Tafsiran yang Mengutip untuk Ester 9:5

וברצונם עקרו שור. Was dies heißt, ist mehr als zweifelhaft . שור heißt ent schieden: Ochse, עַקֵר entschieden: lähmen, die Fußsehne durchschneiden. רצון heißt jedoch ohnehin überwiegend nur ein freundliches Wohlwollen, und da es nicht כרצונס (wie Nehemias 9, 24 u. 37 und Esther 9, 5) heißt, sondern ברצונם, so dürfte es wohl schwerlich hier Willkür, sondern ebenfalls Freundlichkeit bedeuten. Es dürfte daher ähnlich wie מכרתיהם ihre List bezeichnen, in welcher sie Freundlichkeit erheuchelten, שור aber, wie ׳בכור שורו הדר לו וגו, die Kraft bedeuten, die, an sich friedlich, dennoch sich im Kampfe bewährt, und wäre sodann der Sinn: "denn in ihrem Zorn haben sie Mord an Menschen begangen, und hatten schon zuvor deren sonst friedliche, aber wenn angegriffen, sich tapfer wehrende Kraft durch ihre Freundlichkeit gelähmt", hatten durch freundliches Zureden zur מילה die Kraft gelähmt, überfielen sie dann, als sie schwach waren, und so war es nicht einmal eine Heldentat! Darum

FAINT-HEARTED. The meaning thereof is that it is not in his nature to see the stroke of the sword, and slaughter,³¹⁰Esther 9:5. for the fearful is he who does not trust, and Scripture commands him to return to his home because of his deficient trust. The faint-hearted is sent home because of the weakness of his nature, for he will flee or faint. Now the Rabbis have said in the Yerushalmi³¹¹Yerushalmi Sotah VIII, 9. that “all who return home need to bring proof for their words,” that is to say, they are to bring proof concerning the [new] house, the vineyard, or the wife before the captain of the host who then gives him permission to return home. Similarly they also said according to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei the Galilean [who says the fearful is he that is afraid because of his transgressions] that he needs to bring proof concerning the transgression he committed, for otherwise most of the people would have been returning home under false pleas. But according to Rabbi Akiba, the faint-hearted cannot endure pitched battle or bear to see a drawn sword,³⁰⁹Sotah 44a. [the Yerushalmi states] he need not bring proof, “for his witnesses are with him” [i.e., everybody sees that he is fearful and faint-hearted].

