Commento su Genesi 37:25

ארחת means what the Targum says — A CARAVAN; this is called ארחת with reference to the travelers on the road (ארח) who compose it.

AND, BEHOLD, A CARAVAN OF ISHMAELITES CAME FROM GILEAD. When they looked up and saw at a distance men approaching from the direction of Gilead,⁷⁶Ramban’s intent is to explain why Scripture refers to these men first as Ishmaelites, then as Midianites (Verse 28), and again as Ishmaelites (ibid.), and finally as Midianites (Verse 36). they recognized them as a camel caravan of Ishmaelites on their way to Egypt, for it was from Gilead that balms and spices came, and it was their custom to bring it to Egypt. This was why Judah said to them, “Behold these men come from afar and are travelling to a distant country. Let us sell him to them so that the matter should not become known.” And when they came near they discovered them to be merchants of spices and balms — Midianites, merchantmen⁷⁷Verse 28 here. — who had hired the camels from the Ishmaelites. They sold Joseph to the Midianites who purchased him for profit, but the company of Ishmaelites, the lessors of the camels, would not purchase him for their own investment purposes. The verse which states, And they sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites,⁷⁷Verse 28 here. means that it was to them that the Midianites who bought him turned him over, for they were the ones who transported the merchandise to Egypt. This is also the meaning of the verse, From the hand of the Ishmaelites, that had brought him down thither,⁷⁸39:1. for he was in their care. But the Midianites were his masters, and they made trade with him. This is the sense of the verse, And the Midianites sold him to Egypt.⁷⁹Verse 36 here.
All stories in Scripture are written in this manner: sometimes it is told in the name of the authority who commands that it be done, and other times in the name of the agent who performs the act. Such a case is the verse, All the great work of the Eternal which He did,⁸⁰Deuteronomy 11:7. while elsewhere it states, Which Moses did in the sight of all Israel.⁸¹Ibid., 34:12. Similarly it says, Thus all the work that king Solomon did in the house of the Eternal was finished,⁸²I Kings 7:51. but it was Hiram that did it, as it is written, And he came to king Solomon, and wrought all his work.⁸³Ibid., Verse 14. In the case of Joseph himself, the verse says, And whatsoever they did there, he was the doer of it,⁸⁴Further, 39:22. thus ascribing the action both to he who commanded it and the one who did it.
Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra says that the Midianites are called Ishmaelites, just as Scripture, in speaking of Midianite kings, says, Because they were Ishmaelites.⁸⁵Judges 8:24. But the matter is not as Ibn Ezra considered it to be since the verse which states, For they had golden ear-rings, because they were Ishmaelites,⁸⁵Judges 8:24. alludes to “the children of the east” whose war it was, as it is written, Now all the Midianites and Amalekites and the children of the east assembled themselves together,⁸⁶Ibid., 6:33. and “the children of the east” are Ishmaelites, for concerning all the sons of the concubines that Abraham had, it is said, And he sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country.⁸⁷Above, 25:6. It is also possible that the kings were Ishmaelites who ruled over Midian. Otherwise, why should “kings of Midian”⁸⁸Judges 8:26. be called by the name of Ishmael their brother?
In line with the literal sense of Scripture the correct interpretation concerning the sale of Joseph is as we have said. But our Rabbis have said⁸⁹Bereshith Rabbah 84:2. that he was sold several times [and have thereby explained why his captors are alternately referred to as Midianites and Ishmaelites].

וישבו לאכול לחם, to demonstrate that what they had done was no crime in their eyes, or that the incident was not something that should interfere with their regular meal. When righteous people become aware of having inadvertently committed a sin, they not only do not celebrate it by eating, but they impose a fast day or more upon themselves. A prominent example of people imposing a fast day upon themselves, although they did not feel guilty for having done something wrong, were the Jewish tribes after having practically wiped out the tribe of Binyamin. We read about this in Judges 21,2-3 as well as about the fact that they imposed a fast upon themselves in spite of being convinced that they had done the right thing in going to war against that tribe. We also find something parallel when the King Darius threw Daniel into a pit full of starving lions. (Daniel 6,19). [The King had acted in accordance with the constitution of his country which demanded that a “heretic” such as Daniel be thrown to the lions, and the king’s efforts to have the law changed were rejected by his advisers. In spite of being legally correct, the king felt so badly that he went to bed hungry as a kind of penance for doing what was legally correct. Ed.] If the brothers sat down to eat immediately after throwing Joseph into the pit, this is clear evidence that in their minds they had certainly not committed any wrong. WE, who were not part of Yaakov’s household, and who know that these brothers were unanimously elevated to become the founding fathers of the Jewish nation, must therefore accept the premise underlying their actions as being that they had truly felt themselves personally threatened by Joseph, someone who was considered so mature that his own father had appointed him as manager over his senior brothers. The brothers had made strenuous efforts to put physical distance between themselves and Joseph in order to avoid any altercation. When he had sought them out in spite of their having signaled clearly that they wanted to avoid him, they felt understandably very threatened.

