Tafsiran yang Mengutip untuk Yesaya 63:3

the gittith A musical instrument that came from Gath, where craftsmen were found to make it (Machbereth Menachem p. 60). But our Sages said (Mid. Ps. 8:1): Concerning a nation [Edom] that is destined to be trodden like a winepress, as it is written (in Isaiah 63:3): “A winepress I trod alone.” However, the contents of the psalm do not indicate it.

A Midrashic approach mentioned by Rashi: the word עד is understood as indicating a time in history, i.e. until the day comes when the Lord’s “feet” are described as standing on the Mount of Olives ushering in the redemption and the destruction of Edom and all it stands for (Zecharyah chapter 14). Another view expressed in Devarim Rabbah (Lieberman edition 24), also understanding the word עד as a reference to a certain point in time, links setting foot on Edom’s territory to Isaiah 63, a chapter in which the prophet deals with G’d returning from making war against Edom. In verse 3 of that chapter we read (G’d speaking) “I trod out a vintage alone...their life-blood bespattered My garments and all My clothing was stained.”

A Midrashic, homiletical view of our verse sees in the four rivers a reference to four kingdoms:
The river Pishon is a reference to the king of Babylon, seeing that we have a verse in Chabakuk 1,8 ופשו פרשיו, “describing the riders of the army of the Chaldeans (Babylonians). The land of Chavilah which our verse describes as being surrounded by the river Pishon is none other than the land of Israel, a land which the king of Babylon will ascend, and across which he and his army will spread out. This is based on Bereshit Rabbah explaining Psalms 42,6 הוחילי לאלוקים כי עוד אודנו, “Have hope in G-d for I will yet praise Him for His saving presence.”
אשר שם הזהב, “where the gold is.” The “gold” referred to here are the words of Torah which have been extolled as הנחמדים מזהב ומפז רב, “more desirable than gold, than much fine gold.” (Psalms 19,11). We are taught by this verse that the quality of Torah studied in the land of Israel is superior to Torah studied elsewhere as is the wisdom acquired in the land of Israel.
שם הבדולח ואבן השהם, “there can be found the bedolach and the shoham stone.” These are names of gems and they symbolise different disciplines of Torah study such as מקרא, משנה, תלמוד, הלכות, תוספות ואגדות, “Holy Scripture, Mishnah, Talmud, Halachot, interpretations and aggadic material.”
ושם הנהר השני גיחון, “and the name of the second river is Gichon.” This is a reference to the kingdom of the Medes, whereas the third river חידקל is a reference to the kingdom of Greece which imposed a particularly draconian rule on the Jewish people in Israel.
The fourth river, the river Euphratus, represents the Roman Empire which oppressed the Jewish people inordinately. The word פרת is equated by the Midrash with the word הפרה, “breach (of trust).” Alternately, the name of the river symbolises the final destiny of the Roman Empire as alluded to by Isaiah 63,3 פורה דרכתי לבדי, “I trod out a vintage alone.” [The prophet describes the red-stained clothing of Israel returning from defeating the kingdom of Edom (Rome)].

[As with] a wine press, [God] has trodden. An expression of killing, as in, “I alone have trodden a winepress,”⁵⁴Yeshayahuu 63:3. as one treads upon grapes to extract their wine, so did He trample the women to extract their blood.

with a saw Heb. בְּמַעֲרָצָה, with a saw that cuts the boughs. This [word פֻּארָה] is not an expression denoting a winepress, for it is not spelled with a ‘vav,’ like (infra 63: 3) “A winepress (פּוּרָה) I trod,” and like (Haggai 2:16) “To draw off fifty measures from the winepress (פּוּרָה),” but with an ‘aleph,’ like (Ezekiel 31:5) “And its boughs became long (פֹּארֹתָיו).” מְסָעֵף is an expression of cutting off branches [esbranchier in O.F.], like (infra 27:10) “And he will destroy its branches (סְעִיפֶיהָ), and (infra 17:6) “On its branches (בִּסְעִיפֶיהָ) the fruitful one.”