Chasidut su Genesi 32:41
Noam Elimelech
And Yaakov sent messengers ahead of him (Gen. 32:4) - this is explained in the way of hint [remez]. Behold the work of the tzadik is to be clinging to the Blessed and Elevated One, to cling his soul under the Throne of Glory, the place of his root, and the tzadik purifies and cleanses himself from all external desires - and then his cleansed body too clings to the Blessed One. And this is the expression "tefilah" [prayer], that is, clinging, like "the wrestlings [naftulei] of Elokim etc" (Gen. 30:8) [meaning] that the tzadik clings to the Blessed One through the clear and lucid prayers from/in pure thoughts. And this is "and he sent", an expression of accompanying [levayah] as in "Pharaoh commanded men and they accompanied him" (Gen. 12:20), and the Targum: "they led him" [v'a'l'viy'u] (Targum Jonathan on Genesis 12:20), meaning that the tzadik accompanies the messengers that go before him, that is, the words that come out of the mouth of the tzadik create angels from themselves, and the same happens with his clean body which helps his angels to go upward, "ahead of him to Esav his brother"- meaning, through this he causes Esac to become his brother. "Towards the land of Seir" - meaning, that he becomes his brother on below, this is the hint of "field of Edom", the angel-deputy of Edom also becomes his brother.
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Noam Elimelech
"And he commanded them saying" (Gen. 32:5) - the explanation of "commanded" is that it is an expression of alacrity, as in "The expression of command always implies alacrity" (Rashi on Lev. 6:2 and Kiddushin 29a:13) meaning, that the tzadik brings out his words from his holy mouth in holiness and alacrity, to such a degree that they become so strong [that] "to say" meaning that this thing will be said immediately, that Esav will have a turn about [and become] his brother, because obviously it is not appropriate to make this thing the essence of tefilah. Only through the Clinging that exists in the rest of the tzadik's tefilah, and the tzadik's words from the clean and lucid thoughts, immediately this word comes to fruition, that [the tzadik's] enemies make peace.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,4. “I have remained a stranger at Lavan’s” (all the time); my late father of blessed memory, commented on Rashi’s interpretation of Yaakov having chosen the word גרתי, that he referred to the numerical value of the letters in this word being 613, a symbol of the 613 commandments of the Torah that Yaakov observed even while in Padan Aram. He supposedly emphasized to Esau that in spite of his having acquired considerable wealth, none of it had been at the expense of Esau, as his father’s blessing which was: “may the Lord give you from the dew of heaven and the fat parts of the earth” (Genesis 27,28) had not been fulfilled. Should Esau counter that the reason Yitzchok’s blessing had not been fulfilled was that he, Yaakov, had not observed the commandments, this was not so. Esau knew that his father’s blessings were conditional on a certain mode of conduct by Yaakov, and that is why he had told him (Genesis 27,40) והיה כאשר תריד ופרקת עול מעל צוארך, (according to Rashi) “if the Israelites will fail to observe the commandment, you will be able to shake off his yoke from your neck.” Yaakov hints to his brother that in spite of having observed the commandments he does not own any land, so that his father’s blessings could not have been fulfilled. Yaakov reassures Esau that he has no reason to revenge himself for Yaakov having obtained this blessing.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,11. “please save me from my brother, i.e. from Esau;” Esau represents the negative side of the emanations, Satan, the angel of death, the evil urge within us. Yaakov prays that his brother should not turn out to be a Satan in disguise, just as the evil urge sometimes portrays something sinful as if it were a good deed, a מצוה, so as to enable us to salvage our conscience when following his advice.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,11. “please save me from my brother, i.e. from Esau;” Esau represents the negative side of the emanations, Satan, the angel of death, the evil urge within us. Yaakov prays that his brother should not turn out to be a Satan in disguise, just as the evil urge sometimes portrays something sinful as if it were a good deed, a מצוה, so as to enable us to salvage our conscience when following his advice.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,12. “seeing that You have said to me that ‘I will keep doing good for you.’” The meaning of the repetition היטב איטיב is that the “goodness” that G’d will perform for Yaakov is of the kind that everyone around him can recognize as such. There are acts of loving kindness performed by G’d for individuals who recognize them as such, as for instance, when G’d answered a prayer of theirs; on the other hand, prayers in which the petitioner asked for something that no one else was aware of as being an object of that person’s longing, even when fulfilled, will not be seen by outsiders as benevolent acts of G’d. Something that appears to be a curse when viewed by one person, is viewed as a blessing by another person. Yaakov reminds G’d that He had promised him the kind of help that would be recognized by one and all as a special blessing.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,12. “seeing that You have said to me that ‘I will keep doing good for you.’” The meaning of the repetition היטב איטיב is that the “goodness” that G’d will perform for Yaakov is of the kind that everyone around him can recognize as such. There are acts of loving kindness performed by G’d for individuals who recognize them as such, as for instance, when G’d answered a prayer of theirs; on the other hand, prayers in which the petitioner asked for something that no one else was aware of as being an object of that person’s longing, even when fulfilled, will not be seen by outsiders as benevolent acts of G’d. Something that appears to be a curse when viewed by one person, is viewed as a blessing by another person. Yaakov reminds G’d that He had promised him the kind of help that would be recognized by one and all as a special blessing.
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Kedushat Levi
[The following lengthy paragraph has been omitted in several editions of the Kedushat Levi. I have included it as I am puzzled why some publishers should have taken it upon themselves to omit such an impressive proof of the author’s lofty moral concept of how a Jew can become the personality which reflects that he has thoroughly “digested” what the Torah considers him capable of. Ed.]
