רֶ֣גַע אֲדַבֵּ֔ר עַל־גּ֖וֹי וְעַל־מַמְלָכָ֑ה לִנְת֥וֹשׁ וְלִנְת֖וֹץ וּֽלְהַאֲבִֽיד׃
Ada kalanya Aku berfirman tentang suatu bangsa dan tentang suatu kerajaan, bahwa Aku akan mencabut, merobohkan, dan membinasakannya;
Abarbanel
The first question: Yonah called out that in 40 days Nineveh would be overturned. But this never happened, and we know that every word of prophecy is true, and how could the words of prophecy fall to the ground [unfulfilled]? And if you say that it was a conditional prophecy("if they repent [they will be spared]"/"If they do not repent [they will be destroyed]"), like the conditional prophecy in Jeremiah 18:7-9("For a moment I speak [about a nation... to be destroyed...]"/"And for a moment I speak [about a nation... to be built..."]), there is no doubt that since the people of Nineveh were gentiles they didn't know how to interpret a conditional prophecy, so Yonah should've made the condition clear in his warning to them so that the Word of G-d would be vindicated and the words of the prophet would be made true and would teach people to repent, and it should not be that the destiny [detailed by the prophecy] should be [taken as] certain and afterwards not be fulfilled.
Ibn Ezra
that "overturned" [means] that it would overturn [itself] from [doing] it's evil actions, and this interpretation is not correct; [rather] the [interpretation of the] matter is only like [the verse]: "For a moment I speak [of a nation to be destroyed and smashed...]" (Jeremiah 18:7)
Ramban
I AM THE ETERNAL WHO BROUGHT THEE OUT OF UR OF THE CHALDEES, TO GIVE THEE THIS LAND TO INHERIT IT. I have already explained this verse253Above, 11:28. as stating: “From the time I brought you out of Ur of the Chaldees and performed a miracle for you [which saved your life], it was the Will before Me to give you this land.” But at this present moment He did not decree giving it to Abraham, rather he said that He had brought him out of Ur of the Chaldees with the intention of giving it to him. It was for this reason that Abraham feared lest a condition of good deeds be attached to the inheritance of the land even though He already had told him twice, Unto thy seed will I give this land,254Ibid., 12:7; 13:15. since He did not decree the gift of the land now as He did decree to give him a child. Therefore, Abraham said, Whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?255Verse 8. Meaning: “How shall I know that this gift of the land will be an enduring one, unaffected by my sins?” This interpretation is clearly stated by Ramban further on in the text. This is not similar to the question of Hezekiah, What shall be the sign that the Eternal will heal me?256II Kings 20:8. The Holy One, blessed be He, also did not act with Abraham as He did with the other signs by showing him a sign or wonder in some miraculous matter.257Instead, He made a covenant with him to inherit the land by all means. (Tur.) But Abraham desired to have definite knowledge that he would inherit the land and that neither his sin nor that of his seed would withhold it from them. Or perhaps the Canaanites might repent, in which case the following verse might apply to them: At one instant I may speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up and to break down and destroy it; but if that nation turn from their evil… I repent of the evil that I thought to do unto it.258Jeremiah 18:7-8. And then the Holy One, blessed be He, made a covenant with him that he will inherit the land under all circumstances.