Commento su Deuteronomio 17:25
Rashi on Deuteronomy
לא תזבח ... כל דבר רע THOU SHALT NOT SACRIFICE [UNTO THE LORD THY GOD ANY OF THE HERD OR FLOCK WHEREIN IS BLEMISH OR] ANY EVIL THING — This is an admonition to one who would make sacrifices abominable through an evil utterance (דבר רע). (See Rashi on Leviticus 7:18; cf. Sifrei Devarim 147:5). Besides this, other Halachas have been derived from it in the Treatise on “The slaughtering of Sacrifices” (Zevachim 36).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
THOU SHALT NOT SACRIFICE UNTO THE ETERNAL THY G-D [AN OX, OR A SHEEP, WHEREIN IS A BLEMISH], EVEN ANY ‘DAVAR’ (THING) THAT IS EVIL. “This is an admonition against causing offerings to be rendered unfit through an improper utterance.49The expression davar ra (an evil thing) is thus interpreted to mean dibur ra — “an evil [or improper] utterance.” If the ministering priest has in mind [i.e., expresses] the intent to eat the meat of the offering, or to burn its assigned parts upon the altar, after the expiration of the prescribed times, he renders the entire offering unfit. See also Vol. III, p. 341, Note 84. There are yet other interpretations given by the Rabbis [on this verse] in the Tractate Shechithath Kadashim.”50Literally: “The Slaughter of Hallowed Offerings,” as distinguished from Shechitath Chullin, “The Slaughter of Secular Animals.” The former is nowadays called Zebachim, “Animal Offerings,” while the latter is called Chullin (Secular Animals slaughtered for food). This is Rashi’s language. Now this is an explanatory commandment, for He has already admonished against slaughtering blemished offerings,51Leviticus 22:21. and here he repeated it in order to add the admonition against rendering it unfit by an utterance. It is likely that he repeated this admonition in order that the Israelite who brings the offering should not render it unfit during the slaughter [since non-priests were permitted to slaughter offerings]. The priests themselves, however, are scrupulous and careful, one warning sufficing for them. Therefore he did not repeat the prohibition against a blemished ministering priest [performing the Divine Service].
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
לא תזבח….אשר יהיה בו מום, "Do not slaughter for G'd anything blemished." The wording אשר יהיה בו מום "on which there will be a blemish," must be understood in conjunction with Sifri that our verse forbids an animal suffering from a temporary blemish. This ruling is hinted at by the word יהיה, "will be." That word includes not only permanent blemishes but even temporary blemishes. Perhaps one may also say that if the animal in question has a limb which would result in it becoming blemished unless said limb was amputated, the animal in question is considered blemished even before the operation (regardless of whether the animal is being considered for a sacrifice). The words לא תזבח …אשר יהיה בו מום mean "you must not sacrifice it…as it is going to develop a blemish" (which would disqualify it.)
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Tur HaArokh
לא תזבח לה' אלוקיך צאן ובקר, “You shall not slaughter for the Lord your G’d an ox or lamb (that is blemished);” after having told the people that erecting an asherah or pillar, even in honour of Hashem is prohibited, Moses warns now that when offering animal sacrifices on the altar designated for this, the animals used must be free from any kind of blemish.
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Siftei Chakhamim
This prohibits causing the pigul disqualification of the sacred offerings through a pernicious statement, etc. Because you cannot say that [this part of the verse] is coming to prohibit [an offering that has] a blemish, since it is explicitly written, “that has a blemish.” He resolves [this problem by saying], “This prohibits, etc. through a pernicious statement.” I.e. above in sefer Vayikra (7:18) and in parshas Kedoshim (Vayikra 19:8), it is written that one is forbidden to eat pigul, but it does not specify whether the person who made it pigul had committed a transgression. Therefore it says here, “Do not sacrifice, etc. any bad thing,” to teach you that it is] prohibited to make offerings pigul, i.e. if a person has in mind at the time of slaughtering to eat it beyond its [prescribed] time or outside its [prescribed] place which is accomplished by a pernicious statement.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Kap. 17. V. 1. לא תזבח וגו׳ ist ergänzender Schlusssatz des Vorhergehenden. Es war gesagt, dass die Hingebung an unser Pflichtleben, wie dies auf dem Gottesaltar zum Ausdruck gelangt, unser physisches und politisches Heil begründet. Hier wird nun hinzugefügt, dass diese Hingebung unser ganzes Wesen umfassen und ganz der Weise entsprechen müsse, die dem göttlichen Willen gemäß ist. Nichts darf an dem unserem hinzugebenden Wesen zum Ausdruck dienenden Opfertier fehlen (מום), und keine von allen den im Wajikra bezeichneten Gesetzwidrigkeiten den reinen Ausdruck unserer Pflichthingebung trüben (כל דבר רע .(כל דבר רע und תועבה umfasst nach dem ספרי alle איסורי המזבח und בעל גרב יבלת וחזזית ,בעל מום קבוע ועובר :פסולי המוקדשים; אתנן ומחיר כלאים ,רובע ונרבע מוקצה ונעבד ,חוץ לזמנו וחוץ למקומו ,חולה זקן ומזוהם siehe Wajikra 1, 2. 3;7, 18; 22. 22. — 24. 27. 28 u. Dewarim) וטריפה ויוצא דופן 23. 19). und zwar wird hier die "Vollständigkeit" und "Untadelhaftigkeit" unseres Seins und Wollens, wie sie hier als konkretes Ziel aller staatlichen Wirksamkeit und als symbolischer Opferausdruck unserer Einzeln- und Gesamtaufgabe bezeichnet ist, sowohl vom Standpunkt unserer Tatbeziehung (שור) als der unseres Geschickes (שה) zu begreifen gegeben. Dass das Einzelne und die Gesamtheit: שור unserem "Herrn" und: שה unserem "Hirten" ganz und rein sei und bleibe, das hat die Nationalrepräsentanz von ihrem Mittelpunkte aus durch ihre Delegierten in allen Teilen des Landes anzustreben.
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Chizkuni
לא תזבח, “do not slaughter as a sacrifice, etc.;” After having prohibited sacrificing to idols, the Torah proceeds to prohibit defective, blemished, animals to the Lord our G-d, also.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
FOR THAT IS AN ABOMINATION UNTO THE ETERNAL THY G-D. The term “abomination” refers to this offering, for whoever offers a corrupted thing is held in contempt, as it is stated in the Prophets,52Literally: kabalah. See Taanith 16a, where this term is used as a reference to the Books of the Prophets as distinguished from the Five Books of Moses. The term kabalah in this sense is an expression of “outcry” or “rebuke,” as the prophets in their sayings rebuked the people for their evil deeds. And cursed be he that dealeth craftily, whereas he hath in his flock a male, and voweth and sacrificeth unto the Eternal a blemished thing, for I am a great King.53Malachi 1:14. And according to the Midrash54Sifre, Shoftim 147. the term “abomination” refers to an animal that did, or was the object of perversion, or was the hire of a harlot or the price of a dog55See further, 23:19. — all of which are “abominations.”
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
לעבר בריתו TRANSGRESSING HIS COVENANT — i.e. the covenant which He made with you not to practise idolatry.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
IF THERE BE FOUND IN THE MIDST OF THEE WITHIN ANY OF THY GATES WHICH THE ETERNAL THY G-D GIVETH THEE. I have already explained56Above, 7:15; 11:32. that when he speaks of the ordinances he mentions first the judgment to be executed upon the idols or their worshippers. He states [here] within any of thy gates which the Eternal thy G-d giveth thee, not to imply that this law applies only in the Land of Israel, since one who worships idols outside the Land is also liable to stoning. The purport thereof is rather to state, “if the matter be found in one of the distant cities which G-d will give you when He will enlarge thy border57Further, 19:8. — and it be told thee, and thou hear it,58Verse 4 here. in whatever city you may be, you are to investigate the matter diligently and if you discover that the charge is true, you shall bring them forth to that city wherein they worshipped, and stone them.”59Verse 5. He states that such abomination was done in Israel58Verse 4 here. [implying that it is done within the nation rather than within the Land] in order to hold the worshipper [of the idols] culpable even outside the Land, for in the case of the apostate city he said, that such abomination is done ‘in thy midst,’60Above, 13:15. [within the Land], but here he mentioned within any of thy gates [a term generally limited to the Land] for it refers to common events as we have explained, and then he states in Israel58Verse 4 here. in order to teach that it is binding upon the entire [nation of] Israel [even outside the Land]. It was also necessary to state within any of thy gates in order to teach that the worshipper be stoned at the gates [of the city] in which he worshipped the idols.61Kethuboth 45b. This is [the law] in the Land, for outside the Land he is stoned at the entrance of the court where he was judged.
Now, this commandment is explanatory, since He already stated He that sacrificeth unto the gods shall be utterly destroyed,62Exodus 22:19. this applying in every place and at every time. Therefore he repeated it in order to explain what must be added to the commandment, but he abbreviated regarding matters previously mentioned.
And by way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], it is possible that he mentioned within any of thy gates because he stated in transgressing His covenant,63In Verse 2 before us. The question is why is “the woman” mentioned in the case of idol-worship. this [transgression] being the abomination done in [the Land of] Israel.58Verse 4 here. Scripture made it known that the covenant is in the Land of the covenant,64Ezekiel 30:5. whereas he who lives outside the Land is as if he worshipped idols.65Kethuboth 110b. I have already mentioned this subject.66Leviticus 18:25.
He mentioned man or woman,63In Verse 2 before us. The question is why is “the woman” mentioned in the case of idol-worship. because, due to a woman’s frivolity, she can be enticed into idol-worship through a sign or wonder done before her, the proof being the case of the women before Jeremiah.67Jeremiah Chapter 44. Similarly, with reference to [the witchcraft of] the ov (ghost) or yide’oni (familiar spirit), Scripture mentioned or a woman68Leviticus 20:27. because these forms of sorcery were customarily practiced by women, as He said, Thou shalt not suffer a sorceress to live69Exodus 22:17. [even though both male and female sorcerers are equally liable].70Sanhedrin 67a. And in the Sifre71Sifre, Shoftim 148. the Rabbis interpret that [the reason for the expression or a woman is] because, having said in the case of an inciter Certain base ‘men’ are gone out from the midst of thee,72Above, 13:14. implying that this law [of the apostate city] is not the same for [the inciters if they were] women,73Sifre, R’eih 93. it was necessary to explain that regarding an idol-worshipper the law is the same for man and woman.
The meaning of the expression which I have commanded not74Verse 3. is already explained.75Above, 4:21.
Now, this commandment is explanatory, since He already stated He that sacrificeth unto the gods shall be utterly destroyed,62Exodus 22:19. this applying in every place and at every time. Therefore he repeated it in order to explain what must be added to the commandment, but he abbreviated regarding matters previously mentioned.
And by way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], it is possible that he mentioned within any of thy gates because he stated in transgressing His covenant,63In Verse 2 before us. The question is why is “the woman” mentioned in the case of idol-worship. this [transgression] being the abomination done in [the Land of] Israel.58Verse 4 here. Scripture made it known that the covenant is in the Land of the covenant,64Ezekiel 30:5. whereas he who lives outside the Land is as if he worshipped idols.65Kethuboth 110b. I have already mentioned this subject.66Leviticus 18:25.
He mentioned man or woman,63In Verse 2 before us. The question is why is “the woman” mentioned in the case of idol-worship. because, due to a woman’s frivolity, she can be enticed into idol-worship through a sign or wonder done before her, the proof being the case of the women before Jeremiah.67Jeremiah Chapter 44. Similarly, with reference to [the witchcraft of] the ov (ghost) or yide’oni (familiar spirit), Scripture mentioned or a woman68Leviticus 20:27. because these forms of sorcery were customarily practiced by women, as He said, Thou shalt not suffer a sorceress to live69Exodus 22:17. [even though both male and female sorcerers are equally liable].70Sanhedrin 67a. And in the Sifre71Sifre, Shoftim 148. the Rabbis interpret that [the reason for the expression or a woman is] because, having said in the case of an inciter Certain base ‘men’ are gone out from the midst of thee,72Above, 13:14. implying that this law [of the apostate city] is not the same for [the inciters if they were] women,73Sifre, R’eih 93. it was necessary to explain that regarding an idol-worshipper the law is the same for man and woman.
The meaning of the expression which I have commanded not74Verse 3. is already explained.75Above, 4:21.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
כי ימצא בקרבך, after Moses instructed the people to appoint judges in each city so that each court would judge primarily people who lived in its vicinity, Moses continues with the trial of an idolater, something that is not judged locally, in the town where he lives, but in the town in which he committed the crime. Subsequently, Moses deals with the problem of disagreements among members of the court, or several courts with one another. Such disagreements are also not to be judged locally but “in the place that the Lord has chosen,” (verse 8) i.e. the same court in which an elder who refuses to submit to the majority view of his colleagues is to be judged.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
כי ימצא בקרבך, "If there be found amongst you, etc." The reason the Torah adds the word בקרבך, "in your midst," is to place the burden of dealing with the sinner (idolator) on the local authorities. Jews in other cities are only charged with dealing with the idolator if the people of his own city have failed to do so. This is what is meant by the words באחד שעריך, "in one of your cities." Our sages in Ketuvot 45 make use of the expression שעריך both here and in verse 5 to rule that the execution of the idolator takes place where he performed the sin and not in the city where he was sentenced to death (assuming they are not the same). The reason that the verse concludes with "which the Lord your G'd is about to give to you," is a reminder that one of the reasons G'd gave us the Holy Land is that we observe the commandment to execute idolators.
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Tur HaArokh
כי ימצא בקרבך, “if there will be found in your midst,” Nachmanides comments that it is commonplace for the Torah, whenever addressing the laws known as משפטים, laws dealing with inter-personal relations, that the first item on the list that follows always deals with idolatry or with those practicing it.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
כי ימצא בקרבך, “If there will be found in your midst,” etc. Mention of the word בקרבך both here and at the end of this paragraph (verse 7) reflects the fact that most sinners try and commit their sins in secret; this is why extensive investigations have to be made to bring the facts to light. Once found out, these sinners who are equated with the evil they did have to be destroyed like the leavened matters before Pesach which has to be cleaned out of all the cracks in the walls and in the floor. This is why the Torah writes ובערת, “you are to destroy,” coupled with the word מקרבך, “from deep inside you.”
It is also possible to understand the word מקרבך as an allusion to the relatives of the sinner, as if the Torah had written מקרוביך, “from among your kin.” When someone observes a family member sinning (purposely) he is to shame him and be the first one to administer the punishment when it is imposed; he must neither allow feelings of kinship nor embarrassment to cause him to cover up such sins. This is the meaning of Psalms 15,3: “he must not be afraid to bear reproach for his relative’s acts and therefore cover up for him” (compare Rashi).
It is also possible to understand the word מקרבך as an allusion to the relatives of the sinner, as if the Torah had written מקרוביך, “from among your kin.” When someone observes a family member sinning (purposely) he is to shame him and be the first one to administer the punishment when it is imposed; he must neither allow feelings of kinship nor embarrassment to cause him to cover up such sins. This is the meaning of Psalms 15,3: “he must not be afraid to bear reproach for his relative’s acts and therefore cover up for him” (compare Rashi).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 2. כי ימצא וגו׳. Im Anschluss an das Vorhergehende folgt hier die Norm für die kriminalrechtliche Prozedur, in welcher die Nationalrepräsentanz selbst oder durch ihre Delegierten ihre Aufgabe der Aufrechthaltung des Gesetzes bei vorkommenden Verbrechen gegen dasselbe zu lösen hat, und zwar wird dazu als Problem das höchste Verbrechen: עבודה זרה gewählt, dessen gerichtliche Verfolgung in keiner Weise etwa ein minder konzis umschriebenes Verfahren als bei irgend einem Verbrechen geringeren Grades zulässt. Die Verfolgung auch dieses höchsten Verbrechens beruht, wie das ganze jüdische kriminalrechtliche Verfahren, lediglich auf Zeugenaussage mit Ausschluss allen Indizienbeweises; auch hier beginnt die gerichtliche Tätigkeit des Gerichts erst infolge geschehener Anklage durch Zeugen, deren Aussage zugleich den Beweis zu erbringen hat, mit Ausschluss alles bloß auf Denunziation beruhenden Inquisitionsverfahrens; auch hier unterliegt die Zeugenaussage der genauesten realen und formalen Prüfung; und auch hier ist das Verbrechen nur dann menschengerichtlichem Einschreiten verfallen, wenn das Bewusstsein und die Kenntnis des Verbrechers von dem gesetzwidrigen Charakter seiner Handlung im Momente der Verübung konstatiert ist, wie alle diese Seiten in dem folgenden Probleme angedeutet sind.
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Chizkuni
כי ימצא, “if there will be found amongst you, etc.;” now the Torah addresses individual Israelites who may become guilty of idolatry.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
לעבור בריתו, the covenant embracing all the commandments, for worshipping idols is an offence considered as equivalent to having violated all of the Torah’s commandments.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
לעבר בריתו, "to violate His covenant." Moses means that it is important for the sinner to realise that he violated G'd's sacred covenant. This is the reason he cannot be executed unless he had been properly warned of the penalty in store if he proceeded with his intention to commit this sin. There is also a hint here that if the idolator told the people who warned him to desist that he had sworn an oath to serve this particular deity, that he must be reminded that such an oath is not valid as he had been obligated under a previous oath dating back to Mount Sinai not to engage in any form of idolatry. His execution would therefore be perfectly legal if he went ahead and ignored the warning.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
״מצא״ .כי ימצא בקרבך ist der gebräuchliche Ausdruck für eine die Funktion von Zeugen begründende Wahrnehmung (vergl. Schmot 22, 3 und Bamidbar 15, 32. 33). Obgleich מצא auch ein beabsichtigtes, durch Suchen erlangtes Finden bezeichnet, so bedeutet es doch in der Regel ein unbeabsichtigtes Finden, und entspricht dies dem vollkommen objektiven Verhältnis, in welchem die Zeugen an das durch ihre Aussage zu konstatierende Faktum hinangetreten sind.
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Tur HaArokh
איש או אשה, “a man or a woman, etc.” Seeing that it is part of the psyche of women to tend to inadvertently commit idolatrous acts by consulting soothsayers, or generally turning to people who claim to know the future, they tend to be impressed by people performing acts that demonstrate their extra-sensory capabilities. We find Biblical proof of this in Jeremiah, chapter 44.15 and onwards In the Sifri the reason for the separate mention of man and woman in this verse is explained as due to the fact that when speaking about the עיר הנדחת, Deut. 13,14, the Torah had described the guilty persons as אנשים, men, to indicate that if the instigator had been a woman the whole legislation of a city that had allowed itself to be seduced does not apply, the Torah had to emphasise that in the case of individual idolaters no difference is made between the punishment for men and women.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
בקרבך באחד שעריך, der Angeredete ist die nationale Gesamtheit. In welchem Orte ihres Gebietes auch das Verbrechen verübt wird, ist es "in der Nation" verbrochen worden und liegt der nationalen Gesamtheit, in ihren Gliedern als Zeugen, sowie in ihrer Repräsentanz oder deren Delegierten als Gericht, die Aufrechthaltung des Gesetzes dem Verbrechen gegenüber ob.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אשר יעשה את הרע בעיני ד׳ א׳ לעבר בריתו ist wohl nicht bloß eine Charakterisierung des im folgenden als Problem gewählten ע׳׳ז-Verbrechens, sondern die ganz allgemeine Charakterisierung eines jeden zur richterlichen Kognition erwachsenden Verbrechens. Die Übertretung eines jeden Verbotes, also die Verübung dessen, was Gott als רע בעיניו ausgesprochen hat, ist ein Überschreiten seines ברית. Ausnahmlos, ein jedes der göttlichen Gesetze ist von wiederholtem כריתות ברית (siehe Schmot 24, 8 und Dewarim 28, 69 u. 19, 8, sowie Sota 37 b) getragen und damit als ברית, als das Absolute, für immer Unverbrüchliche dahin gestellt (siehe Bereschit S. 119). Zur richterlichen Kognition erwächst ein Verbrechen nur dann, wenn das, was רע בעיני ה׳ א׳ ist, in dem Bewusstsein geübt wird, dass man damit עובר בריתו sei, also, wenn dem Verbrecher im Momente der Tat der verbietende Gesetzesausspruch mit seinen strafrechtlichen Folgen gegenwärtig war, wenn er das רע בעיני ה׳ geübt hat in dem Bewusstsein, dass er damit עובר בריתו sei. Ein Umstand, der nur durch התראה, durch geschehene Warnung durch die Zeugen im Augenblicke des Verbrechens und durch ausdrückliche קבלת התראה, durch ausdrückliche Erklärung des Verbrechers zu konstatieren ist, dass er es nichts destoweniger und mit vollem Entgegensehen der Folgen übe. Daher die an die Zeugen zu richtenden Fragen: התריתם בו קבל עליו התראה התיר עצמו למיתה המית תוך כדי דבור וגו׳ (Sanhedrin 40 b; — siehe zu Wajikra 20, 17 und Bamidbar 15, 33; siehe auch V. 6).
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
אשר לא צויתי [AND HATH GONE AND SERVED OTHER GODS … EITHER THE SUN, OR MOON, OR ANY OF THE HOST OF HEAVEN] WHICH I HAVE NOT COMMANDED to worship them (Megillah 9b).
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
אלוהים אחרים, independent ones, having no relation to Hashem whatsoever, but disembodied beings. ולשמש או לירח, which are physical bodies;
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
אשר לא צויתי, to serve them.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
To worship them. Rashi is answering the question: The verse implies that the Holy One Blessed Is He did not command that they should be in the world [and] if so they must be deities because [the verse implies that] they were created against His will; but this is not so! Therefore he explains, “To worship them,” i.e., I did not command to worship [them].