נכאת, according to Bereshit Rabbah 91,11, wax.

והנה אורחת ישמעאלים, ”and here there was a caravan of Ishmaelites, etc.” Nachmanides explains that when the brothers looked around they saw a group of people and camels in the distance whom they immediately identified as Ishmaelites, though they were still quite distant. They knew that these Ishmaelites were headed for Egypt as it was their custom to bring these various spices named in our verse to Egypt. This is why Yehudah said that seeing these people come from a distant land and are headed for a distant land, they could sell Joseph to them and this matter would never become known. When these people drew near, they realized that they were not the people whom they had thought them to be, but that they were merchants who traveled these regions all the time. These merchants had bought the spices from the Ishmaelites and had rented camels from them. They sold Joseph to these merchants, who bought him to trade him off, just as they traded their other merchandise. The caravan of Ishmaelites they had espied earlier were in the business of renting out camels, never buying merchandise for their own consumption. This is the meaning of the words: מיד הישמעאלים אשר הורידוהו שמה, “from the Ishmaelites who had brought him down to Egypt.” (39,1) Joseph was under the control of the Ishmaelites, although he was owned by the Midianites, prior to his sale to Potiphar. The style of the whole paragraph i.e. the repetition of the events related therein, must be understood as once described from the Ishmaelties’ perspective, and once from the Midianites’ perspective. We encounter something of a similar nature at the very end of the Torah (Deuteronomy 34,12) ולכל היד החזקה וכל המורא הגדול אשר עשה משה לעיני כל ישראל, where all the miracles performed by Moses are attributed to him, whereas previously in Deuteronomy 11,3 all of these miracles are attributed to G’d Himself.” Ibn Ezra (on verse 28) says that the Midianites are called here Ishmaelites, as they are in Judges 8,24, [although Gideon had been fighting the 5 Kings of the Midianites. Ed] seeing that their founding mother was Hagar. [if she was identical with Keturah. Ed.] Rash’bam writes that the brothers did not sell Joseph at all, but they sat down to eat, and while they were eating they saw a caravan of Ishmaelites in the distance. They then decided that after they would have completed their meal they would sell Joseph to these Ishmaelites. Before being able to do so, the Midianites arrived on the scene (the brothers not being within earshot of Joseph’s cries for mercy) and pulled Joseph out of the pit. They proceeded to sell him to the Ishmaelites. As to Joseph saying to his brothers in Genesis 45,4: “I am your brother whom you have sold to Egypt,” Joseph simply blamed what the brothers had done to him for his having been sold to Egypt. Some commentators interpret the word ומדנים as not referring to Midianites, but as being a derivative of the word מדון, strife as in ריב ומדון, Chabakuk, 1,3 where it describes strife and contention. The Torah meant that the strife and contention between the brothers ultimately resulted in Joseph being sold to Egypt. Yet another view expressed by some commentators is that the brothers sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites, but they were afraid of raising him from the pit as they themselves might be bitten by the snakes; they therefore waited until the Midianites had raised him from the pit, as the Midianites were snake charmers and could safely venture into the pit. We know about all this from the Midianites who brought their charms with them when they visited Bileam as part of the delegation from Balak. (Numbers chapter 22) Joseph wound up being owned jointly by the Midianites and the Ishmaelites Some commentators say that the Ishmaelites sold Joseph to Potiphar who had accused them of having kidnapped him. The Midianites guaranteed to Potiphar that Joseph was theirs to sell, and had not been kidnapped. This is why the Torah attributes the actual sale to the Midianites who acted as guarantors for the validity of the sale. The Ishmaelites are also described as selling him, as 1) they had physical possession of him, and 2) they had paid 20 silver pieces for him to the brothers. The reason why so little money changed hands was that Joseph, because of his traumatic experience in the pit, no longer looked nearly as handsome as he had before his trauma.

