Tafsiran yang Mengutip untuk Imamat 4:1

Leviticus 4 discusses sacrifices that must be brought as a result of unintentional sins. Verses 1-12 discuss the unwitting sins of the high priest (the anointed priest) and verses 13-21 discuss the unwitting sins of the whole community of Israel. According to the rabbinic interpretation of these passages, they refer to a case where either the high priest or the sanhedrin (a court) permitted a certain action, which when performed unwittingly by an individual causes him to be liable to bring a sin-offering. In other words the court mistakenly permitted forbidden actions. Verses 1-12, according to the rabbis, refer to a case where the high priest himself performs the sin, and verses 13-21 refer to a case where the majority of the community performed the sin. In both cases a sacrificial bull must be brought, either by the high priest or by the sanhedrin. These bulls have different technical names which we will learn throughout the tractate.

Tractate Zevahim is the first tractate in Seder Kodashim, most of which deals with sacrificial laws and other various laws governing the Temple. Zevahim deals with animal and bird sacrifices, with what disqualifies them and what happens when they are sacrificed outside of the Temple. There are seven types of sacrifices which I shall list here. Some offerings are mandatory and some are voluntary, some are communal and some are individual, and both of these distinctions are critical. Below I will list them by their Hebrew name and by an attempt at translating that name into English. However, throughout my translation and commentary I will refer to them mostly by their Hebrew name, in order to encourage the reader to learn them in a version closer to the original. 1. Olah, the wholly burnt offering. This is also sometimes called a “holocaust” but for obvious reasons, I won’t be using that translation. The olah can either be a mandatory offering, such as the tamid, the daily sacrifices (Numbers 28:1-8) or the musaf, additional offering (Numbers 28: 9ff) or a voluntary offering (Leviticus 1). There are many other mandatory types of the olah. The olah is sometimes a beast and sometimes a bird. 2. Hatat, the sin offering, also sometimes translated as a cleansing offering. The main type of hatat is one that is brought to atone for an unintentional sin (Leviticus 4:1-5). There are also hataot (the plural of hatat) brought on the festivals (Numbers 28: 15ff). There are several other types of hataot as well. The hatat is sometimes a beast and sometimes a bird. 3. Asham, guilt offering. This is brought by robbers, people who made illicit use of Temple property, and by several others (Leviticus 5:14-26; 19:20-22). The asham, the hatat and the olah are all considered “holy of holies” which means that they are eaten entirely by priests within the Temple confines. 4. Shelamim, well-being or peace offering. This is generally an individual offering, either voluntary or mandated, with the exception of the two lambs brought on Shavuot (Leviticus 23:19) which are a communal offering. The todah, or thanksgiving offering, is considered a type of shelamim (Leviticus 7:11ff). 5. Bechor, the first-born animal. There is an entire tractate devoted to the bechor, so we will deal with it there. 6. Maaser behemah, the animal tithe (Leviticus 27:32). This subject is also covered in Tractate Bechorot. 7. Pesah, the passover lamb. This sacrifice is covered in Tractate Pesahim.

die verbrannt werden. deren Fleisch nicht auf dem Altar und nicht von den Priestern verzehrt wurde; es wurden nur die Opferteile auf dem äusseren Altar dargebracht, alles Übrige sodann ausserhalb Jerusalems auf einem dazu bestimmten Platz verbrannt. Solcher פרים הנשרפים gab es drei: 1) Der Stier, welchen der Hohepriester zu bringen hatte, wenn er auf Grund einer selbstgeschöpften irrigen Ansicht ein Vergehen begangen hatte, auf welches die Ausrottungsstrafe steht (Lev. 4, 1—12); dieses Opfer wurde auch פר כהן המשיח genannt. 2) Der Stier, welchen die ganze Gemeinde zu bringen hatte, wenn sie auf Grund einer selbstgeschöpften irrigen Entscheidung des obersten Gerichtshofes ein solches Vergehen begangen hatte (Lev. 4, 13—21). Nach Maim. הלכות שגגות XII, 1 musste dieses Opfer nur gebracht werden, wenn die Mehrzahl der Israeliten oder die Mehrzahl der Stämme gesündigt hatte, und hatten dann jeder Stamm einen Stier, also die 12 Stämme 12 Stiere zu bringen; dieses Opfer wurde פר העלם דבר של צבור genannt. 3) Der Stier, welchen der Hohepriester am Versöhnungstage als Sühne für sich und für sein Haus darbrachte, und der פר יום הכפורים genannt wird (Lev. 16).