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 3. וילך ויעבד (vergl. Kap. 13, 6 u. 14). Es drückt dieses "Hingehen um etwas zu tun" wohl die ganze gegensätzliche Ferne aus, in welcher ein solches Verbrechen dem jüdischen Menschen stehen soll, und zugleich die Kühnheit, die dazu gehört, ein solches Verbrechen mit vollem Bewusstsein dieses Gegensatzes zu üben.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
אשר לא צויתי, which I had not appointed to act independently of My will. This is in contrast to the philosophers of idolatrous religions who believe that G’d had appointed His agents to be in charge of a city each, within which they have power over life and death without reference to their Master. The inhabitants of each such city are under the illusion that by pleasing the local agent of G’d, their “patron saint,” their fates will be affected beneficially.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ויעבד וישתחו (siehe zu Schmot 20, 5).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אשר לא צויתי, schwierig ist dieser Satz, wenn man das Relativum אשר עבודה und השתחויה bezieht. עבודה והשתהויה לאחרים ולכל צבא השמים ist ja nicht nur etwas Nichtgebotenes, sondern etwas Verbotenes und zwar das positivste Verbotene unter allen Verboten. Man müsste es denn etwa speziell auf die dem שמש ירח וכל צבא השמים zugewandte עבודה und השתחויה etwa in dem Sinne beziehen, in welchem הלכו׳ ע׳׳ז) רמ"בם l und II) den Ursprung der Abgötterei zu den Zeiten Enosch auffasst, dass etwa ohne Verleugnung des einzig Einen, ja in vermeintlicher Verehrung desselben, den Himmelskörpern als dessen Dienern Verehrung gezollt worden wäre, welches dann eben nur ein Verbrechen wäre, weil Gott diese Verehrung seiner Diener als solcher nicht geboten hätte. Wir glauben aber noch zweifeln zu dürfen, ob eine solche dem צבא השמים zugewandte עבודה והשתחויה, so gewiß sie אסור ist, schon חייב מיתה wäre כל זמן שלא קבלו עליו באלה, ihm vielmehr nur als Geschöpf und Diener des einzig Einen Verehrung gezollt worden (siehe כ׳׳מ zu הל׳ ע׳׳ז III, 6). Wir glauben vielmehr, das: אשר לא צויתי auf das unmittelbar vorhergehende כל צבא השמים, das ja auch שמש וירה mit begreift, beziehen zu dürfen, so dass gerade jene keinen völligen Abfall in sich fassende עבודה זרה aus diesem Problem ausgeschlossen wäre. Es sind hier nämlich zwei Kategorien genannt: אלחים אחרים, Götter heidnischen Wahnes, denen gar keine reale Existenzen zu Grunde liegen, bei welchen daher eine ihnen zugewandte עבודה und השתחויה stillschweigend die Anerkennung als Gottheiten involviert, und שמש וירח וכל צבא השמים, reale mit Macht und Einfluss bekleidete Wesen, deren Verehrung nur dann vollen ע׳׳ז-Charakter trägt, wenn sie in ihrem Machteinfluss als selbständige Göttermächte begriffen werden. Es hieße demnach hier: der Sonne oder dem Monde oder dem ganzen Heere des Himmels, das ich nicht befehligt hätte, d. h. er dient und beugt sich ihnen in dem Sinne, dass sie nicht von mir ihre Weltstellung erhalten und nicht unter meinem Befehle stehen. Vergleiche: המימיך צוית בקר (Job 38, 12), insbesondere: ידי נטו שמים וכל צבאם צויתי (Jesaias 45, 12).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Megilla 9 b wird unter den Änderungen, die sich die siebzig jüdischen Weisen in den für Ptolomäus angefertigten Übersetzungen des Pentateuchs zur Verhütung von Missverständnissen erlaubt haben, auch unsere Stelle angeführt, bei welcher sie sich den Zusatz: לעובדם erlaubt und übersetzt hätten, als stände אשר לא צויתי לעובדם, deren Dienst ich nicht geboten, und erläutert Raschi als Motiv dieser Änderung, damit man es nicht verstände: אשר לא צויתי שיהיו, deren Dasein ich nicht geboten, und daraus folgern könnte, sie wären wirklich Gottheiten. Vergleichen wir die übrigen dort aufgeführten Abweichungen, so entsprechen die meisten nicht dem wirklichen Sinne des Textes, geben vielmehr einen davon abweichenden Sinn, weil der wirkliche Sinn zu Missverständnissen veranlassen könnte. So: ויכל ביום הששי וישבת ביום השביעי ,אעשה אדם בצלם וישלח את זאטוטי בני ישראל ,כי באפם הרגו שור ,ותצחק שרה בקרוביה ,ובדמות אשר חלק אתם להאיר לכל העמים. Selbst das זכר ונקבה בראו ,אלקים ברא בראשית, לא חמד אחד ,על נושא בני אדם verwischt doch den eigentlichen Sinn des Textes.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Irren wir nicht, so ist dies eine Bestätigung unserer Auffassung dieser Stelle. אשר לא צויתי לעובדם ist keineswegs der wirkliche Sinn derselben. Dieser ist vielmehr: אשר לא צויתי שיהיו, nur dass es nicht positiv gemeint ist, wie es missverständlich aufgefasst werden könnte, sondern hypothetisch: צבא השמים wird gedient, in der Meinung, dass ich sie nicht schaffend und gesetzgebend geordnet hätte, "dass sie meinem Befehle nicht unterständen."
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
נכון [AND, BEHOLD, IT BE TRUE, AND THE THING BE] CERTAIN — i.e. the evidence of the witnesses is in agreement (מְכֻוָּן)
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Tur HaArokh
והוגד לך ושמעת, “and you have been informed, and you will hear, etc.” The apparent repetition of the same thought means that whenever and wherever this accusation is brought to your attention you must immediately commence an investigation. As soon as you establish that the rumours you have heard are factual, you have to lead the guilty party to his or her place of execution where you will stone the guilty party to death.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
ודרשת היטב, “you shall investigate thoroughly;” the numerical value of the word היטב equals the numerical value of the letters in the tetragrammaton, i.e. 26. It is as if the Torah had written “you shall investigate him in your capacity as the agent of Hashem.”
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Siftei Chakhamim
The testimony was consistent. Rashi is wants to make clear that you should not mistakenly explain that the verse means, “If in fact the report is authenticated and accurate” in reference to [his] idolatry. I.e. it is authenticated that he served idolatry. Therefore he explains, “The testimony was consistent, i.e., consistent in the mouths of the witnesses when you interrogated [them].
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 4. יהגד לך ist die Aussage der Zeugen, ושמעת das gerichtliche Verhör derselben, ודרשת היטב die vorschriftsmäßige Ausforschung der Zeugen durch דרישות והקירות ובדיקות (siehe zu Kap. 13, 15).
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Tur HaArokh
נעשתה התועבה הזאת בישראל, “this abominable thing has indeed been carried out in (the land of) Israel;” the wording suggests that this legislation also applies in the Diaspora, seeing the word בקרבך which is used in the legislation of עיר הנדחת in conjunction with the word תועבה has been omitted here. The word בישראל at the end of this verse makes it clear that such conduct cannot be ignored in any Jewish community wherever it is located.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
והוצאת את האיש ההוא אל שעריך וגו׳ THEN THOU SHALT BRING FORTH THAT MAN [OR THAT WOMAN WHO HAVE DONE THAT EVIL THING] UNTO THY GATES — He who renders אל שעריך in the Targum by לתרע בית דינך, unto the gate of thy court, is in error, for thus we have learned (Sifrei Devarim 148:2; Ketubot 45b): אל שעריך — this means the gate (the city) in which he has worshipped the idol. Or, perhaps this is not so, but it means the gate where he is being judged (the judges sat “at the gate of the city”; cf., e.g., Ruth 4:1 ff.)?! The term שעריך, however, is used below (i.e. here, which is the latter part of this section) and is used above (v. 2), and this suggests an analogy. What is the meaning of שעריך that is mentioned above? Evidently the gate (the city) wherein he served the idol! So, too, does שעריך mentioned below (in our verse) denote the gate in which he served the idol. The correct rendering in the Targum is therefore לקרויך “thou shalt bring him forth unto thy cities” (cf. Rashi on Deuteronomy 16:18).
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
את האיש ההוא או את האשה ההיא, no mention is made in this connection of the idolatry being the result of seduction, the victim being foolish and knowing what he or she did, so that there is no need to convict him or her in the location where he or she committed the offence to teach the people who were aware of the sinner’s opinions that the truth is the opposite of what the sinner thought.
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Siftei Chakhamim
“Your gates” is said below. I.e. שעריך, “your gates” written here [in this verse].
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 5. והוצאת וגו׳ (siehe zu Wajikra 24, 14). Die Richtstätte soll außerhalb der Stadt und, wie wir glauben, gleichwohl in solcher Nähe zur Stadt sich befinden, dass die Örtlichkeit als "vor den Toren der Stadt", als zum Stadtgebiet gehörig erscheint. Wir glauben so den Ausdruck הוצאה אל שעריך zu verstehen. Lautet so ja auch die Halacha: העובד ע׳׳ז סוקלין אותו על שער שעבד בו. Es dürfte damit an den Tag gelegt werden, dass die Stadtgenossen des Verbrechers sein Verbrechen perhorreszieren, so dass er sich damit aus ihrer Gemeinschaft ausgeschlossen. Daher denn ferner der Satz, dass wenn die Bewohner der Stadt zum größten Teile Nichtjuden wären, die Hinrichtung על פתה בית דין außerhalb des Gerichtshofes zu geschehen sei (Ketubot 45 b). — שעריך: ebenso wie שעריך (V. 2) die Tore der Stadt, in welcher das Verbrechen geschehen, שער שעבד בו, nicht der Stadt des Gerichts שער שנידון בו (daselbst).
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Chizkuni
אל שעריך, “to your gates;” according to the plain meaning of the text “the gates” is the place where the court sits in judgment. The location has been chosen as it is so central and public that any accused cannot avoid passing it for any length of time, at which time the judges will arrest the accused for a hearing. We find an illustration of this in the Book of Ruth, (Ruth 4,1) when the potential redeemer of Ruth is accosted by Boaz in such a square.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
אל שעריך, to the public place where the idolatrous act was performed. By convicting and executing the idolater the public would have to admit that the deity worshipped by the convicted sinner was either unable or unwilling to save his life.
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Siftei Chakhamim
And “your gates” is said above, etc. Because it is written (v. 2), “If there is found among you, in one of your cities (שעריך).” Just as there it is the city in which he worshipped, so too [over here, it means to take him] to the city in which he worshipped.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
את האיש או את האשה. Durch diese Wiederholung wird die hier bestimmte Prozedur auf den Fall beschränkt, dass das Verbrechen nur durch einzelne verübt worden. Nur dann ist einer der kleineren Gerichtshöfe von dreiundzwanzig, ב׳׳ד של כ׳׳ג, kompetent, und das Strafurteil hat auf סקילה zu lauten, während eine der ע׳׳ז verfallene städtische Gesamtheit, עיר נדחת, nur durch den höchsten Gerichtshof von einundsiebzig zu richten ist und der Hinrichtung durchs Schwert verfällt. אין עושין עיר הנדחת אלא על פי ב׳׳ד של שבעים ואחד אמר קרא והוצאת את האיש ההוא או את האשה ההיא איש ואשה אתה מוציא לשעריך ואי אתה מוציא כל העיר כולה לשעריך (Sanhedrin 16 b; — siehe zu Kap. 13, 13 f. — וצ׳׳ע דהא האי אל שעריך הוא שער שעבד בו ולא שער שנידון בו כדלעיל).
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Chizkuni
וסקלתם באבנים, “you shall stone them with stones;” males or females as the case may be; we find a similar formula when the penalty is death by burning (swallowing molten lead) (Leviticus 20,14)
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Siftei Chakhamim
Targum [Onkelos] renders לקרוך. Meaning, “to your city.” [Rashi mentions this so that] you should not explain [that it means] לתרעך, “to your gates,” as the Targum translates, “On the doorposts of your house, and on your gateposts (ובשעריך) (above 6:9).”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
וסקלתם באבנים (siehe zu Wajikra 20, 2).
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
שנים עדים או שלשה [BY THE MOUTH OF] TWO WITNESSES OR THREE [WITNESSES, SHALL HE THAT IS WORTHY OF DEATH BE PUT TO DEATH] — But if evidence can be established by two witnesses to what end does it (Scripture) mention to you explicitly that it may be established by three? Scripture does so in order to compare the evidence of three witnesses to that of two (to make the same law apply to both cases). How is it in the case of two? Their evidence forms one testimony; so, too, does the evidence of three (or many) witnesses form one testimony and they cannot be declared “plotting witnesses” unless all of them are proved to be “plotting witnesses” (Makkot 5b).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
AT THE MOUTH OF TWO WITNESSES, OR THREE WITNESSES, SHALL HE THAT IS TO DIE BE PUT TO DEATH. “If the evidence can be sustained by two witnesses, why did Scripture specify ‘three?’ It is to liken three to two: just as the evidence of two witnesses forms a single unit of testimony, so does the evidence of three, constitute a single unit of testimony and they are not subject to the law of plotting witnesses [which declares that whatever they plotted to do to their brother should be done to them]76See further, 19:19. unless all three are proven to be plotters.”77But if only one or two of the three witnesses were proven to be false, the evidence is void, and both, the accused and the witnesses are free, and the punishment for plotting witnesses is not imposed, provided all witnesses form a single unit of testimony. The same principles apply even to one out of a hundred witnesses (Makkoth 5b). This is Rashi’s language. So also the principle [of a single unit of testimony] applies if one of the witnesses is found to be a kinsman [and hence ineligible to testify] or to have some other disqualification — the testimony of all is void. If they are proven to have been plotting witnesses, [in which case] all of them are subject to the death-penalty or payment of money [as the case may be, and the third witness cannot claim immunity because of his argument that even had he not testified the evidence of the first two witnesses was sufficient to sustain the charge], since the main intent of Scripture was to liken the evidence of three witnesses to that of two in every respect, according to the opinion of our Rabbis.78Makkoth ibid.
And the Gaon Rav Saadia79On Rav Saadia see Vol. II, p. 99, Note 230. On the title Gaon see ibid., p. 521, Note 74. Rav Saadia’s comment is quoted here by Ibn Ezra. said, by way of the plain meaning of Scripture, that the interpretation of the verse is as follows: “two witnesses, or three judges who [officially] accept the testimony of the two witnesses.”80Rav Saadia holds that even in capital cases which require a court of twenty-three judges, witnesses need not testify in the presence of all the judges; it is sufficient that they testify in the presence of three judges who may receive their testimony on behalf of the full court. The phrase at the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses thus means: “upon the testimony of two witnesses who appear before the entire court of twenty-three judges, or by the word of the three judges who officially accepted the testimony of the witnesses and later relayed it to the entire court — shall the one that is to die be put to death. Ramban will refute this interpretation of the Gaon, for there is in the verse etc. But there is in the verse no mention of acceptance of the testimony; instead, it refers explicitly to witnesses. But it seems to me that the Gaon erred in his [statement of this] law, for testimony in capital cases cannot be accepted except in the presence of a Sanhedrin of twenty-three judges [and not, as Rav Saadia holds, before only three judges]! Rather, the plain meaning of the verse is that the condemned man shall be put to death at the mouth of two witnesses if no more are there, or at the mouth of three witnesses if three witnesses are to be found there. Scripture thus states: when it will be told thee, and thou hear it58Verse 4 here. you are to inquire diligently into the matter by means of the testimony of all the witnesses found there. Thus if we heard that he transgressed in the presence of three people, we should send for them and have them all come to court and testify. The same law applies to a hundred, for by hearing the words of them all, the truth will become clear. But if not more [than two] were present, or they [the others] left and are not to be found, then two are sufficient.
And the Gaon Rav Saadia79On Rav Saadia see Vol. II, p. 99, Note 230. On the title Gaon see ibid., p. 521, Note 74. Rav Saadia’s comment is quoted here by Ibn Ezra. said, by way of the plain meaning of Scripture, that the interpretation of the verse is as follows: “two witnesses, or three judges who [officially] accept the testimony of the two witnesses.”80Rav Saadia holds that even in capital cases which require a court of twenty-three judges, witnesses need not testify in the presence of all the judges; it is sufficient that they testify in the presence of three judges who may receive their testimony on behalf of the full court. The phrase at the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses thus means: “upon the testimony of two witnesses who appear before the entire court of twenty-three judges, or by the word of the three judges who officially accepted the testimony of the witnesses and later relayed it to the entire court — shall the one that is to die be put to death. Ramban will refute this interpretation of the Gaon, for there is in the verse etc. But there is in the verse no mention of acceptance of the testimony; instead, it refers explicitly to witnesses. But it seems to me that the Gaon erred in his [statement of this] law, for testimony in capital cases cannot be accepted except in the presence of a Sanhedrin of twenty-three judges [and not, as Rav Saadia holds, before only three judges]! Rather, the plain meaning of the verse is that the condemned man shall be put to death at the mouth of two witnesses if no more are there, or at the mouth of three witnesses if three witnesses are to be found there. Scripture thus states: when it will be told thee, and thou hear it58Verse 4 here. you are to inquire diligently into the matter by means of the testimony of all the witnesses found there. Thus if we heard that he transgressed in the presence of three people, we should send for them and have them all come to court and testify. The same law applies to a hundred, for by hearing the words of them all, the truth will become clear. But if not more [than two] were present, or they [the others] left and are not to be found, then two are sufficient.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
על פי שנים עדים או שלושה, even if the charge is idolatry, the entire testimony is disqualified if one of the witnesses is found to be inadmissible. We do not rule that seeing there are a sufficient number of reliable and legally admissible witnesses left, we proceed with the trial on that basis.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
יומת המת, "the condemned person will be executed." The reason the Torah repeats the reference to the condemned being dead is to alert us that if no witnesses could be found or that the warning was not legally valid for some reason, the fact that the terrestrial court could not execute the sinner does not make him any less guilty of death in the eyes of G'd. The word יומת applies when the legal proceedings here on earth could be completed.
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Tur HaArokh
על פי שנים עדים, “based on the testimony of not fewer than two eye-witnesses;” Ibn Ezra explains that seeing the words והוגד לך ושמעת in verse 4 sound as if the first verse speaks about information obtained clandestinely, whereas the word ושמעת refers to openly received information, but not information by eye-witnesses, etc., I might have concluded from the wording in verse 5 וסקלתם באבנים ומת, “you shall stone the party in question to death,” that this is sufficient to convict such people. The Torah had to state that no matter what, without two reliable eye-witnesses against the accused no conviction, and certainly no execution can take place.
Rav Saadyah gaon explains the words על פי שנים עדים או על פי שלשה עדים to mean that the testimony of the two witnesses must be submitted to no fewer than three judges. [This has not been found in Rav Saadyah gaon’s writings, and in my edition of Ibn Ezra, he does not attribute it to him, but to some unnamed scholars. Ed.]
Nachmanides questions the validity of such an interpretation seeing that the text does not remotely refer to the people who are supposed to accept this testimony and to act upon it. Besides, seeing that the Torah discusses capital offences, we have a rule that no court composed of fewer than 23 judges may deal with cases involving capital punishment. The plain meaning of the text, according to Nachmanides, is that if there are no more than 2 eye witnesses to the offence mentioned, this suffices to hand down a death penalty, provided the testimony of the two witnesses is above reproach. Some commentators say that the meaning of the verse is that if one set of two witnesses contradicts what a set of three witnesses testifies, two of the testimonies cancel each other out and the remaining witness is decisive. This works either in favour of the accused or against him or her..
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
None are liable as “conspiring witnesses” unless all are convicted as conspirators. You might ask, why does Rashi write, “And none are liable, etc.”? He should have written, “Hence none are liable, etc.,” because he is explaining what came before! The answer is that this is what Rashi means: Just as two “comprise a single testimony entity” and if one of them was found to be a relative or personally disqualified, their testimony [of both] is disqualified, so too, three “comprise a single testimony entity” and if one of them was found to be a relative or personally disqualified, their whole testimony is disqualified. [Rashi then concludes:] And also, “none are liable as conspiring witnesses unless all are convicted as conspirators.” I.e., just as two are not liable as conspiring witnesses until they are both found liable, so too, three are not liable as conspiring witnesses until all three of them are found liable.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 6. על פי שנים עדים וגו׳. Sanhedrin 37 b wird zuerst auf unseren Text hingewiesen, um darzutun, dass überhaupt nur auf Grund von Augenzeugen der verbrecherischen Tat eine gerichtliche Prozedur möglich sei und dass ein Indizienbeweis אומד, selbst wenn er fast eine Gewissheit begründet, wie der dortige Vorgang als Beispiel dient, in keinem Falle zu einem richterlichen Einschreiten genügt.