“Here I have placed before you this day blessing and curse.” It appears somewhat strange that two opposites such as blessing and curse should have been lumped together by Moses in a single verse, instead of being treated in separate paragraphs, as is the case when the Torah, on two separate occasions in Bechukotai and Ki Tavo, lists the results of obeying or disobeying G’d’s commandments.
In order to understand this let us first explain an important rule concerning the works performed by man, something designed to prevent us from becoming overbearing and taking undue credit when we do serve the Creator by performing the various commandments that He has given us for our benefit. If we were to do that, we would be only a few steps away from generating physical desires that may overwhelm us.
Not only must we not compliment ourselves for our service of the Lord as being a major accomplishment on our part, but on the contrary, we must consider such service as being minimal, and as a result of this we must become conscious of the immense spiritual gap between us and the Creator, so that we wind up with a broken heart when we consider our relative impotence when compared to Him. The more we serve Him, the more will we realize that we are still at the beginning of gaining an understanding of the immensity of a Being that has called into existence the entire universe and keeps in constant touch with all His creatures, being aware of what they do at any place and at any time. If we merely take time out to contemplate that ours is not the only planet that G’d has created but that are millions like it, how can we not feel our relative insignificance in the scheme of things that G’d has created?
We get a glimpse of the feelings generated by servants of Hashem in the celestial regions when we recite daily in our morning prayers that in spite of their knowing that they are beloved, pure and mighty, i.e. כלם אהובים כלם ברורים, כלם גבורים, nonetheless, in spite of their “standing at the heights of the universe,” ברום עולם, they relate to the Creator in awe and dread, i.e. באימה וביראה. If this applies to the leading angels, how much more does it apply to us mortal human beings. It appears from the version quoted in our prayers that these angels did not experience the feelings of their inadequacy until they were actively involved in performing acts of service for the Creator.
Immediately following these lines in the morning prayers, the highest category of angels, the seraphim, chayot and ofanim, are described as having intensified and reinforced their worship by proclaiming the holiness of G’d three times, i.e. קדושה. When we serve the Lord in the proper manner, our spiritual progress will assume the nature of a “chain reaction,” each act of service resulting in a better understanding of the Creator by His creature. Our author sees in the command to serve the Lord by blowing shofar on New Year’s day, (Psalms 81,4) an “invitation” to spiritually improve ourselves, the word שופר from the root שפר, personifying the concept of beautifying, i.e. improving oneself. The word תקיעה, based on the root תקע, meaning “firmly pitching (tent),” see Genesis 31,25 when used with the blowing of the ram’s horn, suggests that this service of the Lord be something firmly embedded in our personality, [not an occasional visit to the synagogue. Ed.] The fact that it is performed symbolically on New Year’s especially, points to the effect it has in renewing our commitment to Hashem. The very idea that we need periodically to “renew” this commitment, suggests that we are still at the “beginning” of our spiritual ascent. This is also reflected in the psalmist urging us (psalms 98,1) to “sing a new song for the Lord.” The נפלאות, wonders, which G’d worked that the psalmist describes in psalms 98, are that He deepens the perceptive powers of His servants, the ones who sing new songs in His praise.
It is worth recalling an explanation of the Baal Shem Tov on psalms 48,15 where David describes G’d’s leading us forever with the words: הוא ינהגנו על מות, “He will lead us beyond death.” The Baal Shem tov, uses a parable to explain that verse. A father, when teaching his son to walk, ensures that he does not start by running but by taking slow steps. In order to encourage his son to walk more and more assuredly, he gradually distances himself from the son, so that the latter needs to cover more distance before arriving in the embrace of his father. The fact that G’d, i.e. His essence, appears very distant to us encourages us to make greater efforts to solve this mystery by getting closer to Him through serving Him better. This in turn, creates the feeling within us that although we have not achieved our objective in unraveling all the mysteries surrounding G’d, we nonetheless no longer consider our efforts as inconsequential. Every day we feel as if we enter a new chapter in our service of the Lord.
“Here I have placed before you this day blessing and curse.” It appears somewhat strange that two opposites such as blessing and curse should have been lumped together by Moses in a single verse, instead of being treated in separate paragraphs, as is the case when the Torah, on two separate occasions in Bechukotai and Ki Tavo, lists the results of obeying or disobeying G’d’s commandments.
In order to understand this let us first explain an important rule concerning the works performed by man, something designed to prevent us from becoming overbearing and taking undue credit when we do serve the Creator by performing the various commandments that He has given us for our benefit. If we were to do that, we would be only a few steps away from generating physical desires that may overwhelm us.
Not only must we not compliment ourselves for our service of the Lord as being a major accomplishment on our part, but on the contrary, we must consider such service as being minimal, and as a result of this we must become conscious of the immense spiritual gap between us and the Creator, so that we wind up with a broken heart when we consider our relative impotence when compared to Him. The more we serve Him, the more will we realize that we are still at the beginning of gaining an understanding of the immensity of a Being that has called into existence the entire universe and keeps in constant touch with all His creatures, being aware of what they do at any place and at any time. If we merely take time out to contemplate that ours is not the only planet that G’d has created but that are millions like it, how can we not feel our relative insignificance in the scheme of things that G’d has created?
We get a glimpse of the feelings generated by servants of Hashem in the celestial regions when we recite daily in our morning prayers that in spite of their knowing that they are beloved, pure and mighty, i.e. כלם אהובים כלם ברורים, כלם גבורים, nonetheless, in spite of their “standing at the heights of the universe,” ברום עולם, they relate to the Creator in awe and dread, i.e. באימה וביראה. If this applies to the leading angels, how much more does it apply to us mortal human beings. It appears from the version quoted in our prayers that these angels did not experience the feelings of their inadequacy until they were actively involved in performing acts of service for the Creator.