AND MOSES SAID TO JOSHUA. It would appear from here that from the day he came before him, Moses called him Joshua, and so it is also written: And Joshua heard the noise of the people.⁴⁴³Further, 32:17. Scripture which states in the case of the spies, And Moses called Hoshea the son of Nun, Joshua,⁴⁴⁴Numbers 13:16. must then be referring to the beginning, [when Joshua first came to minister before him]. The verse informs us that this Hoshea the son of Nun, who was chosen to be among the spies, is the same one that Moses called Joshua. Our Rabbis commented⁴⁴⁵Sotah 34 b, and quoted by Rashi, ibid. [that Moses gave him this name of Yehoshua, which is a compound of Y-ah (G-d) and hoshea (help), because] he in effect prayed for him, “May G-d help thee that thou mayest not follow the [evil] counsel of the spies.” The intent of this comment is to state that because of this event of which Moses knew in advance, i.e., that Joshua was destined to go with the spies, he called him by that name [Yehoshua — Joshua] at the outset. We may also say that at that time [when the spies were chosen], Moses designated that name in front of the assembly, i.e., that his name henceforth be not Hoshea but Joshua.
The reason that Moses commanded Joshua to fight with Amalek was so that he [Moses] might pray with the raising of hands on the top of the hill.⁴⁴⁶Verse 10. He went up there so that he might see the Israelites engage in battle and train his sight on them to bring them blessing. They too, upon seeing him with his hands spread heavenward and saying many prayers, would have trust in him, and they would thus be endowed with additional valor and strength.
In Pirke d’Rabbi Eliezer,⁴⁴⁷In the middle of Chapter 44. we find additionally: “All Israel went outside of their tents, and they saw Moses kneeling on his knees, and they did likewise. He fell on his face to the earth and they did likewise. He spread his hands heavenward, and they also did so. [From here, you learn the principle that] as the public reader of prayers⁴⁴⁸Literally: “the deputy of the congregation.” recites, so do all the people respond after him.⁴⁴⁹See Berachoth 49 b: “After the fashion of his benediction, so do the others answer him.” See my Hebrew commentary, p. 371, for further elucidation of this point. And thus the Holy One, blessed be He, caused Amalek and his people to fall by the hand of Joshua.” But if so, [i.e., if Moses’ hands were spread heavenward], the sense of the expression, with the rod of G-d in my hand, must be that when Moses went up to the top of the hill and saw Amalek, he stretched forth his hand with the rod to bring down [upon the Amalekites] strokes of pestilence, the sword and destruction,⁴⁵⁰See Esther 9:5. just as it is said in the case of Joshua: Stretch out the javelin that is in thy hand toward Ai, for I will give it into thy hand.⁴⁵¹Joshua 8:18. From the moment Moses began to pray and his hands were spread heavenward, he held nothing in his hand.
Moses our teacher did all this because Amalek was an enduring nation⁴⁵²See Jeremiah 5:15. and very powerful. The Israelites, on the other hand, were not accustomed to battle and had never seen it, just as Scripture says, lest peradventure the people repent when they see war.⁴⁵³Above, 13:17. In addition they were faint and weary, as it is written in the Book of Deuteronomy.⁴⁵⁴Deuteronomy 25:18. Therefore, he [Moses] feared them, and it became necessary for all this prayer and supplication.
It is possible that Moses feared lest Amalek be victorious with the sword, for he was the nation that inherited the sword by virtue of the blessing of the patriarch [Isaac], who said [to Esau, Amalek’s ancestor], and on thy sword you shall live.⁴⁵⁵Genesis 27:40. The first and final wars against Israel stem from this family, as Amalek is of the descendants of Esau.⁴⁵⁶Ibid., 36:12. It is from him who stood at the head of the nations [in power]⁴⁵⁷Numbers 24:20. Amalek was the first of the nations. See Ramban, ibid., where he interprets it to mean: “Amalek is the ‘mightiest’ of the nations. This was why he dared to come to fight Israel,” it is clear that Ramban’s intent here is similar. that the [first] war came against us. From Esau’s descendants, [namely, Rome],⁴⁵⁸See Vol. I, pp. 445, 568-569. the [present] exile and the last⁴⁵⁹Ramban pointedly uses the word “last” and not “the second” in order to indicate that the Third Sanctuary, for the restitution of which we pray, will never suffer destruction. The second destruction by the hands of the Romans was thus the “last” destruction. destruction of the Sanctuary came upon us, just as our Rabbis have said⁴⁶⁰Gittin 57b. See also above, Note 458. that today we are in the exile of Edom. When he will be vanquished, and he together with the many nations that are with him will be discomfited, we shall be saved out of it [i.e., the exile] forever, just as [the prophet] said, And saviors shall come up on Mount Zion, to judge the mount of Esau; and the kingdom shall be the Eternal’s.⁴⁶¹Obadiah 1:21. Now whatever Moses and Joshua did with them [the Amalekites] at first, Elijah and Mashiach ben Yoseph⁴⁶²Succah 52b. See Ramban’s Sefer Hag’ulah (Kithvei Haramban, Vol. I, pp. 255-295) for further elucidation of his views of the process by which the final redemption will come to pass. For the purpose of illuminating his language here, suffice it to say that Mashiach ben Yoseph — or as Ramban calls him there, “Mashiach ben Ephraim,” since Ephraim was a son of Joseph — will first accomplish the ingathering of the exiles and fight their wars. Then Mashiach ben David will come. will do with their descendants. This was why Moses strained himself in this matter.