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Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy
או שלשה עדים, “or three witnesses.” Seeing that in Exodus 23,2, the Torah had decreed that a majority opinion in disputes is to be accepted, it was necessary to tell us that when it comes to testimony, numbers do not count. In practice this means that if one of the three witnesses in litigation has been found as not trustworthy according to Jewish law, we do not use the fact that the remaining two witnesses are trustworthy as believable, seeing that they form a majority. The entire testimony is declared as null and void because one of the witnesses was disqualified. The same applies if there were 100 witnesses and only one of them was disqualified. If however, two witnesses had come forward concerning a certain court-case, and some relatives of the accused wanted to join these two witnesses,-presumably in order to make the two witnesses useless,- this is not allowed as the relatives had never meant to accuse their kin in the first place of the sin he is accused of. Unless we applied this rule, we would never find two qualified witnesses that could testify to the validity of a marriage ceremony. There are always numerous relatives of the couple present, and anyone could succeed in invalidating that marriage if he so chose.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Es heißt ferner: על פי שנים או שלשה עדים יומת המת, und ist es klar, dass, nachdem das Gesetz zwei Zeugen für hinreichend erklärt, ein dritter Zeuge, wie überhaupt eine größere Anzahl von Zeugen weder notwendig noch hindernd sein kann, vielmehr will nach Mackot 5 b die Beifügung: oder drei Zeugen, feststellen, einerseits: dass die Glaubwürdigkeit einer Zeugenaussage nicht mit der Zahl der Zeugen wachse, sondern zweien Zeugen ganz dieselbe Beweiskraft wie dreien und hunderten innewohne und zwei Zeugen hunderten gegenüber treten können; andererseits: obgleich zwei Zeugen vollkommen genügen, dennoch eine größere zu einem Zeugnis vereinigte Anzahl, ebenso wie zwei also eine einzige unteilbare Einheit bilden, dass auch bei dreien und mehreren Zeugen die הזמה-strafrechtliche Folge (siehe Kapitel 19, 19) für jeden nur eintritt, wenn sie alle des הזמה-Verbrechens überführt worden; dass auch der dritte und folgende, an sich überflüssige Zeuge, wie die beiden erstvernommenen die הזמה-Folge zu tragen hat, und dass endlich, wenn unter dreien, ja hunderten zu einem Zeugnis vereinigten Zeugen auch nur einer durch Verwandtschaft oder sonstigen Mangel untüchtig zum Zeugen befunden wird, das ganze Zeugnis ebenso nichtig ist, als ob von zwei Zeugen einer untüchtig befunden. על פי שנים עדים או שלשה עדים יומת המת אם מתקיימת העדות בשנים למה פרט הכתוב בשלשה אלא להקיש שנים לשלשה מה שלשה מזימין את השנים אף השנים יזימו את השלשה ומנין אפילו מאה ת׳׳ל עדים ר׳ שמעון אומר מה שנים אינן נהרגין עד שיהיו שניהם זוממים אף שלשה אינן נהרגין עד שיהיו שלשתן זוממין ומנין אפילו מאה ת׳׳ל עדים ר׳ע אומר לא בא השלישי להקל אלא להחמיר עליו ולעשות דינו כיוצא באלו וכו׳ ומה שנים נמצא אחד מהן קרוב או פסול עדותן בטלה אף שלשה נמצא אחד מהן קרוב או פסול עדותן בטלה מנין אפילו מאה תלמוד לומר עדים (מכות ה׳ ב׳).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
(Dies ת׳׳ל עדים אפילו מאה scheint für das Verständnis unseres Textes zu ergeben: Hieße es: על פי שנים או שלשה עדים, auf den Ausspruch zweier oder dreier Zeugen, so wäre mit der Zahl: drei die gleichstellende Bestimmung geschlossen und wäre man nicht berechtigt, weiter zu gehen. על פי שנים עדים או שלשה עדים lässt aber שלשה עדים ebenso wie שנים עדים nur den Anfang einer ins infinitum fortschreitenden Reihe beginnen.)
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Chizkuni
יומת המת, “he that has to die shall be executed;” we find similar constructions in Genesis 48,21, concerning Yaakov and Joseph, הנה אנכי מת, “here I am dead;” and in Deuteronomy 31,27, where Moses describes a situation after his death,ואף גם אחרי מותי, “and also after my death.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Über die Momente, welche die korporative Einheit mehrerer Zeugen einer Rechtssache mit den hier bezeichneten Folgen bedingen, ob die gleichzeitige Wahrnehmung mit Zeugenabsicht (ראיה), oder die gleichzeitige Aussage (הגדה), ob jedes dieser Momente für sich oder nur beide zusammen, darüber gehen die Auffassungen auseinander. Bei Fällen, in welchen die Wahrnehmung von Zeugen gar nicht zu einer gerichtlichen Aussage führen soll, sondern die Rechtsgültigkeit eines Aktes, wie קדושין und גטין (siehe zu Kap. 24, 1) durch die Gegenwart zweier tüchtiger Zeugen bedingt ist, da ist es jedenfalls geboten, durch spezielle Bestellung zweier Zeugen von unanfechtbarer Zeugentüchtigkeit zu dem Akte alle anderen auszuschließen, damit durch die etwaige Gegenwart von Verwandten oder sonstigen zum Zeugnis Untüchtigen die Rechtsgültigkeit des Aktes nicht zweifelhaft gemacht werden könne (siehe תוספו׳ daselbst und Ch. M. Kap. 36).
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Chizkuni
לא יומת על פי עד אחד, “he must not be executed on the basis of the testimony of only one witness.” If you were to ask what news this verse contains, after all a single witness cannot bring about a conviction even if the case involves only a possible fine! [something reversible if proven to have been based on a false testimony. Ed.] How much more impossible is it to convict someone of a capital crime based on the testimony of only one witness! We would have to answer that seeing that the crime carrying a death penalty is so severe, surely the testimony of one witness is sufficient, if the penalty is to be a deterrent. The Torah does not accept this kind of reasoning and insists on at least two eye witnesses.והוגד לך ושמעת, since in verse 4 the Torah had written that the commission of the crime of idolatry had been so well known that you had heard about it, and it had been accepted as fact, the Torah insists that this is not the basis of convicting someone.[One of the reasons that the Torah insists on this is that even if no witnesses were prepared to testify to what they are known to have seen, G-d will punish the accused sinner for what he did, even if a panel of human judges was unable to do so for technical reasons. Ed.]
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
יומת המת daran, dass hier der Verbrecher bereits vor der Hinrichtung, ja vor der Verurteilung, da es sich erst um das Zeugenvernehmen handelt, מת genannt wird, knüpft sich (Sanhedrin 41 a) die bereits oben (zu V. 2) erwähnte Halacha, dass im Momente der Tat nicht nur das Verbot, sondern auch die darauf erfolgende Todesstrafe müsse vorgehalten worden sein und er ausdrücklich unter solcher eventueller Voraussetzung das Verbrechen begangen habe, התיר עצמו למיתה. Er trägt also schon ein vollendetes Todesurteil, indem er vor Gericht erscheint, und die Aufgabe des Gerichtes ist vielmehr zu untersuchen, ob sein Fall keine freisprechenden Gründe zulässt, ושפטו העדה והצילו העדה (Bamidbar 35, 24-25 sowie Jeschurun Jahrgang XII). Berachot 18b wird auch auf diesen Ausdruck zur Begründung des Spruches hingewiesen, dass רשעים בחייהן קרויין מתים, dass während der Gerechte selbst im Tode noch lebend heißt, Bösewichter schon im Leben "tot" zu nennen seien; ein verbrecherisches Dasein entspricht dem Begriffe "Leben" nicht.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
לא יומת על פי עד אחד. Nachdem bereits durch die Bestimmung על פי שנים ׳וגו die Zulässigkeit eines Zeugen verneint ist, wird nach Mackot 6 b durch den ferneren Ausspruch: לא יומת על פי עד אחד auch schon das bloß vereinzelte Zeugnis, עדות מיוחדת ausgeschlossen. Es genügt nicht, dass überhaupt das Verbrechen von zwei zeugenfähigen Menschen wahrgenommen worden, es müssen die beiden im Augenblicke der Wahrnehmung auch gegenseitig voneinander Bewusstsein haben, es jeder im Momente der Wahrnehmung wissen, dass er nicht allein Zeuge des Vorganges sei, sie müssen sich einander sehen, oder durch einen dritten, der den Verbrecher warnt und den sie beide sehen oder (nach רמ׳׳בם: und) der sie beide sieht, zu einem Zeugenkörper verbunden werden. Sonst bleiben sie עדות מיוחדת, vereinzelt im Zeugnis und können nicht zusammen als Zeugen auftreten. שנים רואים אותו אחד מחלון זה ואחד מחלון זה ואין רואין זה את זה אין מצטרפות אם היו רואין את המתרה או (גי׳ הרמבם והמתרה) עדות מיוחדת .המתרה רואה אותן מצטרפין ist nur in kriminalrechtlichen Fällen, nicht aber בדיני ממונות untauglich (daselbst).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
In dem Ausdruck על פי שנים עדים liegt nach Mackot (daselbst) zugleich die Weisung, dass der Gerichtshof die Aussage unmittelbar aus dem Munde der Zeugen vernehme, somit die Sprache der Zeugen verstehen müsse, nicht aber sich dazu eines Dolmetschers bedienen dürfe, שלא תהא סנהדרין שומעת מפי התורגמן. Sprechen braucht der Gerichtshof die Sprache der Zeugen nicht zu können und kann seine Mitteilungen an die Zeugen durch einen Dolmetscher vermitteln (daselbst).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Siehe ferneres über die Institution der Zeugen (zu Kap. 19, 15).
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
כי יפלא IF THERE BE [A THING] TOO HARD [FOR THEE IN JUDGMENT] — The term פלא always denotes separation and being at a distance; it means here that the matter is apart and is hidden from thee.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
IF THERE ARISE A MATTER TOO HARD FOR THEE IN JUDGMENT, BETWEEN BLOOD AND BLOOD, BETWEEN PLEA AND PLEA, AND BETWEEN PLAGUE AND PLAGUE, MATTERS OF CONTROVERSY WITHIN THY GATES. “Matters of controversy — if the Sages of the city disagree over the matter, this one declaring it unclean and that one declaring it clean, this one convicting and that one acquitting.” This is Rashi’s language. It is also the opinion of Onkelos [who translated: matters of controversy — “disagreement among the judges”]. But it is not correct.81For, according to Rashi, the expression matters of controversy refers back to between blood and blood etc. Ramban will explain matters of controversy as an independent expression, as explained further on. Rather, according to the Midrash thereof82Sifre, Shoftim 152. Sanhedrin 87a. it means as follows: “Between blood and blood, [the Sages disagree whether the blood in question is clean or unclean, the blood being any of the following]: the blood of a menstruous woman, the blood of a woman in childbirth, or the blood of a woman suffering a flux. Between plea and plea, [they disagree concerning the verdict in] civil cases, capital cases, and laws of scourging. And between plague and plague, [concerning] plagues of man, plagues of houses, and plagues of garments. Matters of controversy, giving the water to a suspected adulteress,83Numbers 5:24. the breaking of the heifer’s neck,84Further, 21:4. and the purifying of the leper.” Thus the meaning of the word between [‘between’ blood and blood] is “and between,” [the verse stating: If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, “and” between blood and blood, since the phrase between blood and blood is a new category, and not in apposition to the first part of the verse]. The letter lamed [in the words l’dam which literally means “in regard to blood” and l’din — “in regard to a plea”] has the usage here of a beth [meaning “among”], “between blood ‘among’ blood, plea ‘among’ pleas,” meaning, should a case arise concerning one [form of blood] among the various forms of blood, or concerning one [plea] among the various pleas, [a case that will be too difficult for you to decide]. A similar usage [of a lamed serving as beth is found in these verses:] but the name of the city was Luz ‘larishonah’85Genesis 28:19. [literally: “‘to’ the beginning”] means barishonah — “in the beginning;” the Eternal smote him in his bowels ‘lacholi l’ein marpei’86II Chronicles 21:18. [literally: “to an incurable disease”] means bacholi b’ein marpei — “with an incurable disease;” and he covered it with fine gold ‘l’chikarim’ [literally: “to talents”] six hundred87Ibid., 3:8. means b’chikarim — “with talents.” There are many similar cases. Or it may be that the meaning of the word between [‘between’ blood and blood etc.] is “between [a certain flow of] blood in regard to all other bloods, between [a certain kind of] plea in regard to all pleas.” Similarly, and whensoever any controversy shall come to you from your brethren, between blood and blood, between law and commandment, statutes and ordinances, ye shall warn them, that they not be guilty towards the Eternal.88Ibid., 19:10.
And in line with the plain meaning of Scripture the verse means: between blood and blood, matters of bloodshed; [between plea and plea] in civil cases; [and between plague and plague]cases of wounds and bruises [i.e., bodily injury] — all matters of controversy that shall be in your cities. Scripture thus speaks of common occurrences, for in the matters of ordinances [cases between man and his neighbor], more disagreements will arise than in other decisions. The law of the elder [who rebels against the decision of the highest court] is, however, alike in all cases. Therefore He said, And thou shalt do according to the Torah (law) which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee,89Verse 11. The expression and thou shalt do is from Verse 10. for the word “Torah” alludes to the rest of the decisions.
And in line with the plain meaning of Scripture the verse means: between blood and blood, matters of bloodshed; [between plea and plea] in civil cases; [and between plague and plague]cases of wounds and bruises [i.e., bodily injury] — all matters of controversy that shall be in your cities. Scripture thus speaks of common occurrences, for in the matters of ordinances [cases between man and his neighbor], more disagreements will arise than in other decisions. The law of the elder [who rebels against the decision of the highest court] is, however, alike in all cases. Therefore He said, And thou shalt do according to the Torah (law) which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee,89Verse 11. The expression and thou shalt do is from Verse 10. for the word “Torah” alludes to the rest of the decisions.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
כי יפלא ממך, even though you have appointed competent judges in each town and city, in order that each court would dispense justice in its home base, if a doubt arises as to what the correct ruling is according to reliable tradition, the local court is not to hand down a ruling according to their opinion when it is not supported by authentic tradition, but the problem should be submitted to the Supreme Court, Sanhedrin. The same holds true when the judges in the local court were deadlocked.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
כי יפלא ממך דבר למשפט, "If a matter of judgment is hidden from you, etc." The apparently extraneous word למשפט is needed to remind us that the subject matter now being introduced, i.e. the "rebellious elder" who will be executed for insubordination to the Supreme Court, is applicable only to the kind of person who had himself been ordained as judge, etc. (compare Mishnah Sanhedrin 86). If the dissenting opinion was handed down as law by a student who had not yet been ordained, such a pupil is not liable to the penalty provided for in our paragraph. I have found a Baraitha in Sanhedrin 87 which derives the fact that an unordained student is free from the death penalty from an interpretation of the word כי יפלא in our verse as not meaning "if it is concealed," but "if the most distinguished one of the judges errs." If we base ourselves on this exegesis we can understand why the Torah added the word למשפט. It means that unless the dissenting opinion was actually formulated as a practical judgment, -as opposed to a learned opinion,- such as by the presiding judge of the Sanhedrin- the penalty provided in our paragraph is not applicable. This is also why the Mishnah added that the words in verse 12: "and the man who will act deliberately sinfully, etc." prove this point. Accordingly, our verse would prove that the dissenting elder is guilty of death only if he personally acts against the majority decision but not if he instructed others to do so. The word למשפט is needed therefore to also make him guilty if he instructed others to act on the basis of his dissenting ruling.
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
בין דם לדם, according to the plain meaning, between one kind of murder and another kind of murder. [either knowing if the killing had been deliberate or not, or, killing a terminally sick person in great pain, for instance, and killing a terrorist without trial, both deliberate acts, of course. Ed.]
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Tur HaArokh
דברי ריבות בשעריך, “matters of dispute in your respective cities;” Rashi understands this verse not as referring to strife of a secular nature, but to disagreements amongst Torah scholars on how to rule in a matter brought to them for a binding decision. One group of sages tends to declare the object under discussion as ritually pure, whereas the other group disagrees.
Nachmanides writes that according to the plain meaning of the text the words בין דם לדם, refer to murder that has been committed, and there is a disagreement as to who is guilty of committing it. The words בין דין לדין refer to disputes involving money, or money due as compensation. The words בין נגע לנגע refer to injuries of different kinds caused to people or to the status of houses afflicted with what appears to be tzoraat. Finally, the words דברי ריבות בשעריך refer to any kind of disagreement between scholars or laymen. The phraseology, i.e. the examples, quoted in the text, has been chosen on the basis of what occurs most frequently. Disputes involving human relations and their belongings are much more frequent than disputes involving finer points of religious ritual. This is why Moses concludes with reminding the people that all of these disputes must be resolved, even by the highest tribunal, on the basis of the revealed law of Hashem, the Torah, and the judges must show that they have ruled on the basis of Torah law.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
כי יפלא ממך דבר, “if some matter is hidden from you;” the word יפלא describes something concealed as we know already from Genesis 18,14 where the Torah makes the point that no future event (or past) is concealed from Hashem.
בין דם לדם, “between blood and blood,” i.e. someone who shed blood and is guilty of bloodshed and someone who shed blood and is innocent (self-defense, for instance).
בין דין לדין, “between justice and justice,” in disputes concerning financial matters; (Ibn Ezra).
בין נגע לנגע, “between plague and plague;” injuries and liability for compensation for them (Ibn Ezra).
דברי ריבות, “conflicting arguments;” this applies to all the above.
בין דם לדם, “between blood and blood,” i.e. someone who shed blood and is guilty of bloodshed and someone who shed blood and is innocent (self-defense, for instance).
בין דין לדין, “between justice and justice,” in disputes concerning financial matters; (Ibn Ezra).
בין נגע לנגע, “between plague and plague;” injuries and liability for compensation for them (Ibn Ezra).
דברי ריבות, “conflicting arguments;” this applies to all the above.
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Siftei Chakhamim
The matter is separated and concealed from you. You might ask why Rashi seemingly repeats himself? The answer is that first he explains that it [יפלא] denotes “separation or setting apart” because anything hidden and covered from a person is separated and set apart from him. Afterwards he repeats, “The matter is separated, etc.,” because כי יפלא ממך actually means that it is hidden and covered from him. Therefore [in the second sentence] Rashi [repeats the meaning of יפלא] from [its actual] meaning to [its related] meaning.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 8. כי יפלא וגו׳. Verse 8 — 13 setzen den an der Zentralstätte des Gesetzesheiligtums fungierenden obersten Gerichtshof zur höchsten und einzigen Autorität ein, in deren Schoß die authentische Überlieferung und Auslegung des Gesetzes, sowie jede Anordnung für die richtige Ausführung desselben mit endgültiger Entscheidungskraft beruht, welcher somit das Volk im ganzen so wie dessen gesetzlehrende Funktionäre widerspruchlos für die Gesetzespraxis Folge zu geben haben. — כי יפלא. Wir haben Wajikra 22, 21 in פלא, Wunder, ein solches Ereignis erkannt, das außer allem Zusammenhang mit der bestehenden Ordnung der Dinge und völlig unabhängig von ihr aus dem reinen Willensakt der göttlichen Allmacht in die Erscheinung tritt. Zusammenhangloses Gesondertsein ist die Grundbedeutung von פלא. Für die Gesetz lehrende und nach dem Gesetz entscheidende Funktion bezeichnet es hier daher einen solchen Fall, für welchen dem Funktionär Zusammenhang und Analogie mit anderen feststehenden Normen und Tatsachen des Gesetzes fehlen, aus welchen er die Entscheidung mit Sicherheit ableiten könnte: der Fall ist ihm ein פלא. Gleichzeitig ist damit (nach Sanhedrin 87 a) vorausgesetzt, dass es: hier von einem im übrigen zur Entscheidung voll befähigten Gesetzeskundigen, und nicht von einem überhaupt nicht zur Gesetzesentscheidung Berufenen handelt. Ein solcher würde nicht den V. 12 ausgesprochenen Folgen eines זקן ממרה, einer dem höchsten Tribunal entgegenhandelnden Autorität unterliegen, כי יפלא ממך דבר ,במופלא שבב׳׳ד הכתוב למעוטי תלמיד (Tossfot Sanhedrin 87a). Einem תלמיד שלא הגיע להוראה ist eben alles פלא (siehe רמ׳׳בם im Kommentar zur משנה).
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Chizkuni
כי יפלא ממך דבר, “if there is a matter which is too difficult for you. [a local court, Ed.] The word יפלא is similar in meaning to the word יתכסה, “hidden;” The word belongs to a category of words that can have two meanings depending on the context in which it appears. We find the phrase כי יפליא נדר, (Leviticus 27,2) “when someone clearly utters a vow;” on the other hand we find כי יפליא לנדור, (Numbers 6,2) “when someone makes a vow to deny himself something. The author cites more examples.”
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
בין דם לדם [IF THERE IS ANYTHING TOO HARD FOR THEE IN JUDGMENT] BETWEEN BLOOD AND BLOOD — i.e. between the blood of the menstruous woman that may be unclean blood, and blood that may be clean (Niddah 19a; cf. Sifrei Devarim 152:5),
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
בין דין לדין, financial litigation,
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Siftei Chakhamim
One finding that it is unclean, the other that it is clean. Rashi means that when Scripture writes “between blood and blood, etc.,” [it means that] they know nothing at all; rather, [the law] is separated and covered from them. But when it is written “matters under dispute,” they know [to some extent], except that “one finds that it is unclean, the other that it is clean.” Otherwise how is it written, “If a matter of law is too abstruse,” which implies that it is covered from them and they know nothing at all, and then write “matters under dispute,” which implies that “one finds that it is clean, the other that it is unclean, etc.” (In the name of Maharitz). Re”m explains that the difference between the doubt [argument] over here and between [the earlier statement], “If a matter of law is too abstruse, etc. between blood and blood,” is that there the doubt involved the blood itself, whether it was clean or unclean, or if the plaintiff is not guilty or guilty. But here the doubt involves the words of the city’s wise men, that one rules “not guilty” and one rules “guilty” [and the doubt revolves] upon whom to rely. Alternatively, the verse first makes a general statement, “If a matter of law is too abstruse, etc.,” and then it explains, “Matters under dispute etc,” one finding that it is clean, the other that it is unclean, etc.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
We may also approach the verse from the following angle. כי יפלא …למשפט, "Even if the dissenting opinion was issued as an instruction to act contrary to the majority ruling of the local court, and it is proven that the majority opinion was in error, if the subject matter was one where deliberately sinning carries the karet penalty, etc., the dissenting judge will not be executed unless he repeated the same ruling in the face of the majority opinion of the Supreme Court, openly defying them." This is also the concensus of the sages in the Talmud on the application of this halachah.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
בין נגע : ובין נגע לנגע ,בין דין זבאי לדין חייב :בין דין לדין ;בין דם טמא לדם טהור :בין דם לדם: רשי׳) טמא לנגע טהור). Damit wären denn drei Hauptkategorien bezeichnet, in denen sich ein Entscheidungszweifel treffen könnte: דיני ,(בין דם לדם) איסור והיתר (ובין נגע לנגע) טמאה וטהרה (בין דין לדין) ממונות ונפשות . בין ־ ל ־ drückt den Zweifel aus. Man schwankt, ob man das דם für טמא oder לבעל) טהור), den Angeklagten für חייב oder וכאי, das נגע für נגע טמא oder נגע טהור erklären soll. (Misrachi scheint entgangen zu sein, dass es nach unserer Lesart in der ברייתא (Sanhedrin 81 a) nicht heißt: בין דם לדם בין דם נדה לדם לידה לדם זיבה, sondern בין דם נדה דם לידה דם זיבה, und so auch נגעי בתים נגעי בגדים נגעי אדם ,דיני נפשות דיני ממונות דיני מכות und offenbar nicht die Alternative des Zweifels, sondern Gesetzestitel aufgezählt sind, die unter דין ,דם und נגע zu begreifen wären, unter welchen sich ein Zweifel ergeben mag, ebenso wie die ferneren החרמין וההקדשות והערכין usw.)