Immediately following these lines in the morning prayers, the highest category of angels, the seraphim, chayot and ofanim, are described as having intensified and reinforced their worship by proclaiming the holiness of G’d three times, i.e. קדושה. When we serve the Lord in the proper manner, our spiritual progress will assume the nature of a “chain reaction,” each act of service resulting in a better understanding of the Creator by His creature. Our author sees in the command to serve the Lord by blowing shofar on New Year’s day, (Psalms 81,4) an “invitation” to spiritually improve ourselves, the word שופר from the root שפר, personifying the concept of beautifying, i.e. improving oneself. The word תקיעה, based on the root תקע, meaning “firmly pitching (tent),” see Genesis 31,25 when used with the blowing of the ram’s horn, suggests that this service of the Lord be something firmly embedded in our personality, [not an occasional visit to the synagogue. Ed.] The fact that it is performed symbolically on New Year’s especially, points to the effect it has in renewing our commitment to Hashem. The very idea that we need periodically to “renew” this commitment, suggests that we are still at the “beginning” of our spiritual ascent. This is also reflected in the psalmist urging us (psalms 98,1) to “sing a new song for the Lord.” The נפלאות, wonders, which G’d worked that the psalmist describes in psalms 98, are that He deepens the perceptive powers of His servants, the ones who sing new songs in His praise.
It is worth recalling an explanation of the Baal Shem Tov on psalms 48,15 where David describes G’d’s leading us forever with the words: הוא ינהגנו על מות, “He will lead us beyond death.” The Baal Shem tov, uses a parable to explain that verse. A father, when teaching his son to walk, ensures that he does not start by running but by taking slow steps. In order to encourage his son to walk more and more assuredly, he gradually distances himself from the son, so that the latter needs to cover more distance before arriving in the embrace of his father. The fact that G’d, i.e. His essence, appears very distant to us encourages us to make greater efforts to solve this mystery by getting closer to Him through serving Him better. This in turn, creates the feeling within us that although we have not achieved our objective in unraveling all the mysteries surrounding G’d, we nonetheless no longer consider our efforts as inconsequential. Every day we feel as if we enter a new chapter in our service of the Lord.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,17. “when my brother Esau will meet you and ask you to whom these herds belong, etc;” it is a rule that when a person approaches G’d with a request, that the evil urge within him tries to convince him that he is entitled to make whatever request from G’d that he has in mind, and that certain privileges on this earth are part of this entitlement as part of his serving the Lord. The evil urge, in its wisdom, acts as if it had been defeated by not immediately protesting that individual’s request by pointing out to G’d that person’s shortcomings. At a later stage, when such a person has already established a more intimate relationship vis a vis his Creator so that he realizes that his service of the Lord is not meant to secure him rewards on earth, but is meant to provide a sense of satisfaction for his Creator that one of His creatures fulfils his purpose in life, he has reached the stage where the evil urge, also known as Esau, encounters such a G’d-serving person head on. The “angels” of Yaakov, are a euphemism for this person’s thoughts. At that point, attempting to interfere with progress of such a personality towards spiritual perfection, Esau, i.e. the evil urge, asks these “angels” who are the creations of the person’s performance of G’d’s commandments, where they are headed, i.e. אנה תלך. The person is advised (the point of the Torah relating this encounter) to blunt such questions by saying that they have been created by “your servant Yaakov;” he is told to assuage the evil urge by saying that his good deeds are a “gift” to him (the evil urge), seeing that the evil urge is also one of G’d’s creatures and as such entitled to some recognition.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,17. “when my brother Esau will meet you and ask you to whom these herds belong, etc;” it is a rule that when a person approaches G’d with a request, that the evil urge within him tries to convince him that he is entitled to make whatever request from G’d that he has in mind, and that certain privileges on this earth are part of this entitlement as part of his serving the Lord. The evil urge, in its wisdom, acts as if it had been defeated by not immediately protesting that individual’s request by pointing out to G’d that person’s shortcomings. At a later stage, when such a person has already established a more intimate relationship vis a vis his Creator so that he realizes that his service of the Lord is not meant to secure him rewards on earth, but is meant to provide a sense of satisfaction for his Creator that one of His creatures fulfils his purpose in life, he has reached the stage where the evil urge, also known as Esau, encounters such a G’d-serving person head on. The “angels” of Yaakov, are a euphemism for this person’s thoughts. At that point, attempting to interfere with progress of such a personality towards spiritual perfection, Esau, i.e. the evil urge, asks these “angels” who are the creations of the person’s performance of G’d’s commandments, where they are headed, i.e. אנה תלך. The person is advised (the point of the Torah relating this encounter) to blunt such questions by saying that they have been created by “your servant Yaakov;” he is told to assuage the evil urge by saying that his good deeds are a “gift” to him (the evil urge), seeing that the evil urge is also one of G’d’s creatures and as such entitled to some recognition.
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Kedushat Levi
[The author continues at length to explain the report of Moses’ charging the firstborn, נערי בני ישראל, with offering sacrifices, while he sprinkled the blood on the altar, etc; all these activities are explained in terms of paralleling the “charging of spiritual batteries” that we explained above. I have decided not to continue with this part of his presentation as it extends all the way to the half shekel the male Israelites in chapter 30, were to give as ransom for their souls. Ed.]