נשא עינים ist nie ein zufälliges, sondern ein absichtliches Ausschauen. Auch ihnen, da sie sich zum Essen niedersetzten, ließ doch das Gefühl keine Ruhe. Sie schauten nach der Grube hin. — Die Ismaeliten waren ein verwandter Stamm, und da dies keine "Kaufleute" waren, die mit allem und auch mit Menschen Geschäfte machten, so durften die Brüder, indem Josef den Ismaeliten verkauft wurde, erwarten, dass er bei ihnen bleiben und mit ihnen, nachdem sie ihre Gewürze in Mizrajim verkauft haben würden, in ihre Heimat, Arabien, zurückkehren würde. Es erklärt dies, weshalb die Brüder später gar keine Ahnung davon hatten, dass Josef in Ägypten sein könne. Es würde dies sich noch mehr bestätigen, wenn, wie es immerhin möglich ist und auch von manchen so aufgefasst wird, die Brüder ihn an die Ismaeliten verkauft hätten, von denen sie, wie gesagt, erwarten durften, dass sie ihn mit sich in die Heimat nehmen würden, und diese es auch getan hätten, wenn nicht inzwischen midianitische Kaufleute schon vorauf gezogen wären, die ihn von den Ismaeliten auf Spekulation kauften und ihn dann in Ägypten wieder verkauften. Dem würde dann anscheinend der Bericht Raw Hirsch on Genesis 37: 36 entsprechen, demzufolge die Medaniten, vermutlich gleichbedeutend mit Midianiten, ihn in Mizrajim verkauften. Wenn es dann Kap.39. 1 heißt, dass Potiphar ihn von der Hand der Ismaeliten, die ihn dort hinabgebracht hatten, gekauft habe, so müsste dies dann nur indirekt verstanden werden: vermittelst der Midianiten, an welche jene ihn verkauft hatten. Es dürfte dann aber darum auf die Ismaeliten dort als die erste Hand hingeblickt werden, in welche Josef durch die Brüder gebracht worden war, weil eben dadurch die irrige Meinung der Brüder motiviert ist, die ihn gar nicht in Ägypten erwarteten, eine Voraussetzung, die zu dem Verfolg der Geschichte nicht unwesentlich ist. Da jedoch jedenfalls entweder Raw Hirsch on Genesis 37: 36 oder Kap.39, 1 in uneigentlichem Sinne verstanden werden muss, das מיד הישמעאלים aber viel weniger eine indirekte Vermittlung, als das מכרו אתו אל מצרים zulässt, wo vielmehr das אל, "nach Mizrajim hin", nicht במצרים, in Mizrajim, ganz eigentlich eine indirekte Vermittelung ausdrückt, da ferner der Wortlaut des Raw Hirsch on Genesis 37: 28 durchaus berichtet, nicht die Brüder, sondern diese midianitischen Kaufleute hätten Josef aus der Grube gezogen und ihn an die Ismaeliten verkauft: so hat diese Auffassung viel mehr für sich. Die Brüder wollten ihn an die Ismaeliten verkaufen, inzwischen kamen ihnen die Kaufleute zuvor, holten Josef heraus und verkauften ihn an die Ismaeliten. Immerhin meinten die Brüder, er befinde sich in deren Händen und sei mit ihnen in ihre Heimat zurückgekehrt. Es war gleichwohl eine ihnen unbekannte Fügung, dass diese ihn dennoch in Ägypten verkauften. Der ganze Verkauf fällt gleichwohl den Brüdern zur Last, da er in ihrem Sinne geschah und sie ihn gerne geschehen ließen, ohne ihn zu hindern, was ihnen ja ein leichtes gewesen wäre.

וגמליהם נשאים AND THEIR CAMELS WERE BEARING etc. — Why does Scripture specially announce what they were laden with? It is to tell you how great is the reward of the righteous: it is not usual for Arabs to carry anything but naphta and itran (tar) which are evil-smelling, but for this one (Joseph, the righteous) it was specially arranged that they should be carrying fragrant spices so that he should not suffer from a bad odour (Genesis Rabbah 84:17).

הולכים להוריד מצרימה, these Ishmaelites were camel owners, they did not own the merchandise described which was carried by their camels. As soon as they would deliver the merchandise to the appropriate address in Egypt their mission was completed.

צרי, according to the view of Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel the word refers to resin, sap found in the trunk of the balsam tree. The word לוט according to Bereshit Rabbah 91,11 is מצטכי, Lotus?.

מה בצע, “what financial advantage?” There is a view expressed in the Midrash (Pessikta Rabbati Parshat Ki Tissa) according to which the brothers asked Yehudah to break the bread and to pronounce the blessing to G’d, לבצוע, at the meal, and he replied to them that it was most inappropriate to do so while they planned to commit murder.

וישבו, they sat down; some distance away from the pit, in order to eat their midday meal and not to have to listen to his pitiful pleas.

נכאת SPICERY — Every collection of many kinds of spices is called נכאת. So, too, (2 Kings 20:13) “and he showed them all the house of his נכתה which means the house where his spices were mixed. Onkelos translates it as meaning wax (perhaps an aromatic gum).

צרי AND BALM — a resin that exudes from the wood of the balsam-tree: it is the נטף that is enumerated among the ingredients of the incense used in the Tabernacle (Exodus 30:34; cf. Keritot 6a).

ולט AND LADANUM — This is called Lotos in the language of the Mishna. Our Rabbis have in treatise Niddah 8a explained that it is a vegetable root; it bears the name aristolochia (birthwort).