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Chizkuni
ממך דבר, “the Torah addresses a specific judge who is unable to determine whether the accused in a capital case deserves the death penalty. The Torah lists three different categories of subjects in which the judge in question does not feel competent to hand down a ruling. [All three categories are subjects for which the priests are the proper address to give rulings. Ed.]
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
בין דין לדין BETWEEN PLEA AND PLEA — i.e. between a verdict of acquittal and a verdict of “guilty”.
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
נגע, skin afflictions described in Leviticus chapter 13.
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Siftei Chakhamim
This teaches that the Beis Hamikdosh was loftier than all other places. Meaning [that it was higher] than all other places in other countries, but excluding Eretz Yisoel where Ein Eitam was higher, as Rashi explains below (33:12) on the verse, “And He resides between his shoulders. (Tosafos in Sanhedrin 87a).
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Gur Aryeh on Devarim
Between blood and blood. It appears that these three matters are mentioned, for they complete a person’s existence. Every man requires personal perfection, and he requires a wife and a livelihood. Therefore the verse states, “between blood and blood” which alludes to relations between a husband and wife; “between decision and decision” which alludes to how one should act with others; and “between leprosy and leprosy” which alludes to how one should act with himself. It is appropriate for the High Court to be involved with these three matters, for the existence of the world depends upon them.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
דברי ריבות בשעריך fasst alle sonstigen Fälle zusammen, hinsichtlich deren sich ein Gesetzeszweifel ergeben mag, die בשעריך durch die Gerichtsdelegierten in den Städten und Stämmen (siehe V. 18) nicht zum Austrag gebracht werden können, dort vielmehr דברי ריבות offene Streitfragen unter den Gesetzesautoritäten bleiben.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
בין נגע לנגע BETWEEN PLAGUE AND PLAGUE — i.e. between a plague that may be unclean and a plague that may be clean.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מב׳׳ד :וקמת (daselbst) jeder Gerichtshof wird in seiner Funktion sitzend gedacht. In jedem Orte war täglich bis zur Mittagsstunde permanente Gerichtssitzung, wo jeder, der ein Rechtsurteil oder eine Gesetzesentscheidung suchte, die zum Spruch Befugten beisammen fand. Ward nun durch einen solchen ungelösten Zweifelfall ein Gerichtshof selbst belehrungsbedürftig, so hat er seine Sitzungen zu unterbrechen und erst dorthin hinaufzuwandern, wo ihm die Entscheidung werden kann (Raschi daselbst).
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
דברי ריבה BEING THINGS OF STRIFE [WITHIN THY GATES] — i.e. that the scholars of the city (the judges) be of different opinions in that particular matter (cf. Onkelos), the one declaring it unclean, the other clean, the one sentencing, the other acquitting,
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מלמד שבית המקדש גבוה מא׳׳י :ועלית (daselbst) das Gesetzesheiligtum, in dessen Räumen auch der oberste Gerichtshof seine Sitzung hatte, lag höher als alle Wohnörter des jüdischen Landes.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
וקמת ועלית THEN SHALT THOU RISE AND GO UP [UNTO THE PLACE WHICH THE LORD THY GOD SHALL CHOOSE] — This (the phrase “go up”) teaches that the Temple (in the vicinity of which the Sanhedrin sat) was situated higher than all other places in Palestine (Sifrei Devarim 152:15; Sanhedrin 87a). (cf. however, Ibn Ezra on Numbers 16:12.)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מלמד שהמקום גורם :אל המקום אשר יבחר ד׳ אלקיך בו (daselbst) der Ort selbst ist für die hier gegebene Bestimmung von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Wie Gott eine einzige Stätte erwählt hat, um dort das Zeugnis seiner Gesetzesoffenbarung niederzulegen, die Anforderungen und Konsequenzen dieses Gesetzes in symbolischen Darstellungen zu der Nation reden zu lassen und deren Hingebung an dieses Gesetz in symbolischen Handlungen entgegenzunehmen: so hat er auch dieselbe Stätte als die einzige Örtlichkeit bezeichnet, wo die höchste Gesetzesautorität für die konkrete Erkenntnis und Verwirklichung dieses seines Gesetzes ihren Sitz haben soll, also, dass die symbolische und konkrete Zentralstelle des Gesetzes nur eine sei. Man kann sagen: was die בגדי כהונה für den Priester sind, das ist die לשכת הגזית für das סנהדרין. Nur auf dem Boden des Gesetzesheiligtums in der dem Altar zur Seite ihm eingeräumten Halle ist auch das Sanhedrin, dieses aus der geistigen Elite der Nation bestehende höchste Gesetzeskollegium, mit der Fülle seiner Attribute bekleidet, also, dass nur so lange es dort seinen Sitz hat, ihm sowohl, als seinen in die Städte des Landes delegierten Gerichtshöfen das Urteil über Leben und Tod, דיני נפשות, zusteht, und ebenso, nur wenn dem in Folgendem besprochenen Funktionär die Entscheidung des Sanhedrin von dieser Stätte aus erfolgt war, sein Zuwiderhandeln das Leben verwirkt (Sanhedrin 14 b; Aboda Sara 8 b ׳רשי und תוספו׳ (daselbst); — vergl. Wajikra S. 74 f.)
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
הכהנים הלוים [AND THOU SHALT COME UNTO] THE PRIESTS THE LEVITES — i.e. unto the priests, who descend from of the tribe of Levi.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
ודרשת והגידו לך, "and you shall enquire and they will tell you, etc." It is up to you to make these enquiries, i.e. to find out (from the Supreme Court) why the judges ruled as they did. On the other hand, the judges of the Supreme Court are obligated to explain their ruling to you once you ask them. If you did not ask for the Supreme Court to tell you their reasons they are not under any obligation to volunteer it.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
Even if he is not comparable to other judges. Rashi is answering the question: Is it then possible for a person to go to a judge who is not [officiating] “during those days?” Rather, it comes to teach “even if he is not comparable,” etc.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 9. ובאת אל הכהנים הלויים ואל השופט. Der zum vorigen Verse besprochene innige Zusammenhang des Sanhedrin mit dem Gesetzesheiligtum spricht sich auch hier in dieser Zusammenstellung der Priester und des Gerichtshofes aus (siehe Sanhedrin 52 b). Es ist ein und dasselbe Ziel, eine und dieselbe Lebenswahrheit, welcher beide dienen (vergl. V. 21 und Schmot 20, 22). Der authentische Text der Gesetzesschrift, תורה שבכתב, ruhte unter Obhut der Priester neben dem Gesetzeszeugnis (Kap. 31, 25, 26 und Kap. 17. 18), wie das Sanhedrin der erste Inhaber der Gesetzestradition, תורה שבעל פה, war, und wenn gleich, wie aus Wajikra 4, 3 mit Evidenz erhellt, dem Priester, auch dem Hohepriester als solchem keinerlei Gesetzesautorität innewohnt, er vielmehr der Gesetzeslehre gegenüber dem letzten im Volke gleichsteht — war ja auch das erste Sanhedrin, das von Mosche sich zur Seite eingesetzte Siebzigerkollegium, unterschiedlos aus allen Stämmen gewählt (Bamidbar 11. 16), — so war es doch, wie ebenfalls dort bemerkt und sich hier als Voraussetzung ergibt, bei vorhandener Tüchtigkeit Mizwa auch Aharoniden im Sanhedrinkollegium zu haben. Werden doch wohl eben hier und V. 18 die כהנים nach ihrer Stammeshörigkeit הכהנים הלויים genannt, um nicht sowohl ihren besonderen Priestercharakter, als ihren Stammescharakter hervorzuheben, der sich in unerschrockener praktischer Vertretung des Gesetzes bewährt, ein Geist, dessen stetes Vorhandensein im höchsten Gesetzeskollegium gewiß zu dem Wünschenswerten gehörte. Ezechiel 44. 15 werden die כהנים בני צדוק, die sich mitten in den Verirrungen der Nation als standhafte Wächter des Gesetzesheiligtums bewährt hatten, אשר שמרו משמרת מקדשי בתעות בני ישראל מעלי, "Leviten" genannt: והכהנים הלוים בני צדוק, und wird Jebamot 86 b und sonst dies als die klassische Stelle zum Erweis aufgeführt, dass כהנים auch לוים genannt werden, בעשרים וארבע מקומות נקראו כהנים לוים וזה אחד מהם וגו׳ (vergl. Wajikra zu Kap. 4, 3).
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Chizkuni
ובאת אל הכהן, “and you come to the priest, etc.” This verse is a clear example to the scholars who maintain that the written Torah was to be interpreted literally and that there is no parallel oral Torah. If there were no such oral Torah, the most competent scholars of which reside in Jerusalem, what would be the point of travelling to Jerusalem for clarification?
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
ואל השפט אשר יהיה בימים ההם [AND THOU SHALT COME UNTO THE PRIESTS …] AND UNTO THE JUDGE THAT SHALL BE IN THOSE DAYS — The last apparently redundant words suggest: and even though he is not as eminent as other judges that have been before him, you must obey him — you have none else but the judge that lives in your days (i.e. you are only concerned with him) (Rosh Hashanah 25b).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ואל השופט ist der Präses des obersten Gerichtshofes. So werden noch in den späteren Jahrhunderten in der Regel nur die Vorsitzenden der Gerichtshöfe, der נשיא oder אב בית דין allein genannt, und es wird stillschweigend darunter sein ganzes Kollegium mitverstanden.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ואל השופט אשר יהיה בימים ההם. Rosch Haschana 25 a wird an diesem Beisatz: אשר יהיה בימים ההם der Grundsatz gelehrt, dass eine jede Zeit den durch Gewissenhaftigkeit und Gesetzeskunde zur Gesetzeslehre befähigten zeitgenössischen Autoritäten Folge zu leisten habe, wenn dieselben gleich an geistiger und sittlicher Größe den Autoritäten der Vergangenheit nachstehen: וכי תעלה על דעתך, heißt es dort zu unserer Stelle, שאדם הולך אצל הדיין שלא היה בימיו הא אין לך לילך אלא אצל שופט שבימיך. Im ספרי lautet dieser Satz also: וכי תעלה על דעתך שאדם הולך אצל שופט שלא נמצא בימיו אלא מה ת׳׳ל אל השופט אשר יהיה בימים ההם אלא שופט שהוא כשר ומוחזק לך באותן הימים.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ודרשת. So Bereschit 25, 22. ׳דבר המשפט .ותלך לדרש את ד ist eben der entscheidende Ausspruch, über den man zweifelhaft war, כי יפלא ממך דבר למשפט (Vers 8).
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
The explanation is, obviously [he must obey] that selfsame ruling, but rather even other rulings that are based on that verdict, for many judgments branch from the detail of a single judgment.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 10. הגיד ,אשר יגידו .ועשית וגו׳, von נגד, ist der eigentliche Ausdruck für einen jeden Ausspruch, welcher dem andern etwas Tatsächliches zum Bewusstsein bringt. Es stellt etwas "objektiv" hin. Daher: Bericht von Geschehenem und Gesprochenem. Daher ebenso Ausdruck für Offenbarung: ויגד לכם את בריתו (Kap. 4, 13), מגיד דברו ליעקב Ps. 147, 19) wie für Überlieferung) שאל אביך ויגדך (Kap. 32, 7). Daher auch V. 9 der allgemeine Ausdruck für die vom höchsten Gesetzestribunal ergehende Entscheidung. Mag diese Entscheidung auf Überlieferung, Folgerung oder Anordnung beruhen. Sie ist für die ganze Nation und deren Gesetzesfunktionäre eine הגדה, ein objektiv hinausgegebener Ausspruch, der für Lehre und Praxis fortan als Gesetzesfaktum zu Grunde zu legen ist. Diese Verpflichtung zur unverbrüchlichen Befolgung der auf Anfrage von dem höchsten Tribunal erfließenden Entscheidung ist in diesem (V. 10) ausgesprochen, und zwar ist diese Entscheidung nach der Quelle, aus welcher sie geschöpft sein kann, zwiefach charakterisiert, als הגדה im engeren Sinne und הגדה .הוראה im engeren Sinne: Tradition. Dein Zweifel war entstanden, weil dir ein der mündlichen Tradition angehöriges Gesetzesfaktum, eine הלכה למשה מסיני, entgangen war. Das ב׳׳ד הגדול ergänzt dir die Tradition: יגידו לך מן המקום ההוא. Oder ihre Entscheidung ist eine הוראה: eine vermittelst der vom Gesetzgeber für die Auffassung und Forschung seines Gesetzes sanktionierten hermeneutischen Regeln, י׳׳ג מדות שהתורה נדרשת בהן vollzogene Folgerung, oder eine zur praktischen Aufrechthaltung des Gesetzes getroffene Anordnung, beides im Gegensatz zur הגדה, zur reinen Tradition, ein Resultat reproduzierender oder produzierender Geistesoperation, somit אשר יורוך ,הוראה. Für das eine wie für das andere ergeht die Verpflichtung ועשית וגו׳ ושמרת לעשות, mit verstärktem Nachdruck für ושמרת לעשות :הוראה, je mehr bei der הוראה doch eine menschliche Geistestätigkeit schöpferisch mitwirkt.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
ימין ושמאל [THOU SHALT NOT DEPART FROM THE WORD WHICH THEY SHALL TELL THEE] TO THE RIGHT NOR TO THE LEFT, even if he (the judge) tells you about what appears to you to be right that it is left, or about what appears to you to be left that it is right, you have to obey him; how much the more is this so if actually he tells you about what is evidently right that it is right and about what is left that it is left (cf. Sifrei Devarim 154:5).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
THOU SHALT NOT DEPART FROM THE WORD WHICH THEY SHALL TELL THEE, TO THE RIGHT NOR TO THE LEFT. “Even if he [the judge of the Great Sanhedrin] tells you of the right that it is the left, or about the left that it is the right [you must obey him].” This is Rashi’s language. The purport thereof is that even if you think in your heart that they are mistaken, and the matter is simple in your eyes just as you know [the difference] between your right hand and your left hand, you must still do as they command you. You are not to say: “How can I [permit myself to] eat this real forbidden fat, or execute this innocent man;” instead you are to say, “The Lord Who enjoined the commandments commanded that I perform all His commandments in accordance with all that they, who stand before Him in the place that He shall choose, teach me to do. He gave me the Torah as taught by them, even if they were to err.” Such was the case of Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabban Gamaliel [Rabbi Yehoshua being instructed by Rabban Gamaliel to come before him with his walking stick] on the Day of Atonement that occurred according to his reckoning.90Following the destruction of the Second Temple, the Sanhedrin was re-established in Jabneh under the presidency of Rabban Yochanan ben Zaccai (see above, Note 19). It happened that his successor Rabban Gamaliel, once accepted the testimony of two witnesses with regard to proclaiming the New Moon. Rabbi Yehoshua held that their evidence was invalid, and that the New Moon should be proclaimed a day later. Since the month was Tishri, the Day of Atonement [i.e., the tenth of Tishri] would fall a day later according to Rabbi Yehoshua than according to the reckoning of Rabban Gamaliel. When Rabbi Yehoshua refused to accept the opinion of his colleague, who, by virtue of his presidency of the Sanhedrin, had the authority to make the binding decision, Rabban Gamaliel sent to him, “I order you to come to me carrying your walking stick and your money on the day you reckon to be the Day of Atonement. The order caused Rabbi Yehoshua personal anguish because carrying is forbidden on the Day of Atonement. The affair ended with Rabbi Yehoshua obeying Rabban Gamaliel’s command. When Rabbi Yehoshua arrived, “Rabban Gamaliel stood up and kissed him on the head and said to him; ‘Come in peace, my master and my disciple’ — ‘my master’ in wisdom, and ‘my disciple’ because you accepted my words” (Rosh Hashanah 25a).
Now the need for this commandment is very great, for the Torah was given to us in written form and it is known that not all opinions concur on newly arising matters. Disagreements would thus increase and the one Torah would become many Torahs. Scripture, therefore, defined the law that we are to obey the Great Court that stands before G-d in the place that He chose in whatever they tell us with respect to the interpretation of the Torah, whether they received its interpretation by means of witness from witness until Moses [who heard it] from the mouth of the Almighty, or whether they said so based on the implication [of the written words] of the Torah or its intent. For it was subject to their judgment that He gave them the Torah even if it [the judgment] appears to you to exchange right for left. And surely you are obligated to think that they say “right” what is truly right, because G-d’s spirit is upon the ministers of His Sanctuary,91Ezekiel 45:4. and He forsaketh not His saints; they are preserved forever92Psalms 37:28. from error and stumbling. In the language of the Sifre:93Sifre, Shoftim 154. “Even if they show you before your own eyes that right is left and that left is right — obey them!”
Now the need for this commandment is very great, for the Torah was given to us in written form and it is known that not all opinions concur on newly arising matters. Disagreements would thus increase and the one Torah would become many Torahs. Scripture, therefore, defined the law that we are to obey the Great Court that stands before G-d in the place that He chose in whatever they tell us with respect to the interpretation of the Torah, whether they received its interpretation by means of witness from witness until Moses [who heard it] from the mouth of the Almighty, or whether they said so based on the implication [of the written words] of the Torah or its intent. For it was subject to their judgment that He gave them the Torah even if it [the judgment] appears to you to exchange right for left. And surely you are obligated to think that they say “right” what is truly right, because G-d’s spirit is upon the ministers of His Sanctuary,91Ezekiel 45:4. and He forsaketh not His saints; they are preserved forever92Psalms 37:28. from error and stumbling. In the language of the Sifre:93Sifre, Shoftim 154. “Even if they show you before your own eyes that right is left and that left is right — obey them!”
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Tur HaArokh
ימין או שמאל, “to the right or to the left.” Rashi says that even if the ruling is such that it appears what the man in the street knows to be right as being left, and vice versa, i.e. that you are convinced that the decision is flawed, you must accept their decision and conduct yourself in accordance with it. You cannot, because of your conscience, say that you refuse to eat a piece of חלב, fat tissue forbidden on pain of the Karet penalty, that you are certain is such in spite of the Supreme Court’s decision to the contrary. The following is how Nachmanides elaborates on the words of Rashi.
It was necessary for Moses to spell this out, seeing that the Torah was given to the people as a written document, and it is common knowledge that not a single letter in that document will ever be changed or tampered with. If it were possible to do that, we would soon have numerous such books, each claiming to be the original Torah. This is why in that same written Torah we needed to have a verse explaining the absolute authority of the leading scholars of the nation to interpret the Torah according to approved guidelines. It is not necessary for these Torah scholars to have received that particular piece of legislation, or interpretation, from Moses directly. Basically, Moses teaches that the Torah that will be taught to us after his death, will be taught to us on the basis of how these scholars understood and interpreted it. It is irrelevant if minor scholars, or learned individuals are convinced that the Supreme Court had erred in a specific ruling.