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,25. “when he realized that he could not overcome him he injured his hip joint.” The subjects alluded to here are the three parts of the universe, 1) the world of the disembodied spirits, angels, collectively known as שרפים 2) the inert “stars,” planets and galaxies in outer space, and 3) the living creatures in our own “lower” part of the universe. In our part of the universe, i.e. in man, the head represents the domain of the angels in the “upper” part of the universe, the part of man that enables him to recognize his Creator.
The heart (within man) symbolizes the region we call outer space, home to galaxies in the domain known as עולם הגלגלים, the world of the orbiting planets and galaxies. According to the Sefer Yetzirah, heart, soul, enable man to recognise the recurring seasons, and what makes up a year by observing them in motion and realizing that a Creator must have directed their orbits. Finally, the thighs of man ירכים, represent the “lower universe,” a domain in which G’d must be served by means of His creatures having faith in their Creator. ירכים, thighs, are viewed as tools by means of which man is able to recognize the presence and power of a Creator. ירכים is another word for רגלים, which does not only mean “legs,” but is related to הרגל, habit, the danger that man serves G’d only from rote, lip service. When Yaakov is described as “the sun was shining for him”, ויזרח לו השמש, this is a hint that from that point on Yaakov worshipped G’d also by means of his intellect. His faith henceforth was more or less secure against arguments by the evil urge that could have confused him in his faith. The word י-עקב, was an allusion to his serving G’d as an עקב, an appendix, similar to the heel; once he had the name ישראל added to his name, he had acquired the letters ראש, (head) as part of his name, signifying the far loftier spiritual plateau that formed the basis of his faith.
The heart (within man) symbolizes the region we call outer space, home to galaxies in the domain known as עולם הגלגלים, the world of the orbiting planets and galaxies. According to the Sefer Yetzirah, heart, soul, enable man to recognise the recurring seasons, and what makes up a year by observing them in motion and realizing that a Creator must have directed their orbits. Finally, the thighs of man ירכים, represent the “lower universe,” a domain in which G’d must be served by means of His creatures having faith in their Creator. ירכים, thighs, are viewed as tools by means of which man is able to recognize the presence and power of a Creator. ירכים is another word for רגלים, which does not only mean “legs,” but is related to הרגל, habit, the danger that man serves G’d only from rote, lip service. When Yaakov is described as “the sun was shining for him”, ויזרח לו השמש, this is a hint that from that point on Yaakov worshipped G’d also by means of his intellect. His faith henceforth was more or less secure against arguments by the evil urge that could have confused him in his faith. The word י-עקב, was an allusion to his serving G’d as an עקב, an appendix, similar to the heel; once he had the name ישראל added to his name, he had acquired the letters ראש, (head) as part of his name, signifying the far loftier spiritual plateau that formed the basis of his faith.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,25. “when he realized that he could not overcome him he injured his hip joint.” The subjects alluded to here are the three parts of the universe, 1) the world of the disembodied spirits, angels, collectively known as שרפים 2) the inert “stars,” planets and galaxies in outer space, and 3) the living creatures in our own “lower” part of the universe. In our part of the universe, i.e. in man, the head represents the domain of the angels in the “upper” part of the universe, the part of man that enables him to recognize his Creator.
The heart (within man) symbolizes the region we call outer space, home to galaxies in the domain known as עולם הגלגלים, the world of the orbiting planets and galaxies. According to the Sefer Yetzirah, heart, soul, enable man to recognise the recurring seasons, and what makes up a year by observing them in motion and realizing that a Creator must have directed their orbits. Finally, the thighs of man ירכים, represent the “lower universe,” a domain in which G’d must be served by means of His creatures having faith in their Creator. ירכים, thighs, are viewed as tools by means of which man is able to recognize the presence and power of a Creator. ירכים is another word for רגלים, which does not only mean “legs,” but is related to הרגל, habit, the danger that man serves G’d only from rote, lip service. When Yaakov is described as “the sun was shining for him”, ויזרח לו השמש, this is a hint that from that point on Yaakov worshipped G’d also by means of his intellect. His faith henceforth was more or less secure against arguments by the evil urge that could have confused him in his faith. The word י-עקב, was an allusion to his serving G’d as an עקב, an appendix, similar to the heel; once he had the name ישראל added to his name, he had acquired the letters ראש, (head) as part of his name, signifying the far loftier spiritual plateau that formed the basis of his faith.
The heart (within man) symbolizes the region we call outer space, home to galaxies in the domain known as עולם הגלגלים, the world of the orbiting planets and galaxies. According to the Sefer Yetzirah, heart, soul, enable man to recognise the recurring seasons, and what makes up a year by observing them in motion and realizing that a Creator must have directed their orbits. Finally, the thighs of man ירכים, represent the “lower universe,” a domain in which G’d must be served by means of His creatures having faith in their Creator. ירכים, thighs, are viewed as tools by means of which man is able to recognize the presence and power of a Creator. ירכים is another word for רגלים, which does not only mean “legs,” but is related to הרגל, habit, the danger that man serves G’d only from rote, lip service. When Yaakov is described as “the sun was shining for him”, ויזרח לו השמש, this is a hint that from that point on Yaakov worshipped G’d also by means of his intellect. His faith henceforth was more or less secure against arguments by the evil urge that could have confused him in his faith. The word י-עקב, was an allusion to his serving G’d as an עקב, an appendix, similar to the heel; once he had the name ישראל added to his name, he had acquired the letters ראש, (head) as part of his name, signifying the far loftier spiritual plateau that formed the basis of his faith.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,26. “He said: ‘’let me go for dawn is breaking’”. A look at Rashi on this line reveals that he considers this a request by the spiritual alter-ego of Esau to take his turn in the heavenly choir praising the Lord in the world of the שרפים, disembodied creatures, every morning. The Midrash, (Bereshit Rabbah 78,2 and Chulin 91) commented that this “angel’s” turn to recite these praises of the Lord had not previously occurred so that he was most disturbed not to miss this opportunity of doing so. We need to understand why this angel’s turn to recite these praises of the Lord had come just then.
