremiah 9:8), “‘Shall I not punish them for such deeds,’ says the Lord; ‘shall I not bring retribution on such a nation as this?’” And the punishment of these two sections is for two things: For the lie and for the damage that [comes with it]. For falsehood [even] without the angle of damage is an abomination to God, as it is stated (Proverbs 6:16-18), “Six things the Lord hates, etc: A haughty bearing; a lying tongue; etc. A mind that hatches plots of iniquity.” [And it is stated] (Proverbs 8:13), “I have hated duplicity in speech.” And it is stated (Job 15:16), “What then of one loathsome and foul, man, who drinks wrongdoing like water!” And to flesh and blood also is falsehood loathsome, as it is stated (Proverbs 12:22), “Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord.” (It appears to me that there is a printing error here, and it is supposed to say: And it is stated [Proverbs 8:13], “I have hated duplicity in speech”; and it is stated [Proverbs 12:22], “Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord.” And to flesh and blood also is falsehood loathsome, as it is stated [Job 15:16], “What then of one loathsome and foul, etc.” And it means to say that the understanding of the language of the verse is that a man who drinks wrongdoing like water, is essentially loathsome and foul - for he is even loathsome and foul to flesh and blood.)

And you must know that the punishment of the fool that advocates guilt is only when he attributes a defect in a man who fears sin, [and] whose [evil] impulse seized him and he sinned and was guilty - as his practice and way is to regret his sins. And all the more so if the matter that he repented is known. But [regarding] the man whose path you have examined and he has no fear of God in front of his eyes and is also stationed on the bad path - it is a commandment to speak in his disgrace and to reveal his sins, and to make the ones involved with sin foul in the eyes of people, so that the souls of the ones listening will be revolted from bad deeds. And it is stated (Proverbs 29:27), “The unjust man is an abomination to the righteous.” And it is [also] stated (Proverbs 8:13), “To fear the Lord is to hate evil.” And they said (Sanhedrin 52a), “It is permissible to call an evildoer who is the son of a righteous man, ‘an evildoer, son of an evildoer’; and it is permitted to call a righteous man who is the son of an evildoer, ‘a righteous man, son of a righteous man.’”
And behold when you see a man who is saying something or performing an act, and one can judge the thing as him being guilty or being innocent: If the man is one that fears God, you have been obligated to judge him favorably in truth - even if the thing is closer to, and makes more sense to be, understood unfavorably. And if he is from the [group] in-between, that are careful about sin, but sometimes stumble over it - you must incline the doubt towards judging favorably, as our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, said (Shabbat 127b), “One who judges another favorably is himself judged favorably.” And it is a positive commandment from the Torah, as it is stated (Leviticus 19:15), “you shall judge your countryman justly (betsedek, which can also be understood as, favorably).” And if the matter leans towards guilt - let the matter be a doubt to you, and do not decide it unfavorably. But if most of that man’s actions are evil, or you have examined that he has no fear of God in his heart - judge his actions or his words unfavorably, as it is stated (Proverbs 21:12), “The Righteous One observes the house of the wicked man; he subverts the wicked to their ruin.” And we have already discussed its explanation.