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Siftei Chakhamim
Even if he tells you that right is left, etc. It seems that Rashi means as follows: Even if he tells you that what you consider right is left and that what you consider left is right you should listen to him and blame the mistake not on him but on yourself, because Hashem always places His Spirit on those who serve in His sanctuary; and He guards them from any error so that only truth comes out from their mouths. You might ask: How does Rashi know to expound [the verse] this way? Perhaps [it should be understood] according to its obvious meaning that one should not deviate from that word either right or left! The answer is that since the “word” is an intellectual matter, right or left is not relevant to it. Therefore they expound what they expound.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 11. ׳ועשית וגו. Was V. 10 für einen einzelnen zur Entscheidung gebrachten Fall zur Pflicht gemacht ist, wird hier (V. 11) allgemein für die ganze Gesetzespraxis als bindende Verpflichtung ausgesprochen, und zwar in der bereits angedeuteten Dreiteiligkeit der gesetzeslehrenden Wirksamkeit des höchsten Tribunals: die Gesetzeserfüllung schützende und fördernde Anordnung von גזרות und תקנות, die eigentlichen תורות דרבנן אשר יורוך, zu denen die allgemeine Verpflichtung bereits wiederholt in dem שמירה-Gebote gegeben ist (siehe Schmot 23, 13 und Wajikra 18, 30); die von den traditionellen hermeneutischen מדות getragenen Resultate der Gesetzesforschung, המשפט אשר יאמרו לך; und endlich die Weiterüberlieferung der empfangenen Tradition, הדבר אשר יגידו לך; für alle drei fordert der Gesetzgeber gebietend und verbietend, תעשה ולא תסור, die unentwegte Befolgung, und hat damit allen Aussprüchen des ב׳׳ד הגדול in vorhinein eine die ganze Nation verpflichtende Gesetzessanktion erteilt. (Sifri und Rambam Hilchot Mamrim, 1, 2). Allen מצות דרבנן liegt somit eine ראוריתא-Verpflichtung zu Grunde, und ist das Zuwiderhandeln gegen eine rabbinische Verordnung nichts weniger als die Übertretung eines göttlichen Gebots und Verbots, weshalb wir ja auch vor der Erfüllung eines rabbinischen Gebotes: — אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו mit voller Befugnis sprechen (Schabbat 23 a). Es haben jedoch die Chachamim ihre Anordnungen scharf markiert und sie dadurch für die Klarstellung der Gesetzeskunde kenntlich von den דאוריתא-Gesetzen unterschieden, indem sie für dieselben in manchen Beziehungen eine leichtere Behandlung statuierten, so ,בשל ,ספק דאורי׳ לחומרא ספק דרבנן לקולא המינינהו דרבנן בדרבנן ,לא אתי דרבנן ומפיק דאוריתא ,גוזרין גזרה לגזרה ,סופרים הלך אחר המיקל usw. (siehe מגלת אסתר zu שורש ראשון ,ספר המצות). Und wenn sie gleich nach dem Gesetze befugt gewesen wären, ihre zum Schutze der Gesetzeserfüllung zu treffenden Anordnungen mit diktatorischer Rechtsverbindlichkeit hinauszugeben, so haben sie dies doch in der Regel nicht getan, haben vielmehr ihren Anordnungen erst dann volle Gesetzeskraft definitiv zuerteilt, wenn sie durch praktische Aufnahme in dem größten Teile der Nation die letzte Sanktion erhalten halten: פשט איסורו ברוב ישראל ,גזרו וקבלו (Aboda Sara 36 a u. b).
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
והאיש אשר יעשה בזדון, who deliberately hands down a ruling to be applied forthwith, which is against that handed down by the Supreme Court, ומת האיש ההוא, he is to be executed at the behest of the Supreme Court, and thereby all the people will hear about it and the absolute authority of the Sanhedrin will be preserved and the people will remain in awe of it.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
והאיש אשר יעשה בזדון, “and the man who will act deliberately contrary, etc.” the Torah refers to a judge, however competent, who after the Sanhedrin has ruled on a matter under dispute hands down a dissenting decision. The matter under dispute concerns violations for which the karet penalty applies if they were committed deliberately. Such a judge or elder is known as זקן ממרא, “a rebellious Elder.” He becomes guilty of the death penalty by asphyxiation.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 12. והאיש, spricht von dem Gesetzeslehrer, der (V. 8) veranlasst war, einen zwischen ihm und seinen Kollegen streitig gebliebenen Fall der Entscheidung des ב׳׳ד הגדול in der לשכת הגזית zu unterstellen. Wenn er die Entscheidung nicht adoptiert und fortfährt, nach seiner bisherigen Ansicht praktische Fälle dem vom ב׳׳ד הגדול erflossenen Urteil entgegen zu entscheiden, so hat er das Leben verwirkt, חזר לעירו שנה ולמד כדרך שהיה למד פטור ואם הורה לעשות חייב שנאמר והאיש אשר יעשה בזדון אינו חייב עד שיורה לעשות (Sanhedrin 86 b).
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Chizkuni
העומד לשרת, (to the priest) “the one who stands to minister;” the reason the Torah adds the word: העומד, is to teach that service in the Temple, or ritual service generally, must be performed while standing. (Sifri)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
לשרת ,אל הכהן העמד לשרת שם וגו׳ (siehe zu Schmot 28, 35). Es ist schon zu V. 9 bemerkt, wie der Singular das ganze Gerichtskollegium als durch den Vorsitzenden repräsentiert begreift. Es ist auch dort bereits bemerkt, dass die Anwesenheit von כהנים in dem Kollegium des ב׳׳ד הגדול wünschenswert, wenngleich nicht notwendig war. Hier ist nun die zwiefache Möglichkeit vorausgesetzt: entweder, dass der Vorsitzende des Kollegiums ein כהן sei, der zugleich ׳עומד לשרת שם וגו, oder ein Nichtkohen, der dem זקן ממרא nur in der Eigenschaft als Vorsitzender des Richterkollegiums gegenüber stände. Im ersten Falle würde schon in der Persönlichkeit des Vorsitzenden, der ihm den Spruch des Kollegiums zu verkünden hatte, der tief innige Zusammenhang der Gesetzeshandhabung mit dem Dienst des Gesetzesheiligtums in höchster Prägnanz entgegen getreten sein, der ihm im zweiten Fall nur durch die Örtlichkeit gegenwärtig war. Der Begriff: שרת, unter welchen der Dienst des כהן am Heiligtum gefasst wird, spricht ja für dessen Diensthandlungen die Bedeutung aus, dass durch sie die Gestaltung zum Ausdruck kommt, welche alle Einzeln- und Gesamtverhältnisse der Nation gewinnen sollen, um dem göttlichen Wohlgefallen zu entsprechen, und in dem Dienste der konkreten Verwirklichung dieser Gestaltung steht die Handhabung des Gesetzes. Das jüdische Gesetz mit allen seinen Normen für das individuelle und soziale Leben steht nicht im Dienste irgend einer menschlich gewonnenen Rechts- oder Zweckmäßigkeitsidee. Es ist die Verwirklichung des göttlichen Willens auf Erden, wie dieser in den schriftlichen Grundzügen des Gesetzes, dem das Heiligtum erbaut ist, niedergelegt und in weiterer Ausführung durch die mündliche Überlieferung zum Ausspruch kommt, in dessen Dienst das Gesetz und dessen Handhabung steht, und es ist derselbe gesetzgebende Gotteswille, welcher den Entscheidungsausspruch seines jedesmaligen auf dem Boden seines Heiligtums versammelten höchsten Gesetzeskollegiums als allein massgebend für die praktische Verwirklichung seines Gesetzes sanktioniert. In der Ausführung dieses Entscheidungsausspruchs wird dem göttlichen Willen und Wohlgefallen für die praktische Gestaltung unserer Verhältnisse auf Erden entsprochen, und jedes praktische Zuwiderhandeln gegen diesen Ausspruch — wäre er selbst an sich irrig — handelt dem göttlichen zuwider. Es ist damit keineswegs dem höchsten Tribunal eine objektive Unfehlbarkeit vindiziert. Aber es ist Gottes, unseres Gesetzgebers Wille, dass sein Gesetz nach dessen Ausspruch zur Verwirklichung komme. Das spricht die Bedingung: אשר יגידו לך מן המקום ההוא (V. 10) aus, und darum ist nicht ein theoretischer Widerspruch, sondern eine praktischen Ungehorsam provozierende Gesetzesentscheidung das todeswürdige Verbrechen. Ausdrücklich erläutert ספרי zum vorigen Verse: לא תסור וגו׳ ימין ושמאל אפי׳ מראים בעיניך על שמאל שהוא ימין ועל ימין שהוא שמאל שמע להם.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
וכל העם ישמעו AND ALL THE PEOPLE SHALL HEAR [AND FEAR] — From here we derive the law that they wait for him (i.e. defer the execution of a זקן ממרא, an elder who disregards the decision of the Supreme Court, to whom Scripture refers in v. 12 by the words והאיש אשר יעשה בזדון) until the next festival (when all Israel is assembled in Jerusalem) and they put him to death at the season of the festival (Sanhedrin 89a).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
וכל העם ישמעו וייראו, ”and all the people shall hear and be in awe,” at a time when all the people are present in Jerusalem, i.e. one waits with the trial until one of the pilgrimage festivals (Sanhedrin 89).
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Siftei Chakhamim
From here it is derived that we wait with him until the festival, etc. You might ask: What is the difference here that Rashi explains, “From here it is derived that we wait with him until the festival etc,” whereas regarding the wayward and rebellious son (later 21:21) Rashi explains, “‘Let all Yisroel hear and be fearful,’ from here [we derive] that there must be a proclamation at the courthouse, etc.,” see there. Re”m discusses this at length and writes in the end: But you might ask that here we derive from “Let all the people hear and fear” that one needs waiting and a proclamation, whereas regarding the wayward and rebellious son they derive from the verse, “Let all Yisroel, etc.,” only that there must be a proclamation without [requiring] waiting? Furthermore, from where do we derive here [the requirement of] waiting? It is written here, “Let all the people see and fear”? It is written “hear and fear,” which indicates only hearing. Research this in the commentaries.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 13. ׳וכל העם ישמעו וגו (siehe zu Kap. 13, 12). Beim מסית heißt es ולא יוספו לעשות כדבר הרע הזה, ebenso bei עדים זוממין (Kap. 19, 20), ולא יספו לעשות עוד כדבר הרע הזה. Hier aber bei זקן ממרא und bei בן סורר ומורה (Kap. 21, 21) heißt es nicht ׳ולא יספו לעשות וגו, sondern: וכל העם ישמעו ,וכל ישראל ישמעו ויראו ויראו ולא יזידון עוד. Es wird nämlich, wie ר׳׳ן zu Sanhedrin 89 a erläutert, bei diesen beiden durch die größtmögliche Publizität des Urteils und der Strafvollziehung nicht einer Wiederholung desselben Verbrechens, עשות דבר הרע הזה, entgegen zu wirken beabsichtigt. Ist doch zur Verübung dieser Verbrechen selbst nur selten und wenigen im Volke Gelegenheit gegeben. Das wirkliche בן סורר ומורה-Verbrechen beschränkt sich auf die ersten drei Monate nach erlangter Pubertät (siehe Kap. 21, 18): um das זקן ממרא-Verbrechen zu begehen, muss man eben ein ראוי להוראה ,זקן, sein. Nicht daher Verhütung der gleichen Verbrechen ist bei beiden Motiv der größten Öffentlichkeit, sondern dem Ernst der Erziehung und des Elterngehorsams, sowie des Gehorsams gegen das überlieferte Gesetz und dessen Träger im allgemeinen soll durch diese abschreckenden Beispiele Vorschub geleistet werden. וכן ענין זקן ממרא הוא כדי שידעו כל העם כח הקבלה מתורתנו הקדושה וכל החולק עליה אפילו המופלא שבב׳׳ד כיון שהרבים חולקים עליו יש לו לחזור בדבריו ולהורות בדבריהם כדי שלא ירבה מחלוקות בישראל והיינו דלא כתיב גבי זקן ולא יוסיפו לעשות בדבר הזה שאין החשש מפני זקנים אחרים שימרו אלא כתיב ולא יזידון (ר׳׳ן daselbst) עוד ר׳׳ל שלא יבא שום אדם לחלוק על הקבלה האמיתית.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Obgleich die gebietende und verbietende Verpflichtung zum abweichungslosen Gehorsam gegen die Aussprüche des ב׳׳ד הגדול (Verse 10 u. 11) durchaus allgemein ist, so zieht doch nur ein bestimmter praktischer Widerspruch die Todesstrafe nach sich, und ist darin (Sanhedrin 87 u. 88) die Halacha nicht ganz entschieden, ob nur ein widerspruchsvolles Zuwiderhandeln hinsichtlich solcher Verbote שזדונם כרת ושגגתן חטאת oder die doch zu solchen כרת-Übertretungen führen können, die Strafbarkeit des זקן ממרא bedingt, oder es nur wesentlich ist: עד דאיכא תורה ויורוך, d. h. dass es ein Verbot betrifft, שעיקרו מדברי תורה ופירושו מדברי סופרים, das seinem Hauptinhalte nach in dem schriftlichen Gesetze niedergelegt ist, seine näheren Bestimmungen aber durch die mündliche Überlieferung erhält. Da ferner das Verbrechen eine Begehungssünde, nicht eine Unterlassungssünde sein muss, — es heißt: אשר יעשה בזדון — so kann dies in der Regel nur die Übertretung eines Verbots sein, und findet das Problem, dass ein Gebot, מצות עשה, durch eine Begehung zur Unterlassung kommt, nur durch Übertretung des sich auf die Erfüllung von Geboten beziehenden, Verbots: לא תוסיף (siehe zu Kap. 4, 2) eine Lösung, indem durch willkürliche Vermehrung der Mizwabestandteile die Mizwa selbst ihre gesetzliche Geltung einbüßt דבר שעיקרו מדברי תורה ופירושו מדברי סופרים ויש בו להוסיף ואם הוסיף גורע, wie dies dort in תפלין nachgewiesen wird, die durch Hinzufügung noch eines fünften בית zu den von der Überlieferung gelehrten vier בתים ihre gesetzliche Geltung verlören. (Siehe übrigens רמב׳׳ם und רא׳ב׳ד zu 4 הל׳ ממרים und ר׳׳ן zu Sanhedrin daselbst).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND THOU SHALT SAY: ‘I WILL SET A KING OVER ME.’ In the opinion of our Rabbis94Sanhedrin 20b. [who say that “The Israelites were obliged to fulfill three commandments upon their entry into the Land: to appoint a king etc.”] this verse is like “and thou shalt surely say ‘I will set a king over me.’” This is a positive commandment,95See “The Commandments,” Vol. I, pp. 182-183. for He has obligated us to say so after conquering and settling [in the Land]. The expression is similar to and thou shalt make a parapet for thy roof96Further, 22:8. [which is also a matter of obligation and not one of choice], and other verses besides these. He mentioned and thou shalt say because it is commanded that the people come before the priests of the tribe of Levi, and to the judge and say to them, “It is our wish that we set a king over us.”
It is my further opinion that this is also one of his [Moses’] allusions to future events, for so it happened when the people asked for Saul, saying to Samuel, Now make us a king to judge us like all nations,97I Samuel 8:5. and similarly it is written there, that we also may be like all the nations, and that our king may judge us etc.98Ibid., Verse 20. For what reason is there that the Torah should say in connection with a commandment [‘I will set a king over me] like all the nations that are round about me’ when it is not proper for Israel to learn their ways99Jeremiah 10:2: Learn not the way of the nations. and neither be envious against the workers of evil.100Psalms 37:1. But this is an allusion to what will be, and therefore the section is written in an intermediate tense [and not in the form of a command] as I have already explained.101Above, 4:25; 7:22.
It is my further opinion that this is also one of his [Moses’] allusions to future events, for so it happened when the people asked for Saul, saying to Samuel, Now make us a king to judge us like all nations,97I Samuel 8:5. and similarly it is written there, that we also may be like all the nations, and that our king may judge us etc.98Ibid., Verse 20. For what reason is there that the Torah should say in connection with a commandment [‘I will set a king over me] like all the nations that are round about me’ when it is not proper for Israel to learn their ways99Jeremiah 10:2: Learn not the way of the nations. and neither be envious against the workers of evil.100Psalms 37:1. But this is an allusion to what will be, and therefore the section is written in an intermediate tense [and not in the form of a command] as I have already explained.101Above, 4:25; 7:22.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
אשימה עלי מלך ככל הגויים, a monarch whose authority will be transferred from him to his biological heir after his death throughout the generations. This is quite different from judges, each of whom is appointed for his lifetime, with his heirs having absolutely no claim to succeed their father. The people were commanded to appoint such a hereditary position of king after they had conquered and settled in the land of Israel, the principal reason being to ensure that the Jewish people would not be like a flock without a shepherd, (Moses’ words in Numbers 27,17.) The fact is that G’d disapproved of a hereditary type of monarchy such as is customary among the gentile nations, so that He stipulated that if the people insisted on appointing a king who would start a dynasty, the initial king had to be approved not only by the people but by G’d’s representative on G’d’s behalf, as we know from Samuel I 8,18. The restrictions in appointing the original king were designed to ensure that such a king could not lead the people away from G’d’s Torah; on the contrary, they are meant for the people to see in him a shining example of Torah-observance, which in turn would inspire their own piety. Seeing that when the people asked Samuel for a king their purpose was far from what the Torah had legislated having a king for, the people were suitably punished as per the verse in Samuel I 8,18 that we referred to earlier. The prophet Hoseah 13,11 describes G’d granting the people’s wish as stemming from the fact that He was angry at them. Summing up, we may view the permission to appoint a king as being in the same category as the permission for a soldier to marry a physically attractive prisoner of war. G’d, the master psychologist, knows that sometimes in order to become wise enough to appreciate the Torah’s prohibitions, an individual, or even a whole nation, must find this out by having chosen in their own wisdom to ignore the Torah’s preferences. David’s experiences with his son Avshalom, born to such a prisoner of war whom he married because he was initially physically attracted to her, bears this out. In fact, his experience with his son Adoniah was not much better. (compare Tanchuma Ki Teytze, section 1).
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
בי תבא..ואמרת..שום תשים עליך מלך. "When you come to the land…and you will say..l want to appoint a king,…appoint a king over yourself, etc." The wording: "when you come and you will say, etc." shows that G'd did not decree that the people have to appoint a king for themselves. If they want to, however, the Torah gives them the right to do so. The repetition of שום תשים at the end of the verse appears to suggest that it is indeed a positive commandment to appoint a king. Are we faced with a contradiction here?
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Haamek Davar on Deuteronomy
And you shall say, etc.: The explanation of "saying" [here] is not like its simple meaning, but rather like [its] usage in the phrase (Deuteronomy 12:20), “and you shall say,' I want to eat meat'” and in similar [instances]. However according to this usage, it is implied that this is not an absolute commandment to appoint a king, but rather optional, as in the case of “and you shall say, 'I want to eat meat,' etc.” And behold it is known in the words of the sages, may their memory be blessed, that it is a commandment to appoint a king. But, if so, why is it written, "and you shall say, etc.?" And it appears that it is because the government of a state depends upon whether it is run according to the opinion of a monarchy or according to the opinion of the people and its representatives: and there are states that cannot support the opinion of the monarchy and there are states that without a king are like a ship without a captain. And [so] such a thing cannot be done according to the coercion of a positive commandment, since a matter that is relevant to the government of the public touches upon mortal danger (sakanat nefashot) which pushes off a positive commandment. For this reason, it is impossible to absolutely command the appointment of king so long as it is without the consent of the people to support the yoke of the king as a result of their seeing states around them functioning more properly [with a king]. And then [only when they do so] is it a positive commandment for the Sanhedrin to appoint a king. And behold, it is certainly impossible to explain that there is no positive commandment here at all, but rather it is like, “and you shall say, 'I want to eat meat,' etc. and you shall slaughter from your cattle, etc.” which is only a negative commandment that comes out of a positive [statement], not to eat without ritual slaughter (shechita); [and that] here too, we would say that this is its explanation - "Surely place upon yourself a king that He will choose, etc., you may not, etc.," [meaning] specifically "that He will choose." But it is impossible to explain like this, as if so, what is it saying, "and you will possess and you will settle" and not before? Behold, even before the possession, it is permitted to [establish] a king, as behold, Yehoshua was like a king, as is written by Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 1:3 and 3:8, see there, and Sanhedrin 19. But rather perforce, it is a commandment; yet regardless the Sanhedrin is is not commanded [to act upon it] until the people say that they want the administration of a king. And it is for this reason that for all of three hundred years, while the Tabernacle was in Shilo, there was no king; because it was lacking the people’s agreement.
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Tur HaArokh
ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך, “and you will say: “I will appoint a king as ruler over myself;” Nachmanides writes that according to the opinion of our sages (Sanhedrin 20) what sounds here as optional, depending on vox populi, is in fact one of the basic 613 commandments. It is one of the three commandments that would not become operational until after the people were firmly established in the land. In that respect it is similar to the legislation about making a railing on top of the roof of your house, (Deut. 22,80) a commandment that can also not be fulfilled until the conditions are ripe. The reason why Moses prefaces this commandment with the words: ואמרת, “when you will say,” is that the request to appoint a king must originate with the people, and they in turn have to submit it to the ruling authority at that time, the High Court. Nachmanides sees in this verse an allusion to future developments, when the people came to the prophet Samuel and requested that he appoint a king over them. (Samuel I chapter 8)
[The fact that such a request for central government did not surface for well over 400 years after Joshua’s conquest of the land, says something about the traditional disinclination of the Jewish people to be governed. Ed.]