It seems that the spiritual representatives in heaven of all the nations sing the praises of the Lord. The timing of their doing so, usually coincides with whenever one of the nations on earth whom they represent in the celestial spheres, had performed an act of kindness for the Jewish people. This enables their respective representative at the heavenly court to act as a powerful advocate on behalf of their charges down on earth. Esau at that time had done a kindness for Yaakov, which enabled his celestial representative to stake his claim to take his turn in the lineup waiting to sing these praises in the heavenly choir. As this had been the first time Esau had done something kind for Yaakov, his spiritual representative had never yet had an opportunity to be part of that choir.
It seems that the spiritual representatives in heaven of all the nations sing the praises of the Lord. The timing of their doing so, usually coincides with whenever one of the nations on earth whom they represent in the celestial spheres, had performed an act of kindness for the Jewish people. This enables their respective representative at the heavenly court to act as a powerful advocate on behalf of their charges down on earth. Esau at that time had done a kindness for Yaakov, which enabled his celestial representative to stake his claim to take his turn in the lineup waiting to sing these praises in the heavenly choir. As this had been the first time Esau had done something kind for Yaakov, his spiritual representative had never yet had an opportunity to be part of that choir.
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Kedushat Levi
Let us proceed to explain some aspects about Yitzchok’s and Rivkah’s marital union and its implications. We must take note that the marital unions of the patriarchs and their details have been described in the Torah, with the exception of the union of Avram and Sarai at the time. Seeing that at the time Avram married Sarai he was not yet a founding father of the Jewish nation, the Torah did not see fit to give us any details about that union and how it came about. We have explained previously that names reflect the soul’s origin, so that when both Avram’s and Sarai’s names were changed they also experienced a change in their souls. The union of Avram and Sarai had not produced any offspring, and until both their names were changed by Divine decree they could not become patriarchs and matriarchs, respectively. This leaves us with the question why the names of Yitzchok and Rivkah were not changed so that they would not have become parents of an Esau? Avraham’s name was changed in order that his attribute of חסד could take root in the world and enable him to be active spreading this virtue. By doing this he incidentally illuminated the world with some of the Divine light that had been withheld since Adam’s sin. We have explained previously that this Divine light, brightness, cannot be allowed to keep on getting stronger without endangering the existence of the human race while man had not kept pace with the spiritual growth needed to tolerate these infusions of Divine light. It was Yitzchok’s task to preserve the limitation of this accomplishment of his father Avraham without endangering his achievements by recklessly leading where his contemporaries could not follow and keep in step. This is why his name, as opposed to that of his father or his son Yaakov, was never changed. Just as G’d had to impose limitations on Himself before becoming active in a material world, so Avram before becoming active as a patriarch, had to impose limitations on himself. The name אברם, “a towering personality in lofty regions,” was appropriate as long as he had not been charged with spreading monotheism through his loving concern for his fellow throughout the regions in which he would sojourn. Once this became his primary task, the name change from אברם to אברהם, i.e. “father of many (terrestrial) nations,” and mirrored his becoming more effective in our terrestrial regions. He himself could not produce personal issue until he had begun the task assigned to him on earth. Yaakov, who as we explained, represented a fusion of the attributes of his father and his grandfather, had his name changed to Israel, when he had matured to the point of representing this meld of loving kindness on the one hand, and awe of G’d on the other.
[No other patriarch is quoted as having been “afraid” as many times as Yaakov, in spite of his having received more assurances from G’d than either his father or grandfather. Ed.]
Whereas Avraham, after having had his name changed, is never again referred to as Avram, and according to halachah it is inadmissible for us nowadays to refer to him by his original name, Yaakov received an “additional” name, his original name not having been uprooted and the prophets throughout the generations repeatedly referring to him by that name. The fact that he was able to sire all the 12 tribes before having had the name Yisrael added to his name, is proof that his name change was of a different kind from that of Avram’s becoming Avraham. Yaakov’s combining the attributes of חסד and גבורה, did not need to be renamed for the sake of achieving צמצום, voluntary restriction of some of his natural initiatives. When the angel informed him that henceforth the name Israel would be added to his original name (Genesis 32,28) this was in recognition of Yaakov’s ability to function on both “wavelengths, i.e. he could keep in check his tendency to practice חסד as well as his tendency to be in awe of G’d, גבורה, דין as the occasion demanded. We can best understand this when picturing a father who, when displaying his love for a young child, has to keep in check that this intellect tells him that he is wasting valuable time “playing,” during which he could perform other tasks whose usefulness would be apparent to all. By knowing when to use the instrument of tzimtzum, he pleases the Creator so much that the prophet Isaiah 49,3 quotes G’d as saying of Israel: ישראל אשר בך אתפאר, “Israel through you I am glorified.” [I have occasionally paraphrased the author’s words in the preceding paragraph. Ed.]
[No other patriarch is quoted as having been “afraid” as many times as Yaakov, in spite of his having received more assurances from G’d than either his father or grandfather. Ed.]
