וְכִ֥י תֶחְדַּ֖ל לִנְדֹּ֑ר לֹֽא־יִהְיֶ֥ה בְךָ֖ חֵֽטְא׃
Tetapi apabila engkau tidak bernazar, hal itu tidak akan menjadi dosa bagimu.
German Commentary
[Wenn jemand sagt:] „wie die Gelübde der Frevler…. Auch dieser Fall behandelt die Ansätze zu Gelöbnisformeln (ידות) und ist nach dem Talmud (Ned. 9a) also zu erklären: Wenn z. B. ein Stück Brot vor ihm lag und ein Nasir zufällig vorübergeht und er sagt: „כנדרי רשעים הריני ויהא הוא עלי והוא ממני שלא אוכלנו, ich will sein wie einer, der das Gelübde der Frevler tut, es (d. i. das Brot) sei mir verboten [wie ein Opfer], und es sei fern von mir, es (das Brot) zu essen…“ Der Ausdruck „Frevler“ ist hier deshalb gewählt, weil nur ein solcher schnell bereit ist, Gelübde zu tun und zu schwören, ohne zu bedenken, dass er leicht in Gefahr kommen kann, seinen Schwur oder sein Gelübde zu brechen, wenn es sich etwa herausstellt, dass das Tier, das er zum Opfer bestimmt, untauglich ist oder wenn dieses stirbt und er versäumt, ein andres als Ersatz darzubringen (vgl. S. 173). Das Geloben an sich ist nach der Ansicht der Weisen etwas Sündhaftes, und sie folgern dies aus Deut. 23, 23, wo es heisst: „wenn du es unterlässt, ein Gelübde zu tun, so begehst du keine Sünde“, der Gelobende als solcher wird daher חוטא, Sünder genannt; s. Ned. 77b. Nur in gewissen Fällen ist das Gelübde gestattet und auch empfohlen, z. B. um sich selbst zur Ausübung göttlicher Gebote anzuspornen, in deren Erfüllung man sonst träge und lässig wäre. Damit erklärt sich auch Ps. 119, 106 und der Ausspruch des R. Akiba in Abot III, 14.
German Commentary
das ich tun. In der Mischna fällt in der Regel bei den Verba פ״נ das נ im Infinitiv ab und das vorgesetzte ל erhält den Vocal i, auch bei solchen Zeitwörtern, die in der Bibel das נ beibehalten, wie hier לדור trotz לנדר, Num. 6, 2; Deut. 23, 23; vgl. ליטע (von נטע) Schebiit II, 1 trotz לנטע Jes. 51, 16; לגוף (von נגף) B. kamma I, 4 trotz לנגף Ex. 12, 23.
Kli Yakar
But one who fulfills it [a vow] and does not come to regret it and does not seek [rabbinic] release from it, the end proves that he made the vow with a settled mind, and the Torah suspects him that his arrogance brought him to this trait, that he set himself apart. Therefore, he is considered as if he offered a sacrifice on it [a private altar], because the fulfillment is the completion of his intention, just as the sacrifice is the purpose of building a private altar. And this is what is concluded there (Nedarim 22a): Shmuel said: Anyone who makes a vow is called wicked. What is the scriptural source? As it says: If you refrain from making vows, there will be no sin in you (Deuteronomy 23:23). And we learn [through a verbal analogy] from “refrain” to “refrain” — it is written if you refrain [from vowing] and it is written there: There the wicked refrain from angering (Job 3:16).
It seems to me that we can derive from this comparison that just as there [in Job] it deals with refraining from anger, so too here it refers to refraining from anger. For one is only called wicked in this case: when his anger has already subsided, and nevertheless he stands by his vow and does not seek release from it. This reveals retroactively that he did not vow out of anger, since enough time has already passed for anger to subside. And about this it says: There the wicked refrain, meaning he is called wicked when the anger has ceased and he does not seek release from it. If so, he certainly vowed with a settled mind in order to build a private altar for himself. Therefore, one who fulfills it is called wicked, for the way of pride and arrogance is his.
And I will add another verbal analogy, to learn from this [use of the word] refrain to refrain for yourselves from man, whose breath is in his nostrils, for of what account [bameh] is he? (Isaiah 2:22). Just as there [in Isaiah] it refers to a private altar [bamah], so too here it refers to a private altar. And this is what is said here: When a man makes a vow to the Lord — when he is a man in his vow, sound in his mind, and vowed with a settled mind — about him it says, by way of a statement: He shall do according to all that proceeds from his mouth, because he will not come to regret it in the end. But one who vows out of anger, about him it says: He shall not break his word, because he will end up seeking release from it when his anger subsides. And it says a vow to the Lord to exclude vowing out of arrogance, to build a private altar for himself, but rather one who vows for the sake of the Lord.
It seems to me that we can derive from this comparison that just as there [in Job] it deals with refraining from anger, so too here it refers to refraining from anger. For one is only called wicked in this case: when his anger has already subsided, and nevertheless he stands by his vow and does not seek release from it. This reveals retroactively that he did not vow out of anger, since enough time has already passed for anger to subside. And about this it says: There the wicked refrain, meaning he is called wicked when the anger has ceased and he does not seek release from it. If so, he certainly vowed with a settled mind in order to build a private altar for himself. Therefore, one who fulfills it is called wicked, for the way of pride and arrogance is his.
And I will add another verbal analogy, to learn from this [use of the word] refrain to refrain for yourselves from man, whose breath is in his nostrils, for of what account [bameh] is he? (Isaiah 2:22). Just as there [in Isaiah] it refers to a private altar [bamah], so too here it refers to a private altar. And this is what is said here: When a man makes a vow to the Lord — when he is a man in his vow, sound in his mind, and vowed with a settled mind — about him it says, by way of a statement: He shall do according to all that proceeds from his mouth, because he will not come to regret it in the end. But one who vows out of anger, about him it says: He shall not break his word, because he will end up seeking release from it when his anger subsides. And it says a vow to the Lord to exclude vowing out of arrogance, to build a private altar for himself, but rather one who vows for the sake of the Lord.