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Rabbeinu Bahya
ככל הגוים אשר סביבותי, ‘like all the nations around me.” The reason for the word סביבותי, “surrounding me,” is that seeing the land of Israel straddles the “middle” line of the terrestrial, lower world, this means that all the other nations are situated all around that nation. We find a verse expressing a similar thought describing “Jerusalem as amid the nations I have placed it and the nations are all around it” (Ezekiel 5,5). If this is correct then the Jewish nation dwells literally surrounded by the seventy nations which populate the globe. This is why the Torah wrote here ”like all the nations around me.” David also employs such wording in Psalms 118,10: ”all the nations who are around me (threateningly), by the name of the Lord, I will cut them down.” This refers to the fact that both on earth and in the celestial regions Israel is located centrally, surrounded in those regions by the seventy protective angels of those nations who flank the כנסת ישראל from all sides. This reflects a statement by Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer chapter 24 that G’d invited the 70 ministering angels which surround His throne to confuse the language of the various nations. This is the vision (Kings I 22,19) described by the prophet Michayu: “I saw the Lord seated on His throne with all the host of the heaven standing around Him to the right and to the left of Him.” This was a reference to these 70 angels who represent the nations of the world. The ones on the right of the throne represent celestial forces who cite Israel’s merits whereas the ones on the left are perceived as citing demerits. Psalms 89,8 reflects a similar thought when David says: “held in awe all around Him.” Keeping all this in mind David said in Psalms 118, 8-10: “it is better to put one’s trust in the Lord rather than in man; it is better to take refuge in the Lord rather than in the great; all the nations which surround me have beset me; etc.“ The nations besetting me” are these seventy Gentile nations. G’d will cut them all down, i.e. "“in the name of the Lord I will cut them down.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 14. כי תבא וגו׳. Die Tendenz der vorhergehenden Gesetzesbestimmung war, die Integrität der Gesetzeserfüllung gegen etwaige Pflichtverkennung einer Gesetzesautorität sicher zu stellen. Daran schließt sich die fernere Sicherstellung des Gesetzes gegen etwaige Pflichtverkennung eines mit königlicher Machtvollkommenheit bekleideten Mannes im Volke. Bereits Wajikra 4, 22 f. setzt das eine Verirrung des נשיא zu sühnen bestimmte Opfer das normale Vorhandensein eines Königs in Israel voraus, und haben wir aus diesem Opfer und dessen Vergleichung mit den Sühnopfern des Hohenpriesters und des höchsten Gerichtstribunals die Stellung des jüdischen Königs im Einklange mit den in unserem Kapitel enthaltenen Bestimmungen erkannt (siehe daselbst). Wenn du zu dem Lande, "welches Gott, dein Gott, dir gibt, gekommen sein wirst und hast es in Besitz genommen und wohnst darin —", diese das Königskapitel einleitenden Worte sprechen in vorhinein unzweideutig aus, dass nicht zur Eroberung des Landes und nicht zur Sicherstellung des Besitzes desselben, also überhaupt nicht zu einer Machtentfaltung nach außen, die Bestimmung des jüdischen Königs sein soll. Es ist Gott, der Israel das Land gibt, Gott, unter dessen Beistand es das Land erobert und unter dessen Schutz sicher darin wohnt, wie dieser allein ausreichende Beistand, Schutz und Segen Israel wiederholt und wiederholt im Gesetze zugesichert ist, und auch von Mosche in seinen die Eroberung des Landes vorbereitenden Ermahnungen wieder und wieder hervorgehoben worden. Dazu bedarf Israel keiner Königsmacht, dazu hat Israel nur "Israel" zu sein, hat sich nur als das pflichtgetreue Volk des göttlichen Gesetzes zu bewähren, hat nur den sittlichen Sieg über sich selber zu vollbringen, um des Sieges über alle feindlich entgegenstehende Macht von außen gewiss zu sein. Prägnant spricht ספרי dies mit einem erläuternden Worte zu unserer Stelle aus: אשר ד׳ אלקיך נותן לך ,בזכותך, Gott, gibt das Land dir, zu dessen Gewinnung bedarfst du keines Königs, brauchst du nur dich, dein eigenes Selbst. In der Tat spricht auch die Halacha die Einsetzung eines Königs, als erst nach vollendeter Eroberung und Besitznahme des Landes, לאחר ירושה וישיבה geboten aus (Kiduschin 37 b) und weist dort ausdrücklich die Präsumtion zurück, als sei kriegerische Eroberungsmacht Zweck des jüdischen Königtums (siehe daselbst).
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Haamek Davar on Deuteronomy
"Like all the nations that are around me": This is not discussing laws (mishpatim), since it is forbidden for us to go away from the laws of the Torah. And about this was the Holy One, blessed be He, upset with the Jews in the days of Shmuel, when they said, "'and our king will judge us like all of the nations, etc.'" And [it is] also not [concerning] the matter of war with the nations of the world, since also [about] this did the Holy One, blessed be He, get upset: And he said to Shmuel that (I Samuel 8:7), "'not with you did they get sick but rather with My being king over them have they gotten sick'" - the explanation [is that] they did not intend [it] concerning the matter of laws that concern Shmuel, but rather regarding the matter of war; as throughout the days of the Judges they were without a permanent supervisor for the needs of the group regarding the matter of war with the nations of the world, [but it was only addressed] when the word of God came through the Judge; and they wanted that a king should supervise this, and about this did the Holy One, blessed be He, get upset. But rather the explanation of our verse, "'like all the nations that are around me'" is concerning the administration of the state, and as I have written (above): that in regards to this, there are different opinions among people as to which (form of government) functions better. And because of that, the agreement of the state is required; that they say, "'I will surely, etc.'"
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
It appears to us that the best way to understand the wording of the verse is as follows. There may be two reasons why the people want to appoint a king. 1) They want a king with superior intelligence in whose ability to conduct wars successfully they have confidence. They want him to be able to compete successfully with the bravery, etc., of Gentile kings. This is something G'd mightily disapproves of. The reason for this is that the kings of the Gentile nations are not motivated by what is right but merely what appears expedient, even if objectively speaking their undertakings are not even useful in the long run. Not only that, but they do not trust in G'd but in their own prowess. The second reason for Israelites wanting a king is that they want their king to represent the glory of Israel, G'd's people. They want the king to be the kind of person on whose account (merits) G'd will make the whole nation successful in its undertakings. G'd had done so repeatedly in the days of the Judges when the merit of the individual judge ensured that G'd would grant him victory over enemies who were (or appeared) much stronger. King David too enjoyed success all the time becaue he merited G'd's personal assistance. The request to appoint this kind of king is one which G'd approves of.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wenn es nun gleichwohl hier heißt: ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך בכל הגוים אשר סביבתי, dass nach vollendeter Eroberung des Landes und bei ruhigem Besitze desselben sich das Bedürfnis nach einem königlichen Oberhaupte fühlbar machen werde, und die Befriedigung dieses Bedürfnisses nicht nur gestattet, sondern nach der Halacha (Sanhedrin 20 b) geradezu geboten wird, also, dass offenbar das Gebot der Einsetzung eines Königs, das שום תשים עליך מלך, nur auf die Kundgebung dieses Bedürfnisses wartet, damit von dem Gefühle dieses Bedürfnisses aus die Institution eines Königs die rechte Würdigung finde und nicht als eine oktroierte Einbuße von Selbständigkeit betrachtet werde: so kann dieses Bedürfnis ja nichts anderes als die Sicherstellung des einzigen Momentes im Auge haben, von welchem die Fortdauer des Gottesschutzes und Segens bedingt ist, nichts anderes bezwecken wollen, als Israel zu "Israel", zu dem pflichtgetreuen Volke des Gottesgesetzes zu machen. Die Beifügung: בכל הגוים אשר סביבתי wäre demnach zweifelsohne nur also zu fassen: wie alle Völker die Einigung aller nationalen Kräfte für die höchste nationale Wohlfahrt, die ihnen in Entfaltung einer möglichst großen Macht nach außen besteht, nur durch Unterordnung unter ein Oberhaupt erreichen, dem für diesen Zweck alle nationale Kraft zu Gebote gestellt ist, so wirst du das Bedürfnis fühlen, deine Einigung für deine höchste nationale Wohlfahrt, die dir aber nur in möglichst vollendeter Verwirklichung des göttlichen Gesetzes im Innern besteht, durch Unterordnung unter ein Oberhaupt zu gewinnen, das selber als erster gesetzestreuer Jude in dem sittlichen Adel dieser Gesetzestreue mustergültig voranleuchtet, mit dem Geiste dieser deiner Bestimmung erfüllt, diesem Geiste alle Geister und Herzen in Erkenntnis, Gesinnung, Wort und Tat zu gewinnen und allem diesem Geiste sich Entfremdenden mit der Macht seines Wortes, seines Beispiels und seines Ansehens entgegen zu treten hat, und dem du für diesen vorkämpfenden Schutz deiner nationalen Bestimmung in deinem Innern alle deine Kräfte zur Verfügung stellst. Wie sehr dies die eigentliche Bestimmung des jüdischen Königs sein sollte, wie sehr durch ihn der mit der Dezentralisierung drohenden Gefahr der Entfremdung und Entfernung der vereinzelten nationalen Teile von der einen sittlich nationalen Gesamtaufgabe entgegengewirkt werden sollte, das bekunden die Geschichtsbücher des jüdischen Verfalls durch die bei besonders hervortretenden Momenten desselben wie פסל מיכה und פלגש בגבעה wiederkehrende klagende Erläuterung: בימים ההם אין מלך בישראל איש הישר בעיניו יעשה (Richter 17, 6. 18, 1. 19, 1 und 21, 28).
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
This is why our verse commences with: "when you come to the land and you want to appoint a king over yourself to match what other nations are doing, etc." Clearly, here the Torah describes the first of the two scenarios we described for the Israelites wanting a king. This is the scenario, which, basically, G'd does not approve of. The verse concludes with the Torah encouraging us to appoint a king, i.e. שום תשים. This means that the prerequisite for the Israelites appointing a king is that G'd approves, i.e. אשר יבחר ה׳ אלוקיך (you consult the Supreme Court of 71 elders who in turn consult with a prophet as they are G'd's representatives). When a king is appointed on such a basis he cannot be compared to the kind of king Gentile nations appoint for themselves. Under such conditions we are entitled to understand the words שום תשים עליך מלך as a positive commandment. These words are simultaneously a positive commandment and a negative commandment not to appoint the wrong kind of king for the wrong reasons. Without these words I would have assumed that the appointment of a king with the powers of kings amongst Gentile nations was altogether forbidden. Even though the Torah also writes that a Jewish king is subject to being chosen by G'd, i.e. אשר יבחר ה׳ אלקיך, this would not have been enough to forbid the monarchy as a valid form of government in a Jewish state. Once the Torah wrote שום תשים, repeating the instruction, it was not worried that we would interpret the verse as merely offering us the monarchy as an option.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
In vollstem Gegensatz zu dieser ursprünglichen Bestimmung des jüdischen Königs stehen die Motive, aus welchen, und die Zwecke, für welche die erste Königswahl unter Samuel (Sam. 1, 8) geschah. Der Vorwurf in Samuels Rede ans Volk (daselbst 12,12): ותראו כי נחש מלך בני עמון בא עליכם ותאמרו לי לא כי מלך ימלך עלינו וד׳ אלדיכם מלככם lässt keinen Zweifel darüber zu, dass die Verteidigung gegen äußere Feinde, mit völliger Verkennung des nun in Gott ruhenden und von Gott zu erwartenden Landesschutzes, Motiv und Zweck dieser Königswahl gewesen. Sie wollten einen König nicht nur nach der Form, sondern im Sinne aller Völker, wie sich dies ja auch in der Forderung des Volkes (daselbst 8, 20) unzweideutig ausspricht: ויאמרו לא כי אם מלך יהיה עלינו וחיינו גם אנחנו ככל הגוים ושפטנו מלכנו ויצא לפנינו ונלחם את מלחמתנו, wo das durch das folgende ׳ויצא לפנינו וגו erklärte ושפטנו מלכנו entschieden nicht im Sinne der inneren Rechtshandhabung, sondern der Rechtsvertretung, der Verteidigung nach außen gemeint ist, in welchem Sinne ja alle die zur Verteidigung der Unabhängigkeit des jüdischen Landes und Volkes aufgestandenen Männer: שופטים genannt werden, und — שפט את ja überwiegend: jemandem zu seinem Recht verhelfen heißt, so: שפטו דל ויתום (Ps.82, 3), שפטני ד׳ כצדקי (daselbst 7, 9), יתום לא ישפטו (Jes.1, 23 ). כי שפטו ד׳ מכל אויביו (Sam. 11. 18, 18 u. 31) und sonst häufig. Das שימה לנו מלך לשפטנו בכל הגוים im Munde der זקני ישראל (Sam. I. 8, 5) ist daher wohl auch nur in diesem Sinne zu verstehen, oder es, haben die Ältesten der Nation in der Tat die Handhabung der inneren gesetzlichen Ordnung im Sinne gehabt, das Volk aber wollte entschieden einen König nur zur kriegerischen Verteidigungsmacht nach außen, wie dies (Sanhedrin 20 b) aufgefasst wird: זקנים שבדור כהוגן שאלו שנאמר תנה לנו מלך לשפטנו אבל עמי הארץ שבהן קלקלו שנאמר והיינו גם אנחנו בכל הגוים ושפטנו מלכנו .ויצא לפנינו
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
You will have noted that G'd was quite upset about Israel in the days of the prophet Samuel when the people demanded from the prophet that he would appoint a king who would rule over them. (Samuel I chapter 8). At first glance this appears quite out of step with what we have learned here. Why would G'd (or the prophet) have been upset if the permission to appoint a king was already solidly based on our passage in the Torah? When you consider what we have written you will have no difficulty understanding why G'd was angry at that time. The Torah had specifically commanded that the reason for establishing a monarchy should not be in order to become more like the Gentile nations; however, this was precisely what motivated the people who demanded that Samuel appoint a king over them. We are told in Samuel I 8,5 that the reason for demanding a king was inter alia לשפטנו ככל הגוים, "to judge us like all the other nations." It was the rationale for the request which angered G'd at that time. Had they asked for a king who would be guided first and foremeost by G'd's wishes, instead of because they hoped to increase their military clout once they had a king, they would have performed a positive commandment with their very request.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Für das in unserem Königskapitel besprochene erbliche Königtum war ja im eigentlichen Sinne die Zeit noch gar nicht gekommen. Die ausdrücklich gestellte Vorbedingung ירושה וישיבה war ja nur sehr unvollkommen erfüllt. Nicht vor vollendetem Eroberungswerk, nicht mit kriegerischem Lorbeer geschmückt sollte der erste jüdische Dynast den erblichen Königsthron besteigen. Die unter Gott und nur unter Gott in treuem Gottgehorsam geeinigte Nation sollte das Eroberungswerk vollbringen und das völlig eroberte Land unter Gottes leitender Anordnung verteilen. Daraus sollte der künftige jüdische König keinen Anspruch auf Macht huldigende Anerkennung für sich und seine Nachfolger herzuleiten vermögen. Erst wenn das ganze Land erobert und verteilt geworden und jeder sich auf seinem Acker fortan der für immer friedlichen Lösung der hohen jüdischen Lebensaufgabe hingegeben sehen würde, sollte, wie der symbolische Einigungspunkt im מקדש, so ein konkreter Träger dieser nationalen Einheit im Könige erstehen. Beiden Momenten sollte ja ירושה וישיבה vorangehen, und nur eine Schlacht sollte der für die Friedensarbeit der jüdischen Nation berufene König schlagen, die letzte vor dem מקדש-Bau, die Schlacht gegen Amalek (Sanhedrin 20 b), dann sollte nach dem jüdischen Königsideal sein Schwert für immer in der Scheide ruhen.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
We find a dispute in Sanhedrin 20 concerning the three commandments the Israelites were to fulfil after taking possession of their homeland. Rabbi Yehudah said the three were: 1) to appoint a king; 2) to exterminate the descendants of Amalek; 3) to construct a permanent Temple. Rabbi Nehorai claimed that our passage was written only as a response to people who would demand to be ruled over by a king, but that it does not constitute a positive commandment. Our comments are based on the viewpoint of Rabbi Yehudah and this is the halachah. Maimonides also rules like Rabbi Yehudah that appointment of a king is a positive commandment in chapter one of Hilchot Melachim. Nonetheless the viewpoint of Rabbi Nehorai deserves further examination. After all, the plain meaning of the words שום תשים עליך מלך is clearly a commandment and not merely an option.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Dies Ideal kam nicht zur Verwirklichung. Es gehört, wie das ganze Gottesgesetz, noch der Zukunft an.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Perhaps we can understand the situation as follows. If all of Israel were to be righteous, would not request a king, and would be content to let G'd be their only king as the prophet said in Samuel I 12,13, then G'd would be willing to act as its exclusive king. If, however, Israel had already reached the stage where they asked for a king other than G'd or in addition to G'd, then the commandment שום תשים would become applicable. This may be the reason the Torah did not commence the passage with the words שום תשים, but prefaced it with the words: "if you will say 'I want to appoint a king over myself.'" When you look at the two verses 14 +15 in this way you find that provided the conditions of the first verse have been met even Rabbi Nehorai could agree that the words שום תשים constitute a positive commandment.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Bedeutsam erläutert ספרי unseren Text: אשר ד׳ אלקיך נותן לך ־ בזכותך וירשת וישבת בה בשכר שתירש תשב das Land wird dir von Gott lediglich durch sittliches Verdienst, und du erlangst die dauernd gesicherte Niederlassung im Lande nur durch volle Erfüllung des Eroberungsgebotes. Beides war nicht geschehen. Die Eroberung blieb unvollendet, und viel zu früh ließen sich die Stämme von den Reizen der Niederlassung bestimmen, einen großen Teil der Bewohner mit ihren polytheistischen Anschauungen und Sitten neben sich im Lande wohnen und rasch ließen sie sich zum Selbsthinfall an dieses verlockende Unwesen verleiten. Der Moment der Königswahl unter Samuel war somit in Wahrheit noch verfrüht. Es hätte erst gegolten, das durch Samuel begonnene Werk der sittlichen Rückkehr zum Gottesgehorsam zu vollenden und damit den Gottesbeistand zu der noch zu vollbringenden Gesamtbesitznahme des Landes zu erzielen. Statt dessen glaubte das Volk, beides entraten und die sittliche Besserung, sowie den Gottesbeistand durch ein erbliches kriegerisches Oberhaupt, wie alle Völker umher, ersetzen zu können, und darin lag das Vergehen. Das glauben wir denn auch sei der Sinn der Worte Rabbi Jehudas im Sifri: והלא מצוה מן התורה היא לשאול להם מלך שנאמר שום תשים עליך מלך אשר יבחר ד׳ אלקיך בו ולמה נענשו בימי שמואל לפי שהקדימו על ידם. Der Fehler lag in der Verfrühung der Königswahl. Sie forderten einen König in einer Zeit, die noch erst die Sicherstellung des Landesbesitzes heischte und forderten ihn daher "zu früh in ihrem (vermeintlichen) materiellen Interesse"
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
על ידם wie: קוצץ אדם על ידי עצמו ע׳׳י בנו ובתו הגדולים usw. (B. M. 93 a) ׳השוקל על ידי כהן וכו השוקל על ידי עני וכו׳ (Schekalim l, 6 u.7) und sonst. Das ככל הגוים אשר סביבותי, welches die Kommentare zum ספרי hinauf zu על ידם lesen, gehört offenbar hinunter und leitet einen neuen Erläuterungssatz ein. Es fehlt auch in der תוספתא zu Sanhedrin (Kapitel VI), wo dieser Ausspruch des ר׳ יהודא gebracht wird, und in der ספרי-Ausgabe mit הגהות הגר׳׳א ווילנא ist auch die Interpunktion unserer Auffassung gemäß.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wenn nun Sam. I. 8, 11 f. das Königsrecht, משפט המלך, als eine absolute Gewalt über Personen und Güter des Volkes geschildert wird, und, obgleich offenbar diese Schilderung die Absicht hatte, das Volk von der Wahl eines solchen Königs zurückzuschrecken, was unzweideutig aus dem Bericht über den Mißerfolg dieser Schilderung erhellt: וימאנו העם וגו׳ ויאמרו לא כי וגו׳ והיינו וגו׳ (daselbst Verse 19 u. 20), dennoch nach einer als Halacha rezipierten Ansicht (Sanhedrin 20 b) alle die dort geschilderte absolute Macht als die wirklich dem gewählten Könige zuständige Machtvollkommenheit begriffen wird, כל האמור בפרשת מלך מלך מותר בו: so dürfte dies gleichwohl nicht das ursprüngliche Recht des im Sinne unseres Textes gebotenen Königtums sein. Einem Könige, wie das Volk von Samuel verlangte und seinem Verlangen nachgegeben wurde, einem Könige, zu dessen Attribut im Sinne aller damaligen Völkerkönige vor allem die Entfaltung einer großen nach außen gefürchteten Kriegsmacht gehörte einem solchen Könige musste unbedingt nach dem damals geltenden Königsrecht der Völker eine absolute Gewalt über Gut und Blut seiner Untertanen eingeräumt werden. Eine solche absolute Verfügung über Menschen und Güter der Nation war unumgänglich, um jederzeit die gesamte Nationalkraft zur schlagfertigen Kriegsbereitschaft entbieten zu können und, indem das Volk mit vollem Bewusstsein einen solchen mit den Attributen der Völkerkönige bekleideten König für die Zwecke der Völkerkönige verlangte und wählte, begab es sich allerdings einem solchen nunmehr eintretenden Königtum gegenüber aller Selbständigkeit, und כל האמור כפרשת מלך מלך מותר בו, und alles in der samuelischen Verwarnung Enthaltene stand fortan den jüdischen Königen rechtlich zu.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Dass eine solche Königswahl nicht im ursprünglichen Sinne des göttlichen Gesetzes lag, dass der Forderung nur zum Erziehungszwecke der Nation nachgegeben wurde, damit sie, die darin ihr Heil erblickte, auch das einmal in bitterer Erfahrung kennen lernen möchte, das spricht noch das Prophetenwort (Hoseas 13, 9 — 11) mit bitterem Ernste aus: שחתך ישראל כי בי בעזרך ,אהי מלכך אפוא ויושיעך בכל עריך ושפטיך אשר אמרת תנה לי מלך ושרים ,אתן לך מלך באפי ואקח בעברתי, "dein ist das Verderben, denn in mir warst du in deiner Hilfe. Wo ist dein König nun, wo, dass er dir helfe in allen deinen Städten! Und deine Richter, der du gesprochen: gib mir einen König und Fürsten! Ich gab dir einen König in Meinem Unwillen und nahm ihn in Meinem Zürnen."