Whereas Avraham, after having had his name changed, is never again referred to as Avram, and according to halachah it is inadmissible for us nowadays to refer to him by his original name, Yaakov received an “additional” name, his original name not having been uprooted and the prophets throughout the generations repeatedly referring to him by that name. The fact that he was able to sire all the 12 tribes before having had the name Yisrael added to his name, is proof that his name change was of a different kind from that of Avram’s becoming Avraham. Yaakov’s combining the attributes of חסד and גבורה, did not need to be renamed for the sake of achieving צמצום, voluntary restriction of some of his natural initiatives. When the angel informed him that henceforth the name Israel would be added to his original name (Genesis 32,28) this was in recognition of Yaakov’s ability to function on both “wavelengths, i.e. he could keep in check his tendency to practice חסד as well as his tendency to be in awe of G’d, גבורה, דין as the occasion demanded. We can best understand this when picturing a father who, when displaying his love for a young child, has to keep in check that this intellect tells him that he is wasting valuable time “playing,” during which he could perform other tasks whose usefulness would be apparent to all. By knowing when to use the instrument of tzimtzum, he pleases the Creator so much that the prophet Isaiah 49,3 quotes G’d as saying of Israel: ישראל אשר בך אתפאר, “Israel through you I am glorified.” [I have occasionally paraphrased the author’s words in the preceding paragraph. Ed.]
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,28. “He said: ‘your name will no longer be Yaakov, but Israel, for you have contended both with celestial forces and with human forces and you have prevailed.’” There are people who constantly remain attached to G’d even while they are engaged in conversation with human beings. There are other people, who while engaged in a conscious effort to serve the Lord, concentrate on this to the exclusion of everything else; these people while engaged in mundane activities, such as business conversations with their peers, cannot at the same time remain conscious of their duties towards their Creator. The first type of person deserves the title: “Israel;” as the letters ישר, “upright,” as well as the letters ראש, “head,” are part of that title. The second category of person, (observant Jew) is called יעקב, i.e. י-עקב, meaning that his attachment to G’d is עקב, “secondary,” just as a heel is a secondary and not a primary organ. Esau’s celestial representative acknowledged that Yaakov was a person for the first category, since in his dealings with man he never lost sight of his primary duties to his G’d.
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Kedushat Levi
Let us proceed to explain some aspects about Yitzchok’s and Rivkah’s marital union and its implications. We must take note that the marital unions of the patriarchs and their details have been described in the Torah, with the exception of the union of Avram and Sarai at the time. Seeing that at the time Avram married Sarai he was not yet a founding father of the Jewish nation, the Torah did not see fit to give us any details about that union and how it came about. We have explained previously that names reflect the soul’s origin, so that when both Avram’s and Sarai’s names were changed they also experienced a change in their souls. The union of Avram and Sarai had not produced any offspring, and until both their names were changed by Divine decree they could not become patriarchs and matriarchs, respectively. This leaves us with the question why the names of Yitzchok and Rivkah were not changed so that they would not have become parents of an Esau? Avraham’s name was changed in order that his attribute of חסד could take root in the world and enable him to be active spreading this virtue. By doing this he incidentally illuminated the world with some of the Divine light that had been withheld since Adam’s sin. We have explained previously that this Divine light, brightness, cannot be allowed to keep on getting stronger without endangering the existence of the human race while man had not kept pace with the spiritual growth needed to tolerate these infusions of Divine light. It was Yitzchok’s task to preserve the limitation of this accomplishment of his father Avraham without endangering his achievements by recklessly leading where his contemporaries could not follow and keep in step. This is why his name, as opposed to that of his father or his son Yaakov, was never changed. Just as G’d had to impose limitations on Himself before becoming active in a material world, so Avram before becoming active as a patriarch, had to impose limitations on himself. The name אברם, “a towering personality in lofty regions,” was appropriate as long as he had not been charged with spreading monotheism through his loving concern for his fellow throughout the regions in which he would sojourn. Once this became his primary task, the name change from אברם to אברהם, i.e. “father of many (terrestrial) nations,” and mirrored his becoming more effective in our terrestrial regions. He himself could not produce personal issue until he had begun the task assigned to him on earth. Yaakov, who as we explained, represented a fusion of the attributes of his father and his grandfather, had his name changed to Israel, when he had matured to the point of representing this meld of loving kindness on the one hand, and awe of G’d on the other.
[No other patriarch is quoted as having been “afraid” as many times as Yaakov, in spite of his having received more assurances from G’d than either his father or grandfather. Ed.]
Whereas Avraham, after having had his name changed, is never again referred to as Avram, and according to halachah it is inadmissible for us nowadays to refer to him by his original name, Yaakov received an “additional” name, his original name not having been uprooted and the prophets throughout the generations repeatedly referring to him by that name. The fact that he was able to sire all the 12 tribes before having had the name Yisrael added to his name, is proof that his name change was of a different kind from that of Avram’s becoming Avraham. Yaakov’s combining the attributes of חסד and גבורה, did not need to be renamed for the sake of achieving צמצום, voluntary restriction of some of his natural initiatives. When the angel informed him that henceforth the name Israel would be added to his original name (Genesis 32,28) this was in recognition of Yaakov’s ability to function on both “wavelengths, i.e. he could keep in check his tendency to practice חסד as well as his tendency to be in awe of G’d, גבורה, דין as the occasion demanded. We can best understand this when picturing a father who, when displaying his love for a young child, has to keep in check that this intellect tells him that he is wasting valuable time “playing,” during which he could perform other tasks whose usefulness would be apparent to all. By knowing when to use the instrument of tzimtzum, he pleases the Creator so much that the prophet Isaiah 49,3 quotes G’d as saying of Israel: ישראל אשר בך אתפאר, “Israel through you I am glorified.” [I have occasionally paraphrased the author’s words in the preceding paragraph. Ed.]
[No other patriarch is quoted as having been “afraid” as many times as Yaakov, in spite of his having received more assurances from G’d than either his father or grandfather. Ed.]
Whereas Avraham, after having had his name changed, is never again referred to as Avram, and according to halachah it is inadmissible for us nowadays to refer to him by his original name, Yaakov received an “additional” name, his original name not having been uprooted and the prophets throughout the generations repeatedly referring to him by that name. The fact that he was able to sire all the 12 tribes before having had the name Yisrael added to his name, is proof that his name change was of a different kind from that of Avram’s becoming Avraham. Yaakov’s combining the attributes of חסד and גבורה, did not need to be renamed for the sake of achieving צמצום, voluntary restriction of some of his natural initiatives. When the angel informed him that henceforth the name Israel would be added to his original name (Genesis 32,28) this was in recognition of Yaakov’s ability to function on both “wavelengths, i.e. he could keep in check his tendency to practice חסד as well as his tendency to be in awe of G’d, גבורה, דין as the occasion demanded. We can best understand this when picturing a father who, when displaying his love for a young child, has to keep in check that this intellect tells him that he is wasting valuable time “playing,” during which he could perform other tasks whose usefulness would be apparent to all. By knowing when to use the instrument of tzimtzum, he pleases the Creator so much that the prophet Isaiah 49,3 quotes G’d as saying of Israel: ישראל אשר בך אתפאר, “Israel through you I am glorified.” [I have occasionally paraphrased the author’s words in the preceding paragraph. Ed.]
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,28. “He said: ‘your name will no longer be Yaakov, but Israel, for you have contended both with celestial forces and with human forces and you have prevailed.’” There are people who constantly remain attached to G’d even while they are engaged in conversation with human beings. There are other people, who while engaged in a conscious effort to serve the Lord, concentrate on this to the exclusion of everything else; these people while engaged in mundane activities, such as business conversations with their peers, cannot at the same time remain conscious of their duties towards their Creator. The first type of person deserves the title: “Israel;” as the letters ישר, “upright,” as well as the letters ראש, “head,” are part of that title. The second category of person, (observant Jew) is called יעקב, i.e. י-עקב, meaning that his attachment to G’d is עקב, “secondary,” just as a heel is a secondary and not a primary organ. Esau’s celestial representative acknowledged that Yaakov was a person for the first category, since in his dealings with man he never lost sight of his primary duties to his G’d.
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,30. “Yaakov named the site of this encounter ‘Peniel’, for I have seen the Divine face to face and I have remained alive.” There are people who serve the Lord in order that He in turn will shower them with all His goodness. There are other persons, on a higher level than the first category, who serve the Lord because of their awareness that G’d, by reason of His greatness, deserves to be served, and that it is a privilege to be allowed to serve Him. They do not even think in terms of what they may stand to gain by doing so. As a result of their wholehearted devotion to G’d, G’d in turn “faces” them in acknowledgment of their selfless service, i.e. He relates to them פנים אל פנים. Surviving such an experience is something extraordinary, and that is why Yaakov, realising this, exclaims: ותנצל נפשי, “my life was saved.”
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 32,30. “Yaakov named the site of this encounter ‘Peniel’, for I have seen the Divine face to face and I have remained alive.” There are people who serve the Lord in order that He in turn will shower them with all His goodness. There are other persons, on a higher level than the first category, who serve the Lord because of their awareness that G’d, by reason of His greatness, deserves to be served, and that it is a privilege to be allowed to serve Him. They do not even think in terms of what they may stand to gain by doing so. As a result of their wholehearted devotion to G’d, G’d in turn “faces” them in acknowledgment of their selfless service, i.e. He relates to them פנים אל פנים. Surviving such an experience is something extraordinary, and that is why Yaakov, realising this, exclaims: ותנצל נפשי, “my life was saved.”
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Kedushat Levi
Genesis 29,11. “Yaakov gave Rachel a kiss, etc;” [note that the Torah does not refer to Rachel’s physical appearance until verse 17 after Yaakov had already worked for him for over a month. Ed.]
Genesis 29,17. “and Rachel was shapely and beautiful.” At first glance it is surprising that the Torah appears to link Yaakov’s falling in love with Rachel in verse 18, ויאהב יעקב את רחל, “Yaakov loved Rachel,” to the description of her physical assets in verse 17. Is it possible that Yaakov, the most highly admired of our patriarchs, was attracted by Rachel’s physical features, and that this is why the Torah reports matters in this sequence? Our sages called our attention to Yaakov’s message to his brother Esau in Genesis 32,4 where he told him עם לבן גרתי, ”I have remained a stranger while with Lavan, etc.” The numerical value of the letters in the word גרתי, equals 613, the number of commandments in the Torah. Yaakov reminded his brother that during the entire period that he spent in Charan he had observed the Torah, and therefore had little to fear. A man who could make such a statement certainly did not marry Rachel because he was smitten by lust to possess her shapely body. Anyone who observes the 613 commandments is well aware of the statement by Solomon in Proverbs 31,30 that שקר החן והבך היופי, that external attributes such as physical beauty or even a graceful walk, etc., are deceptive and offer no clue to the owner’s character.
We must look further for the reason why the Torah made a point of mentioning Rachel’s physical attributes. I have heard from my revered teacher the Maggid of Mezeritch Dov Baer, of sainted memory, that we must understand this as follows. We know that the principal attribute used by Yaakov in serving the Lord is the attribute known as תפארת, harmony, located in the center of diagrams of the 10 emanations, ספירות. Any physical matter on earth, containing a “spark” from this emanation, is spiritually elevated by the presence of this spark, regardless of how secular it is by nature. Through this spark of the attribute of תפארת, its host is brought closer to its roots in the celestial regions, and engages in some degree of service to the Lord.