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Allein, wie die kriegerische Seite seines Königtums David die Würdigkeit entzog, Gott sein Gesetzesheiligtum zu bauen (Chron. I. 22, 8) und dies seinem Sohne verblieb, dem er den siegreich erstrittenen Frieden als Erbteil hinterließ, so wucherte diese Seite eines Königtums "nach Völkerart" bei diesem seinen Sohne selbst in den Frieden über, und "Salomo", der geistig große Davidssohn, der Friedensfürst, der mit seiner Weisheit sein Volk erleuchtete und die Völker weithin zur Bewunderung hinriss, setzte sein Ideal nicht in die geistige und sittliche Hebung und Vollendung seines Volkes, sondern in die Friedensnachahmung der "Könige nach Völkerart", deren Töchter er freite und die er in Pracht und Üppigkeit zu überstrahlen wetteiferte und, indem er die drei Paragraphen des hier folgenden Königsgesetzes brach, "viele Rosse und viele Frauen und viele Schätze" zu besitzen suchte, legte er selbst den Grund zum Untergang des Heiligtums, das er dem Gottesgesetze erbaute. An dem Tage — spricht eine alte Überlieferung —, an welchem Salomo die Pharaonentochter heimführte, stieg Gabriel, "der Bote der Gottesmacht", nieder und pflanzte einen Stab ins Meer und daran setzte sich der Grund an, auf welchem die große Stadt Roma erbaut wurde. בשעה שנשא שלמה את בת פרעה ירד גבריאל ונעץ קנה בים והעלה שירטון ועליו נבנה כרך גדול של רומי (Sanhedrin 21 b nach der Lesart im ילקוט).
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Abarbanel on Torah
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
THOU SHALT BY ALL MEANS SET HIM KING OVER THEE, WHOM THE ETERNAL THY G-D SHALL CHOOSE. In the opinion of the commentators102Ibn Ezra in the verse before us. this means that he is to be chosen according to the word of a prophet or the judgment of the Urim.103Numbers 27:21. See also Vol. II pp. 480-483. Scripture is thus commanding: “You shall set up a king over you, whom the Eternal thy G-d shall choose, for it is He Who will choose and not you.” And in the Sifre it is stated:104Sifre, Shoftim 157. “Thou shalt by all means set him king over thee. If he dies, appoint another one in his place. A king — but not a queen. Whom the Eternal thy G-d shall choose — according to the word of the prophet.” But, if so, what sense is there to warn [in the verse before us], thou mayest not put a foreigner over thee, who is not thy brother, when G-d would not choose a foreigner? However, in the opinion of our Rabbis there is in this verse a hidden condition, stating: “you shall by all means set a king over you, whom G-d shall choose provided you can do so — if G-d will answer you through prophets; but a foreigner you may never appoint as king over you.”
And in line with the plain meaning of Scripture they105The commentators. I have not identified them. have said, “thou shalt by all means set him king over thee, whom the Eternal thy G-d will choose and not him whom the Eternal thy G-d hateth,106Above, 16:22. for He will choose an Israelite to be king over His chosen ones and not from among the other peoples.” In my opinion the simple meaning of the expression whom He will choose is that every ruler over people receives his position from G-d, as it is written until thou wilt know that the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever He will.107Daniel 4:29. This was said by Daniel to Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Similarly the Rabbis have said:108Berachoth 58a. “Even a superintendent of the well is appointed in heaven.” Thus the verse is stating: “thou shalt by all means set him king over thee — whoever it be decreed by Heaven that he is to reign, even if he be of the smallest of the tribes of Israel and of the least of all the families of the tribe109I Samuel 9:21. — but you are never to invest a foreigner with regal power.” Similarly, by way of the plain meaning of Scripture, the expression the place which the Eternal thy G-d shall choose110Above, 14:25. means “wherever G-d’s Sanctuary shall be built, was all the Will of G-d.”
And in line with the plain meaning of Scripture they105The commentators. I have not identified them. have said, “thou shalt by all means set him king over thee, whom the Eternal thy G-d will choose and not him whom the Eternal thy G-d hateth,106Above, 16:22. for He will choose an Israelite to be king over His chosen ones and not from among the other peoples.” In my opinion the simple meaning of the expression whom He will choose is that every ruler over people receives his position from G-d, as it is written until thou wilt know that the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever He will.107Daniel 4:29. This was said by Daniel to Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Similarly the Rabbis have said:108Berachoth 58a. “Even a superintendent of the well is appointed in heaven.” Thus the verse is stating: “thou shalt by all means set him king over thee — whoever it be decreed by Heaven that he is to reign, even if he be of the smallest of the tribes of Israel and of the least of all the families of the tribe109I Samuel 9:21. — but you are never to invest a foreigner with regal power.” Similarly, by way of the plain meaning of Scripture, the expression the place which the Eternal thy G-d shall choose110Above, 14:25. means “wherever G-d’s Sanctuary shall be built, was all the Will of G-d.”
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
איש נכרי, who is to lead you in battle;
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Tur HaArokh
אשר יבחר ה' אלוקיך בו, “whom the Lord your G’d will choose.” According to numerous commentators the meaning is that G’d will indicate His choice of whom He favours as king, through one of His prophets, or, in the absence of such, through the response received by the High Priest when enquiring from Hashem through the urim vetumim in his breastplate.
Nachmanides questions this approach, asking that if it were correct, why did Moses specifically warn against the appointment of a gentile as king, when clearly, such an appointment would be thwarted by Divine interference? He answers that our sages discovered in this verse also a hidden clause. The words שום תשים עליך מלך, “you shall surely set a king over yourself,” imply that it is within your power, politically speaking, to make that choice without external interference. When such conditions exist G’d needs to approve the appointment of such a king before he begins his reign. Such a king must have been born as a Jew. The word יבחר is an allusion to the people whom G’d has “chosen,” as opposed to the people whom G’d “hates.” [The word “hates,” used by Nachmanides must be understood in the same sense as Leah used it when she described herself as “hated” by her husband Yaakov. (Genesis 29,33) Ed.] Under no circumstances, however, must you appoint a gentile as king over you.
According to the plain meaning of the text, the פשט, seeing that any king ruling over any nation does so only as long as I, Hashem, approve, you may appoint a king over yourselves as this is part of the fate of the Jewish people as it has been decreed by heaven. [If I understand correctly, the inference is from the indirect אשר יבחר, “that He will choose,” instead of the direct speech אשר תבחר, “that you will choose.” Ed.] Even when we think we do the choosing, in the final analysis, G’d has done the choosing in His capacity as “King of Kings.” However, there is also included here a warning not to crown gentile king, ever.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Malbim on Deuteronomy
[29] Surely place upon yourselves a king, when the Source repeated the verb it came to teach that the verb be done in any way and even each time (כל פעם). And thus, from what is written 'place upon yourselves' explain that if [he] dies place another instead, and since it returns secondly
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 15. ׳שום תשים וגו, es ist dies ein gebietender, kein bloß gestattender Ausspruch (siehe V. 14) ספרי) על פי נביא :אשר יבחר ד׳ אלקיך בו), den Mann, den Gott durch einen Propheten als den Mann Seiner Wahl bezeichnen wird, den sollst du über dich zum Könige einsetzen, sollst ihn mit allen Königsrechten bekleiden, und dich ihm als deinem König unterordnen. Wenn es nun gleichwohl weiter heißt: לא תוכל לתת עליך וגו׳, מקרב אחיך וגו׳, und damit Qualifikationen als Bedingung ausgesprochen sind, welche die Nation bei einer Königswahl zu beachten haben soll, so statuiert dies doch offenbar die Möglichkeit, dass auch ein König nicht durch direkte durch einen Propheten vermittelte Gottesbestimmung, sondern aus freiem, durch einen Propheten nicht geleitetem Wahlakt der Nation, resp. der Vertreter derselben eingesetzt werde. Erwägen wir, dass nach jüdischen Grundsätzen (siehe zu Kap. 18, 18) der Mann, den Gott zum Propheten, zum Organ seines Wortes an die Nation erwählt, zuvor als "Mann" durch einen hohen Grad geistiger und sittlicher Vollendung sich der Prophetie würdig gezeigt haben muss; dass nach Sanhedrin 11 a nicht nur die Persönlichkeit, sondern auch deren Zeitgenossenschaft einer solchen prophetischen Sendung gewürdigt zu werden, die geeignete sein müsse, דורו זכאי לכך: so begreifen wir sehr wohl die Notwendigkeit, dass im Gesetze beiden Alternativen vorgesehen sei. Normal: שום תשים עליך מלך אשר יבחר ד׳ אלקיך בו, in Ermangelung der Intervention eines Propheten: מקרב אחיך תשים וגו׳.
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Chizkuni
שום תשים, “be sure to appoint for yourself!” Once the Torah mentions the authority of judges, it also describes the limitations imposed on the ruler, the first one being that he must be appointed with the approval of G-d.
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
אשר לא אחיך הוא, for he may seduce you to serve idols.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אמו מישראל :מקרב אחיך, er muss als Jude geboren sein (Jebamot 45 b; siehe תוספו׳ daselbst. Nach תוספו׳ Sota 41 b muss auch der Vater Jude gewesen sein. עד ממוצע מאביו ומאמו מישראל)
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Chizkuni
'אשר יבחר ה, “whom the Lord will choose;” how do we know that the King has been chosen by the Lord? He will be chosen by the foremost prophet at that time, or in the absence of prophets, through consultation by the High Priest with G-d by means of the urim vetumim, the parchment in a pocket beneath the High Priest’s breastplate.
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Chizkuni
לא תוכל, “you are legally forbidden, hence “unable;”(Sifri).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
אשר יבחר ה' אל-היך בו, “whom the Lord your G’d will choose.” This verse teaches that in the final analysis both the monarchy and the other lofty positions are all a reflection of the will of heaven. The “election” of which the Torah speaks was decisively influenced by divine forces. This is why our sages in Baba Batra 91 say that even if the king is someone appointed as leader of totally ignorant uncivilised people, he was placed in such a position by an act of G’d. This is also the meaning of Daniel 5,21: “until he knew that the Supreme G’d rules in the kingdom of men and sets over it whom He wishes.”
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Chizkuni
לתת עליך איש נכרי, “you may not appoint over yourself a foreigner.” The reason for this is that a foreigner may wish to impose his religion upon you.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
מקרב אחיך תשים עליך מלך, “from amongst your brethren shall you appoint a king for yourself.” Our sages in Sotah 41 conclude from the wording that both the king’s father and the king’s mother must be Jewish (compare Tosafot). Anyone who is not your brother is not an Israelite, and anyone who is not an Israelite is described as נכרי, alien.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
לא ירבה לו סוסים HE SHALL NOT MULTIPLY HORSES TO HIMSELF — but he shall have only what is sufficient for his carriages, in order that he shall not cause the people to return to Egypt, because horses come from there, as it is said in the history of Solomon (1 Kings 10:29) “And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver and a horse for a hundred and fifty” (Sanhedrin 21b).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
HE SHALL NOT MULTIPLY HORSES TO HIMSELF — “except what he needs for his carriage, in order that he cause not the people to return to Egypt, because horses were obtained from Egypt, as it is said, And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and a horse for a hundred and fifty.”111I Kings 10:29. This is Rashi’s language. But I have this difficulty regarding it, for the Rabbis have said in Yerushalmi at the end of Tractate Sanhedrin:112Yerushalmi Sanhedrin X, 9. — On Yerushalmi see Leviticus, p. 192, Note 44. “You may not return there for settlement, but you may return for business, for goods, and for conquest of the land.” And so, if the king should send men and buy horses and chariots there, it would be considered “trading” and would be permissible! It is then possible that Scripture admonishes [the king] not to increase his numbers of horses even from his own Land, or from the land of Shinar, or by way of permissible trading, in order that he should not put his trust in his chariots, because they are many, and in his horsemen, because they are exceedingly mighty,113Isaiah 31:1. but his trust shall be in the Name of the Eternal.114See Jeremiah 17:7. Then he admonishes the king not to cause the people to return to Egypt, to have his servants and people there as overseers of cattle dwelling in the cities for the chariots115I Kings 9:19. On Solomon’s conduct in this matter see “The Commandments,” Vol. II, p. 330. to the end that he should multiply horses, similar to what is said of Solomon, and all the store-cities that Solomon had, and the cities for his chariots etc.115I Kings 9:19. On Solomon’s conduct in this matter see “The Commandments,” Vol. II, p. 330. And thus he had in Egypt, as it is said, And the horses which Solomon had, were brought out of Egypt; also out of Keveh, the king’s merchants buying them etc.116I Kings 10:28. for no one was allowed to export horses from Egypt without permission from the Egyptian king and they paid him a tax for them. To Solomon, however, Pharaoh gave the right to export horses, meaning that he could take them out at will, and he could transfer that right to whomever he wished and keep the tax. He also had merchants stationed in Egypt buying all horses and sending to their lord [Solomon] those that he wanted and selling the others to kings of other countries. Thus it is said and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Aram, did they bring them out by their means,111I Kings 10:29. that is to say, they took them out through Solomon’s merchants, and it was to him that they gave the tax.
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Tur HaArokh
רק לא ירבה לו סוסים, “only he shall not acquire for himself too many horses, etc.” The meaning of the restrictive word רק is inserted to teach that although by adopting the monarchy as your mode of government, something which makes you more like the nations of the world, and I have given My approval, there are certain tools used by monarchs the world over to reinforce their power that such a Jewish king must not use. They are: 1) not to amass too many horses. It is a boast of gentile kings to view their military strength in the number of horses and chariots they own.
Nachmanides questions this rationale, basing himself on the Jerusalem Talmud (Sanhedrin 10,9) in which possible return by Jews to Egypt is discussed and the prevailing view is that whereas it is forbidden for Jews to settle in Egypt, if they visit there as part of their business dealings this is quite in order. Therefore, if the king sends a delegation to Egypt to acquire horses, this is viewed as a commercial activity, and is permitted. He adds further, it is possible to explain our verse as a warning for the king not to amass too many horses even if they have been born and bred in the land of Israel. The definition of the words דרך סחורה, “a commercial transaction,” in Nachmanides’ view, means that the king must not acquire these horses because he considers himself armed superbly by owning a cavalry, but that the purpose in acquiring them is not for war but for peaceful commercial pursuits. The king’s actions must reflect that he places his trust in Hashem, not in man-made defensive or offensive weaponry. Moses follows the warning about the amassing of horses by the king, by a warning not to lead his people back to Egypt (already mentioned in Exodus 14,13), i.e. he is not to employ Egyptian servants at his court, in his army. The thrust of the whole paragraph is that Jews, who when first in Egypt were discouraged by Joseph to serve as officers in Pharaoh’s army, should retain their primary vocations, just as then they had been cattle-herders, now they would become farmers on their own land.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
רק לא ירבה לו סוסים, “only he shall not amass for himself horses, etc.” The Torah now proceeds to list differences between Gentile kings’ prerogatives and those of a Jewish king. Jewish kings must not make the acquisition of many horses and chariots their policy. Neither must a Jewish king amass gold and silver or even wives. Gentile kings see in the acquisition of these possessions an end in itself and treat these possessions as the measure of their success instead of as something secondary as Jewish kings are asked to do. A Jewish king is to make preoccupation with the Torah his principal concern. This is why the Torah not only demands that he write (2) Torah scrolls but also that he read in it daily; this will teach him reverence for the Lord (verse 19) and will ensure that he remains on the throne for many years.
Sanhedrin 21 interprets the words “that he do not amass many horses” to mean that he should not amass more horses than he needs for transportation for himself and his soldiers. He should not have a selection of chariots at his disposal to ride in and alternate between them. The reason for these restrictions is spelled out, i.e. not to bring the people back to Egypt, the country from which horses were exported in those days. We read in Kings I 10,29 that the cost of a chariot imported from Egypt in those days was 600 silver shekels whereas the price of a horse was 150 shekels.
Sanhedrin 21 interprets the words “that he do not amass many horses” to mean that he should not amass more horses than he needs for transportation for himself and his soldiers. He should not have a selection of chariots at his disposal to ride in and alternate between them. The reason for these restrictions is spelled out, i.e. not to bring the people back to Egypt, the country from which horses were exported in those days. We read in Kings I 10,29 that the cost of a chariot imported from Egypt in those days was 600 silver shekels whereas the price of a horse was 150 shekels.
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Siftei Chakhamim
Except as required for his riding entourage, etc. Because it is written “for himself,” this implies that he may not acquire for himself an abundance of horses just to stand idly by [i.e., without purpose]. But what is required for his needs is permitted, i.e. “as required for his riding entourage.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 16. רק לא ירבה לו וגו׳ dieses רק steht in beschränkendem Sinn zu תשים עליך, womit der Nation geboten ist, ihrem Könige eine bedeutende Machtvollkommenheit über sich einzuräumen, שתהא אימתו עליך. Dem tritt nun רק gegenüber und legt dem Könige die Pflicht der Selbstbeschränkung auf, und zwar zunächst hinsichtlich jener Momente, die, nach allen Erfahrungen der Zeiten, die Klippen gebildet haben, an welchen die Tugend von Herrschern scheiterte und das Glück ihrer Völker in Trümmer ging. Es sind dies: die Leidenschaften zu Kriegsruhm, Weibern und Geld.
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Chizkuni
וה׳ אמר לכם לא תוסיפו, “seeing that the Lord has said to you (not to return to Egypt to reside there).” (Ibn Ezra)
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Tur HaArokh
למען הרבות סוס, “in order to amass quantities of horses.” In Kings I 9,19 the prophet Jeremiah already records that even a wise king such as Solomon ignored this warning of the Torah. He had Egyptian trainers living in the cities specially built for training cavalry horses and did not draft Jews for the military, although he employed them as “forced labour” to work in the quarries in Lebanon to hew and transport the stones needed for building the Temple.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
The source of supply for horses, etc. And since horses come from there, the king would certainly send his servants there so that they should always be there in order to send quality horses. And this would result in them returning to Egypt and dwelling there. You might ask Smag’s question regarding the many Jewish communities that dwell there, etc. He discusses this at length and answers in the name of R. Eliezer of Metz that when the Torah said, “You are not to proceed to return along this route again,” the Torah only forbade this route, i.e. from Eretz Yisroel to Egypt, but from other countries it is permitted. This is correct.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
RAK’ (ONLY) — [‘Only’ he shall not multiply horses to himself]. The purport of the word only is to state, “although you will set a king over you like all the nations that are around you — only he shall not be like their kings. He should not multiply horses as they do,” for the main desire of kings is to increase horses and horsemen for themselves.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
לא ירבה לו סוסים. Das Pferd war das eigentliche Tier des Krieges, also dass in der Erzählung von Schlachten überall Ross und Reiter in dem Vordergrund stehen und zur Kriegsbereitschaft in erster Linie eine bedeutende Anzahl Pferde gehörte (vergl. Dewarim 20. 1; — Pharaos Heer Schmot 14; — Josua 11, 4; — Richter 5, 22; — Kön. I. 22. 4; — Kön. II. 7, 6; — Jirmija 51, 27; — Ezechiel 39, 20 — und sonst so häufig. Daher auch Prov. 21, 31; Psalm 39, 17 u. 147, 10 etc. etc.). Das Halten einer großen Anzahl Pferde und eine unbeschränkte Vermehrung derselben ist daher gleichbedeutend mit Halten einer großen Kriegesmacht.
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Tur HaArokh
וה' אמר לכם, “seeing that Hashem has already told you., etc.,” the word אמר, though written in the past tense here, must be understood as if it had been written in the present tense. Until permission had been given by G’d to appoint a king, the Israelites could not possibly have been led back to Egypt by such a king.
Another way of understanding our verse is that Moses now reveals what G’d had already told him a long time ago, but seeing that it had not been relevant, Moses had not yet told the people about that.
According to our sages (Jerusalem Talmud, Sukkah 5,1) the reason for this prohibition is that both the Egyptians and the Canaanites were extremely anti G’d the Creator, in their whole religious mores, as well as in their sexually perverted values. (Compare Leviticus 18,2) There was little fear that the Israelites would copy the Canaanites, seeing they were about to wipe out those tribes. This left the Egyptians as a potentially very bad cultural influence. G’d therefore prohibited close relations between our two nations, something that would be bound to develop if Jews were allowed to settle there.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
SINCE THE ETERNAL HATH SAID UNTO YOU. The meaning thereof is that “since G-d is telling you117Ramban interprets the verse as if it were said in the present tense, “G-d is telling you.” The word used in the verse, amar (He said) is in past tense. Nevertheless Ramban is compelled to define it in the present tense because we find no preceding text wherein G-d prohibited the return to Egypt. Hence we must interpret the word amar in the present tense, “since G-d is saying to you …” Further, Ramban will explain amar in the ordinary past tense. that you are henceforth not to return by the way of Egypt.” Similarly, as the Eternal thy G-d ‘commanded’ thee118Above, 5:16. which means “as He is thus commanding you.” Or it may be that the expression He hath said unto you means “He had said to me to command you,” similar to the verse, And Moses said, ‘Thus saith the Eternal: About midnight etc.’119Exodus 11:4. And by way of our Rabbis,120Yerushalmi Succah V, 1. See Vol. II, p. 184 where Ramban refers to this subject. the verse, for whereas ye have seen the Egyptians today, ye shall see them again no more121Exodus 14:13. constitutes a [negative] commandment [for all times], and Moses is thus here reminding them that the Eternal ‘hath said’ unto you [at the Red Sea] that ye shall henceforth return no more that way. I have already explained it.121Exodus 14:13. And the reason for this commandment is because the Egyptians and Canaanites were wicked and sinners against the Eternal exceedingly,122Genesis 13:13. just as He said, After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do; and after the doings of the land of Canaan etc.123Leviticus 18:3. Now the Eternal desired that the Israelites not learn from their deeds and so He ordered that all living things, from among the Canaanites be destroyed, saying, They shall not dwell in thy Land,124Exodus 23:33. and he warned with respect to the Egyptians that we are not to settle there in their land.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ולא ישיב העם מצרימה וגו׳ וד׳ אמר לכם וגו׳. Wenn hier einfach die Rückkehr nach Ägypten verboten sein sollte, so würde dies wohl gelautet haben: וד׳ אמר לכם לא לשוב בדרך הזה עוד ;תשובו legt offenbar einen Nachdruck auf den Weg oder die Weise der Rückkehr. Auch Kap. 28, 68 heißt es: והשיבך וגו׳ בדרך אשר אמרתי לך וגו׳, und bemerken wir zugleich, dass in diesen Stellen unter דרך nicht wohl der konkrete Weg verstanden sein kann, den sie beim Auszuge aus Ägypten nach Palästina gegangen, da die letzte Stelle von einer Rückkehr nach Ägypten zu Schiffe spricht. Ferner: ׳לא תוסיפון לשוב וגו heißt ja nicht einfach: ihr sollt nicht nach Ägypten zurückkehren, sondern setzt voraus, dass sie schon einmal nach Ägypten gegangen, ja wiederholt gegangen waren, und nicht auf den jetzigen Auszug aus Ägypten, sondern auf diese früheren Wanderungen nach Ägypten blickt offenbar das untersagende Wort hin: לא תוסיפון לשוב ihr seid sonst nach Mizrajim gegangen und wieder gegangen: das sollt ihr nicht ,וגו׳ mehr. In der Tat war ja Ägypten von den Anfängen der jüdischen Geschichte an ein Land der Zuflucht für die Bewohner Palästinas. Abraham wandert nach Ägypten, weil in Palästina Hungersnot war (Bereschit 12, 10), Jizchak will aus gleichem Grunde dortin und wird nur durch ausdrückliche Weisung davon zurückgehalten (daselbst 26, 2). Die ganze Niederlassung Israels in Ägypten war ja durch die Hungersnot in Palästina veranlasst, welche Jakobs Söhne wiederholt nach Ägypten wandern ließ, um dort Nahrungsmittel zu kaufen. Ägyptens natürlicher Bodenreichtum gab ihm daher ein Übergewicht über andere Länder, und ließ diese, namentlich Palästina, in Abhängigkeit von ihm erscheinen.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
לא תוסיפון לשוב בדרך הזה עוד dürfte demgemäss sagen: ihr sollt nie wieder, wie ihr in der Vergangenheit getan, von Palästina nach Ägypten gehen, um Gesamtbedürfnisse, die euer Land nicht befriedigt, von dort aus zu versorgen. Ihr sollt euch nicht in Abhängigkeit von Ägypten bringen. Ein jüdischer König, der seinen Stolz darin setzte, eine große Kriegsmacht zu halten, versündigte sich doppelt. Einmal direkt: sein Beruf liegt auf einem anderen Gebiete. Und dann indirekt: er macht sich und sein Volk von Ägypten abhängig. Er kann sein berittenes Kriegsheer nur von dort aus mit Pferden versorgen. Wie ihm Ägypten die Pferdeausfuhr versagte, ist er geschlagen. Er muss immer ein gutes Einvernehmen und einen regen Verkehr mit Ägypten unterhalten, und mit der Pferdeeinfuhr von dort wandern auch ägyptische Staats- und Lebensanschauungen ins Land. In der Schilderung des namenlosen nationalen Jammers und Elends, das Israels wartet, wenn es in dem Lande seiner Bestimmung dieser Bestimmung untreu wird, bildet Kap. 28, 68 den Schluss des ganzen Bildes, bezeichnet somit die tiefste Stufe der Verlassenheit und des Elends: והשיבך ד׳ מצרים באניות בדרך אשר אמרתי לך לא תסיף עוד לראתה והתמכרתם שם לאיביך לעבדים ולשפחות ואין קונה Gott sie auf Umwegen, zu Schiffe, Ägypten als letzte Zuflucht zur Fristung ihres Daseins wird aufsuchen lassen, um sich dort selbst zu Sklaven vergebens anzubieten! Während sie in befriedigter Unabhängigkeit in ihrem Lande hätten leben sollen und nie wieder die Befriedigung irgend eines nationalen Bedürfnisses in Ägypten hatten suchen sollen, wird ihr Land so aufhören sie zu tragen, und sie werden in ein solches Elend geraten, dass der Sklavenzustand, aus welchem Gott sie befreit hat, ihnen wieder als ein wünschenswertes Ziel erscheinen wird, und sie — nach Jahrhunderten — sich wieder ihren alten Herren zu Sklaven anbieten und von ihnen verschmäht werden werden!!
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Mit unserer Auffassung, dass zunächst nur ein die Abhängigkeit und Unterordnung Palästinas zu Ägypten bezeugendes und bewirkendes Gehen nach Ägypten untersagt wäre, dürfte denn auch der von הגהות מימוניות zu הל׳ מלכים V, 7 zitierte ירושלמי übereinstimmen, demzufolge nicht ein gewöhnlicher Geschäftsverkehr לסחורה ולפרגמטיא mit Ägypten, auch nicht eine etwaige Eroberung, לכבוש הארץ, sondern nur eine Rückkehr zur friedlichen Niederlassung daselbst, לישיבה, verboten, und zwar nach רבי אליעזר ממיץ (siehe Misrachi z. St.) eben nur von Palästina aus verboten gewesen wäre. So lange der jüdische Staat in Palästina bestand, war eine Auswanderung aus Palästina nach Ägypten die positivste eben hier verbotene Wiederholung der früheren Einwanderungen nach Ägypten. Darum war die Niederlassung der Juden in Alexandrien zur Zeit des zweiten Tempels eine offenbare Übertretung dieses Verbotes (Sucka 51 b). Mit Untergang des jüdischen Staats wäre eine Rückkehr jüdischer Exulanten nach Ägypten nicht verboten, wie denn in der Tat seit Jahrhunderten sich zahlreiche jüdische Gemeinden im ägyptischen Lande niedergelassen haben.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
וד׳ אמר לכם וגו׳ das Verbot war bereits durch Mosche dem Volke überbracht und wurde nur seine schriftliche Fixierung der Gelegenheit dieses Königsgesetzes vorbehalten. Das: כי אשר ראיתם את מצרים היום לא תספו לראתם עוד עד עולם (Schmot 14, 13) erscheint nach Fassung und Zusammenhang als Verheißung und nicht als Verbot.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
ולא ירבה לו נשים NEITHER SHALL HE MULTIPLY WIVES TO HIMSELF only eighteen, for we find that David had six wives, and it was announced to him (by Nathan the prophet): “[Thus saith the Lord … I gave thy master’s wives into thy bosom] … and if that had been too little, I would add unto thee such and such as these (i.e. twice as many)” (Sanhedrin 21a).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
ולא ירבה לו נשים, “and he shall not have too many wives.” Our sages (Sanhedrin 21) put the number of wives a king may have at 18. They base this on the number of wives David had, six of whom were mentioned by name (Samuel II 3,2-5). It says there: “if this is insufficient, I will add for you כהנה וכהנה “twice more the same number,” i.e. another 12 (Samuel II 12,8). The reason the Torah gives for this limitation is: ולא יסור לבבו, “so his heart will not go astray.” It is assumed that a woman may seduce a man to turn from being G’d-fearing, seeing that the original woman Chavah had done exactly that when she seduced Adam into eating from the tree of knowledge (Genesis 3,6).
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Siftei Chakhamim
Except as required to maintain his retinue. Because it is written “for himself.” This implies that he may not accumulate in abundance for himself when he [merely] wants to put it into his treasury. “Except as required to maintain his retinue” means supplying his soldiers and horseman [and] to his servants with food, drink and clothing and all that they need.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 17. ולא ירבה וגו׳, es heißt nicht ולא יסירו oder ולא תסירנה לבבו, sondern: ולא יסור לבב. Selbst ohne unmittelbaren verführenden Einfluss wird sein Sinn dem geistig hohen Ernst eines königlichen Pflichtlebens entfremdet werden.
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Sefer HaMitzvot
And that is that He commanded us that any king from our nation that sits on the royal throne should write a Torah scroll for himself, and that it not be separated from him. And that is His saying, "When he is seated on his royal throne, he shall have a copy of this Torah written for him" (Deuteronomy 17:18). And all of the regulations of this commandment have already been explained in Chapter 2 of Sanhedrin. (See Parashat Shoftim; Mishneh Torah, Tefillin, Mezuzah and the Torah Scroll 7.)
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Chizkuni
וזהב לא ירבה לו, “and he is not to amass gold for himself.” Rashi understands this imprecise instruction to mean that he must not amass more gold than necessary in order to pay the wages of his soldiers. (Sifri)
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו מאד NEITHER SHALL HE GREATLY MULTIPLY TO HIMSELF SILVER AND GOLD — but only as much as he needs for his soldiers’ pay (Sanhedrin 21a).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו מאוד während bei סוסים und נשים die Vielheit ohne weiteres untersagt ist, לא ירבה לו, heißt es bei מאוד :כסף וזהב. In der Tat bedarf ja der König sowohl für die Unabhängigkeit seiner Stellung, als auch zur Erfüllung seiner Aufgabe in der Nation reichlicherer Mittel, als ein gewöhnlicher Privatmann. War doch selbst schon für den Hohenpriester die Bestimmung gegeben: גדלהו משל אחיו (Wajikra S. 458 f.), ihn, wenn er nicht schon aus Eigenem ein vermögender Mann war, in den Besitz eines entsprechenden Vermögens zu setzen. Die Wirksamkeit eines Königs für die Förderung der geistigen und leiblichen Wohlfahrt des Volkes bedarf sehr der Verfügung über zureichende Mittel. Es heißt daher nicht לא ירבה לו, sondern לא ירבה לו מאד, er soll Silber und Gold nicht mehr als nötig sammeln, soll sich vor Sucht nach Reichtum hüten. Unter allen möglichen Leidenschaften eines Herrschers ist "Habsucht" die verderblichste und zugleich eine nimmer zu sättigende. אוהב כסף לא ישבע כסף. Während daher bei den beiden vorangehenden Verirrungen eine ihrer schädlichen Folgen als Motiv beigegeben ist: ולא יסור ,ולא ישיב, ist das Sammeln von Schätzen absolut verboten. Es ist ohne weiteres selbst vom Übel.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
והיה כשבתו AND IT SHALL BE WHEN HE SITTETH [UPON THE THRONE OF HIS KINGDOM] — if he acts thus (as prescribed in the previous verses) he is worthy that his kingdom should endure (Sifrei Devarim 160:1).
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
משנה התורה, my grandfather Rashi, explained this as meaning two separate Torah scrolls, [in line with the traditional interpretation of our sages in Sanhedrin 21, as distinct from Onkelos who derives the word משנה as related to שנן, (Deut. 6,7) to delve into the deeper meaning. Therefore,] Onkelos renders the word as פתשגן, a clearly worded interpretation, translation. [The king would have to have a version of the Torah at hand which a layman can understand without difficulty.]
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Siftei Chakhamim
If he fulfills this, then he is worthy of [his kingdom] enduring. Otherwise, why is [the phrase] “that when he occupies” necessary? It should have [merely] written, “He must write for himself a duplicate of this Torah, etc.,” because before this he is certainly not any more obligated [to write a Torah scroll] than other Jews. Therefore it must be connected to what is written above [and means] that the Torah is informing him that if he fulfills this [i.e. these commands], his kingdom will endure.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 18. והיה כשבתו וגו׳. Sofort, wenn er den Thron bestiegen hat, soll seine erste Handlung sein ׳וכתב לו וגו, dass er sich eigenhändig eine Abschrift der תורה anfertigt. Er betätigt damit das Bekenntnis, dass das Gesetz in aller erster Linie ihm gegeben ist, dass er nicht über dem Gesetze stehe, dass es vielmehr die unabänderliche Richtschnur seines ganzen Lebens sein solle, dessen Verwirklichung im Volke die Summe seiner Königsaufgabe bilde und er in gewissenhafter Gesetzestreue und in opferfreudiger Hingebung an die vom Gesetze gestellten Aufgaben dem Volke als "erster Sohn des Gesetzes" mustergültig vorauszugehen habe.
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Chizkuni
מלפני הכהנים, “a copy of the original retained by the priests.”
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
את משנה התורה [HE SHALL WRITE HIM] A משנה תורה — i.e. two scrolls of the Law, one that is placed in his treasury and the other that goes out and comes in with him (i.e. a small scroll which he carries everywhere with him) (Sanhedrin 21b). Onkelos, however, renders משנה by פתשגן, a copy; he thus interpreted the word משנה in the sense of שנן, repeating and uttering.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
את משנה התורה הזאת eine Doppelschrift der Tora, wie ומשנה כסף (Bereschit 43, 15); משנה שכר שכיר (Dewarim 15, 18). Nach Sanhedrin 21 b: zwei Abschriften, die eine zur Niederlegung in seine Repositorien, wohl gleichsam zum bleibenden Zeugnis für und wider ihn, die andere zur steten Begleiterin.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מלפני הכהנים הלוים (siehe zu Vers 9). Nach dem unter Obhut der Kohanim und Sanhedrin in der עזרה liegenden, dem ספר עזרה. So Sanhedrin Jeruschalmi 2, 6: ומגיהין אותו מספר עזרה על פי ב׳׳ד של ע׳׳א (siehe Kap. 31, 9).
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
דברי התורה [ALL] THE WORDS OF [THIS] LAW — Take it as what it literally implies.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
V’HAY’THAH’ (AND IT SHALL BE) WITH HIM [“it” refers to] the Torah125Since the word v’hay’thah is feminine [literally: “and she will be”] it must refer to Torah which is also feminine. as mentioned [in the preceding verse]. AND HE SHALL READ ‘BO’ (THEREIN) — “in the book”126The word bo (“in him”), being masculine, cannot refer to Torah which is feminine. It must refer to the masculine word, sefer (book), in the preceding verse. The verse reads: and he [the king] shall write him a copy of this ‘Torah’ in ‘a book.’ mentioned [in the preceding verse]. And by way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], ‘v’hay’thah’ (and it shall be) with him means that the Torah itself will be with him, similar to what is said, And the Eternal gave Solomon wisdom,127I Kings 5:26. and it is further said, And Solomon sat on the throne of the Eternal as king.128I Chronicles 29:23. — Hence “he who prides himself in his heart over other people is a rebel against the Kingdom of Heaven, for he adorns himself in ‘the robe of the Eternal,’ as it is said, The Eternal reigneth, He is clothed in majesty” (Psalms 93:1) [Ramban in his Letter to his son on the Virtue of Humility, Hebrew Ethical Wills, J.P.S., Vol. I, pp. 94-99].
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Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy
it [feminine] will be with him i.e., the Torah [feminine].
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
למען ילמד ליראה, in the philosophical, ethically instructive passages of the Torah acquainting us with the marvelous characteristics of G’d and His reluctance to interfere with man’s free choice. Such knowledge must lead one to revere G’d ever more.
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Tur HaArokh
והיתה עמו, “It shall be with him, constantly;” the subject is the Torah scroll just mentioned.”
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Siftei Chakhamim
This follows the plain meaning. Rashi has to explain that this follows the plain meaning because afterwards he explains that “and he does not stray from the commandment” means “even an easily fulfilled directive by a prophet.” However, if “all the words of this Torah” did not follow the plain meaning, you might have thought that “and he does not stray from the commandment” refers to the actual words of Torah.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 19. את כל דברי התורה הזאת ist nicht bloß der gesetzliche Inhalt; dieser wird speziell in dem folgenden ואת החקים האלה zusammengefasst. Es ist vielmehr der ganze geschichtliche und lehrende Inhalt, aus welchem der jüdische König die völkergeschichtliche Stellung und Bestimmung der Nation, sowie die Verhältnisse und Beziehungen des Einzellebens zu derselben sich zu immer klarerer Erkenntnis zu bringen hat, um für deren immer volleren Verwirklichung tätig zu sein. ואת החקים האלה: bedeutsam werden dem Könige gegenüber alle Vorschriften des Gesetzes als חקים dahingestellt, als gegebene unverbrüchliche Normen, innerhalb derer auch des Königs Befugnisse und Willkür ihre Begrenzung finden, ebenso wie im folgenden Verse ihm in seiner Stellung zu allen Gliedern seines Volkes, die er nicht als Untertanen, sondern als Brüder betrachten soll, das ganze Gesetz als מצוה zu beherzigen gegeben ist, als "Anweisung auf seinem Posten", auf den ihn ein Höherer gestellt, dessen erster Diener er sein soll. —
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Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy
he will read it [masculine] i.e., the book [masculine].
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
הוא ובניו בקרב ישראל (siehe Wajikra S. 352).
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Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy
He will personally revere; ...
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Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy
whereas observe all the words means that he will enforce observance upon others.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
ולבלתי סור מן המצוה AND THAT HE DEPART NOT FROM THE COMMANDMENT — not even from a less important command given to him by means of a prophet.
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
THAT HIS HEART BE NOT LIFTED UP ABOVE HIS BRETHREN. Here in the Torah a prohibition against conceit is alluded to, for Scripture prohibited even the king from indulging in conceit and haughtiness of heart, surely other people who are not of such commendable excellence [or merit, are forbidden to be haughty]. Scripture has thus admonished him for whom it is proper to be haughty and majestic that his heart must be as humble as that of his brethren of lower status, because conceit is a reprehensible character-trait, and it is loathsome to G-d even in a king. To G-d alone is the greatness129See ibid., Verse 11. and exaltation,130See Nehemiah 9:5. and to Him alone is the praise, and in [the knowledge of] Him may man glory, as the matter is explained by King Solomon, Every man that is proud in heart is an abomination to the Eternal.131Proverbs 16:5. It is further written, But let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth, and knoweth Me.132Jeremiah 9:23.
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Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy
that he may not be haughty which would occur, if he were above the law.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
לבלתי רום לבבו, "so that his heart does not become arrogant, etc." This may be understood as analogous to Avot 6,1 ומלבשתו ענוה ויראה, "and it clothes him in meekness and the fear of G'd." [The subject is a person who studies Torah with a pure purpose. Ed.] The Torah means that studying Torah as the king is bidden to do daily will ensure that he does not become haughty. Concerning the king developing fear of the Lord, the Torah had already written in verse 19: "in order that he will learn to fear the Lord his G'd."
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Tur HaArokh
לבלתי רום לבבו, “so that his heart does not become haughty;” here the Torah zeroes in on the negative virtue called pride, arrogance, haughtiness. By warning the King not to fall victim to such feelings, we commoners must surely learn that we are included in that warning, as we have far less to tempt us to display or harbour such feelings of superiority.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
למען יאריך ימים על ממלכתו, “in order that he may enjoy a long reign, etc.” The Torah, while emphasizing the positive, also implies the negative consequences if the king will fail to heed the Torah’s instructions. The best example is the first king of Israel, Shaul, who on account of a relatively minor sin, lost his kingdom and dynasty. The prophet Samuel had told him to wait for seven days for his arrival. Shaul failed to do so, (during the last hours of the seventh day) and the prophet not only chided him but told him that on account of this insubordination (described as foolishness) his kingdom would not endure (Samuel I 10,8 and 13,13-14).
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Siftei Chakhamim
Implicit in the positive is the negative, etc. Meaning, that it is from here that Shmuel the prophet learned that one who contravenes the directive of a prophet, the days of his reign will not endure for long. And [therefore] he said to Shaul, “You have been foolish! You have not kept, etc.”
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Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy
לבלתי רום לבבו, “so that his heart not feel superior;” this is the reason why the Torah does not wish that the king amass undue amounts of gold and silver.
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Chizkuni
לבלתי רום לבבו מאחיו, “so as not to lift his heart above that of his brethren.” This is the reason why the king must not amass material wealth mentioned in verse 17.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
למען יאריך ימים TO THE END THAT HE MAY PROLONG HIS DAYS [IN HIS KINGDOM] — From the positive statement you may derive the negative (that if he does not fulfil the commandments his kingdom will not endure). And so, indeed, do we find in the case of Saul that Samuel said to him, (I Samuel 10:8) “Seven days shalt thou tarry, till I come unto thee” to offer burnt sacrifices, and it is written, (I Samuel 13:8) “and he tarried seven days”, but he did not keep his promise to wait the whole of the seventh day and had scarcely finished offering the burnt offering when Samuel came (I Samuel 10:10) and said to him (I Samuel 10:13-14) “Thou hast done foolishly; thou hast not kept [the commandment of the Lord thy God, which He commanded thee; for now would the Lord have established thy kingdom upon Israel forever;] but now thy kingdom shall not continue”. Thus you learn that for the neglect of an unimportant command given by means of a prophet he was severely punished.
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Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy
that he may not turn away for if he did not study, he would not know the law. His reward will be that he lengthen the days .
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Rabbeinu Bahya
הוא ובניו, “he and his sons, etc.” This verse teaches that the succession is by heredity and that there is no need to anoint the son of the previous king (Horiot 11). However if there should break out a quarrel involving the succession, the choice that the people agree on will require anointing. This is the meaning of the words בקרב ישראל, i.e. if there is no dispute and all agree who should ascend the throne after the death of the previous king — only then is anointing not required. The reason Solomon had to be anointed was precisely because there had been a quarrel about which of David’s sons should rule after him (compare Horiot 11).
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Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy
ולבלתי סור מן המצוה, “and in order that he do not deviate from G–d’s commandments;” this is the reason why a king is commanded to write a Torah scroll personally; this scroll is to accompany him wherever he goes. I have heard an opinion that what was written in that “Torah scroll,” are only the Ten Commandments. Seeing that the Ten Commandments total 613 letters, it is as if this scroll was equivalent to the entire five Books of Moses which contain a total of 613 commandments.
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Chizkuni
ולבלתי סור מן המצוה, “and in order not to turn aside from the commandment;” this is the reason why the King must always have a Torah scroll with him from which he is to read daily.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
הוא ובניו [THAT HE MAY PROLONG HIS DAYS IN HIS KINGDOM] HE, AND HIS CHILDREN — This tells you that if his son is worthy of becoming king he has to be given preference to any other person (Horayot 11b).
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Chizkuni
למען יאריך ימים, “so that he may prolong his life;” it is a well known fact that the burden of high office is bound to shorten the life of the people charged with it. In order to counteract this, the Torah provides the King with an antidote, i.e. regular daily Torah study. This is also why when the King is crowned, the crowd welcomes him with the shout: יחי המלך. “long life to the King!” (Kings I 1,25)
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