We must look further for the reason why the Torah made a point of mentioning Rachel’s physical attributes. I have heard from my revered teacher the Maggid of Mezeritch Dov Baer, of sainted memory, that we must understand this as follows. We know that the principal attribute used by Yaakov in serving the Lord is the attribute known as תפארת, harmony, located in the center of diagrams of the 10 emanations, ספירות. Any physical matter on earth, containing a “spark” from this emanation, is spiritually elevated by the presence of this spark, regardless of how secular it is by nature. Through this spark of the attribute of תפארת, its host is brought closer to its roots in the celestial regions, and engages in some degree of service to the Lord.
When the Torah (Genesis 39,13) reports that Joseph וינס ויצא החוצה, “fled and went “outside,” to escape the efforts of Potiphar’s wife to seduce him, he did so because he realized that that woman had used her mode of dress to lure him into a sinful relationship (Yuma 35). She had employed whatever holy spark she possessed in a reverse manner, instead of a means to come closer to her Creator. When Joseph escaped from her presence he took with him this “holy spark” thereby serving his Creator and paving the way for this “spark” that had escaped from the Shechinah to find its way back to its roots.
It is known that Joseph, though, of course also serving the Lord, did not do so by using principally the attribute of harmony as his father was in the habit of doing. However, at this critical juncture, in his fateful seclusion with the wife of his master Potiphar, he resorted to the attribute of תפארת as the means to avoid sinning.
It is also known that every tzaddik who serves the Lord, regardless of which of the attributes in the diagram of the emanations he uses as his primary model, will be granted a vision of the tzaddik who had made that attribute his primary role model in serving the Lord. When the Talmud Sotah 36 relates that at the critical moment before the seduction, Joseph had a vision of his father, it is a vision of the emanation of תפארת that the Talmud refers to as having been seen by Joseph.
Genesis 29,17. “and Rachel was shapely and beautiful.” At first glance it is surprising that the Torah appears to link Yaakov’s falling in love with Rachel in verse 18, ויאהב יעקב את רחל, “Yaakov loved Rachel,” to the description of her physical assets in verse 17. Is it possible that Yaakov, the most highly admired of our patriarchs, was attracted by Rachel’s physical features, and that this is why the Torah reports matters in this sequence? Our sages called our attention to Yaakov’s message to his brother Esau in Genesis 32,4 where he told him עם לבן גרתי, ”I have remained a stranger while with Lavan, etc.” The numerical value of the letters in the word גרתי, equals 613, the number of commandments in the Torah. Yaakov reminded his brother that during the entire period that he spent in Charan he had observed the Torah, and therefore had little to fear. A man who could make such a statement certainly did not marry Rachel because he was smitten by lust to possess her shapely body. Anyone who observes the 613 commandments is well aware of the statement by Solomon in Proverbs 31,30 that שקר החן והבך היופי, that external attributes such as physical beauty or even a graceful walk, etc., are deceptive and offer no clue to the owner’s character.
We must look further for the reason why the Torah made a point of mentioning Rachel’s physical attributes. I have heard from my revered teacher the Maggid of Mezeritch Dov Baer, of sainted memory, that we must understand this as follows. We know that the principal attribute used by Yaakov in serving the Lord is the attribute known as תפארת, harmony, located in the center of diagrams of the 10 emanations, ספירות. Any physical matter on earth, containing a “spark” from this emanation, is spiritually elevated by the presence of this spark, regardless of how secular it is by nature. Through this spark of the attribute of תפארת, its host is brought closer to its roots in the celestial regions, and engages in some degree of service to the Lord.
We must look further for the reason why the Torah made a point of mentioning Rachel’s physical attributes. I have heard from my revered teacher the Maggid of Mezeritch Dov Baer, of sainted memory, that we must understand this as follows. We know that the principal attribute used by Yaakov in serving the Lord is the attribute known as תפארת, harmony, located in the center of diagrams of the 10 emanations, ספירות. Any physical matter on earth, containing a “spark” from this emanation, is spiritually elevated by the presence of this spark, regardless of how secular it is by nature. Through this spark of the attribute of תפארת, its host is brought closer to its roots in the celestial regions, and engages in some degree of service to the Lord.
When the Torah (Genesis 39,13) reports that Joseph וינס ויצא החוצה, “fled and went “outside,” to escape the efforts of Potiphar’s wife to seduce him, he did so because he realized that that woman had used her mode of dress to lure him into a sinful relationship (Yuma 35). She had employed whatever holy spark she possessed in a reverse manner, instead of a means to come closer to her Creator. When Joseph escaped from her presence he took with him this “holy spark” thereby serving his Creator and paving the way for this “spark” that had escaped from the Shechinah to find its way back to its roots.
It is known that Joseph, though, of course also serving the Lord, did not do so by using principally the attribute of harmony as his father was in the habit of doing. However, at this critical juncture, in his fateful seclusion with the wife of his master Potiphar, he resorted to the attribute of תפארת as the means to avoid sinning.
It is also known that every tzaddik who serves the Lord, regardless of which of the attributes in the diagram of the emanations he uses as his primary model, will be granted a vision of the tzaddik who had made that attribute his primary role model in serving the Lord. When the Talmud Sotah 36 relates that at the critical moment before the seduction, Joseph had a vision of his father, it is a vision of the emanation of תפארת that the Talmud refers to as having been seen by Joseph.
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