Bibbia Ebraica
Bibbia Ebraica

Commento su Deuteronomio 20:20

רַ֞ק עֵ֣ץ אֲשֶׁר־תֵּדַ֗ע כִּֽי־לֹא־עֵ֤ץ מַאֲכָל֙ ה֔וּא אֹת֥וֹ תַשְׁחִ֖ית וְכָרָ֑תָּ וּבָנִ֣יתָ מָצ֗וֹר עַל־הָעִיר֙ אֲשֶׁר־הִ֨וא עֹשָׂ֧ה עִמְּךָ֛ מִלְחָמָ֖ה עַ֥ד רִדְתָּֽהּ׃ (פ)

Solo gli alberi di cui sai che non sono alberi per il cibo, li puoi distruggere e abbattere, che potresti costruire baluardi contro la città che ti fa guerra, fino a quando non cade.

Rashi on Deuteronomy

עד רדתה [AND THOU SHALT BUILD BULWARKS AGAINST THE CITY …] UNTIL רדתה — This (the word רדתה) means “subduing”, [and the meaning is, thou shalt besiege it until] it becomes submissive.
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Sforno on Deuteronomy

רק עץ אשר תדע כי לא עץ מאכל הוא, even if it belongs to a category of trees which normally bear fruit; if you know that it is defective or too old to still bear fruit, so that no sane human being would waste his time on tending it, pruning it, etc. אותו תשחית, such a tree you may destroy for your own purposes.
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy

'רק עץ אשר תדע וגו, a tree which never bore fruit, whether close to the city under siege or distant from it, you may cut down to help you construct the ramparts from which to launch missiles; but a fruit bearing tree that is far enough removed from the city not to afford shelter to your enemy you must not cut down.
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Tur HaArokh

אותו תשחית וכרת, “it you may destroy by cutting it down.” You are free to cut down such a tree without restriction whether in order to build platforms to shoot arrows from, or for whatever reasons, such as to build a fire at night to keep warm.
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Siftei Chakhamim

The meaning is “conquest.” Until it is subjugated to you. [An expression] similar to “conquer (רדה) in the midst of your enemies” (Tehillim 110:2), because the term ירידה (falling) does not refer to the town, meaning its people, but to its walls.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

V. 20. רק עץ אשר תדע, es heißt nicht: רק עץ אשר איננו עץ מאכל, dies würde nur solche Bäume bezeichnen, die ihrer Art nach überhaupt keine Früchte tragen. Es heißt vielmehr: ׳אשר תדע כי וגו, das Urteil, dass er kein עץ מאכל ist, beruht auf einer speziellen Kenntnis der Individualität des Baumes. Er ist seiner Art nach ein Fruchtbaum, allein er ist doch kein עץ מאכל mehr, er kann nicht mehr zu den Bäumen gerechnet werden, die zur Nahrung dienen. Er ist so alt, dass er überhaupt keine Frucht mehr, oder nur so wenige liefert, dass sie außer Betracht kommen. Daher B. K. 91 b der Satz: דקלא דטען קבא אסור למקצציה, ein Dattelbaum, der noch ein קב jährlich trägt, darf nicht gefällt werden, und ebenso (daselbst) von Ölbäumen, deren Frucht wertvoller ist: כמה יהא בזית ולא יקצצו רובע, ein Ölbaum, der noch 1/4 קב trägt, darf nicht gefällt werden (siehe כ׳׳מ zu הל׳ מלכים ,רמב׳׳ם VII, 9), und wird dort gelehrt: ואם היה מעולה בדמים מותר, wenn der Holzwert des Baumes, z. B. zu Bauzwecken, den Fruchtwert übersteigt, so ist das Fällen zu diesem wertvolleren Zweck gestattet. לא אסרה התורה, erläutert אלא דרך השחתה ,רמב׳׳ם, das Gesetz verbietet nur ein zerstörendes Fällen, und gebietet (daselbst): להקדים סרק למאכל, überall, wo der Zweck durch einen Holzbaum erreicht werden kann, auch einen wenig fruchttragenden Baum zu schonen.
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Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy

רק עץ אשר תדע כי לא עץ מאכל, אותו תשחית וכרת, “only trees that you know that they are not trees for food, you may destroy and cut down;” you may do so in order to use the lumber for purposes connected with the siege. In the Talmud, tractate Taanit, folio 7, the sages contrast the word עץ with a Torah scholar, suggesting that if the Torah scholar in question possesses the virtues that we are entitled to expect of him, we are permitted to eat of its fruit, i.e. to study Torah with him. If his character does not match his Torah knowledge, we must not study Torah from him as he is not fit to be our model. Something similar applies to disseminating Torah to students whose character and purpose in wanting to study Torah is not in order to keep the commandments; such students are not worth your while to instruct.
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Chizkuni

כי לא עץ מאכל הוא, “for it is not a tree providing food; the Torah suggests that once a fruitbearing tree has reached a stage when it no longer bears fruit, it may be treated as if it had never born fruit. Another interpretation: you must not cut down any fruitbearing tree on the field; the exception are those trees that serve as cover for your enemies and help them escape you and continue in their fight against you. If such trees make it impossible for you to reach the walls of the city which you are besieging, you may remove such an obstacle by cutting it down even if it still does bear fruit.
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy

אשר תדע, which you recognise as such.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Es ist aber dies Verbot einer zwecklosen Zerstörung von Bäumen bei Belagerungen nur exemplifikatorisch zu fassen, und wird unter den Begriff כל תשחית das Verbot zweckloser Vernichtung irgend eines Gegenstandes überhaupt gefasst, so dass das לא תשחית unseres Gesetzes zum umfassendsten Warnruf an den Menschen wird, seine ihm eingeräumte Weltstellung nicht zur launenhaften, leidenschaftlichen, oder auch nur gedankenlosen Zerstörung der Dinge der Erde zu missbrauchen. Nur zum weisen Gebrauch hat Gott ihm seine Welt zu Füßen gelegt, als er sein: "bezwinge sie", "beherrsche sie" gesprochen (siehe ל׳׳ת רבט ,סמג).
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Chizkuni

'רק עץ אשר תדע כי לא עץ מאכל הוא וגו, “only a category of tree of which you know that it does not bear edible fruit, you may destroy even it is far from the walls of the city which you are besieging. ”Why did this line have to be written here? If it is permissible to cut down a fruit-bearing tree under certain conditions, is it is not simple logic that you may cut down non fruit bearing trees? The answer is something that we have come across repeatedly. Punishment for a sin committed may never be imposed based only on logic. Unless the Torah has specifically spelled out such punishment, it is not for us human beings to determine appropriate penalties for violating laws made by the Creator.
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy

עד רדתה, until you have broken down the city’s wall and other fortifications. (compare 28,52)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Demgemäß, glauben wir, dürften sich die Sätze unseres Textes also darstellen: לא תשחית את עצה wäre das allgemeine Verbot der Zerstörung selbst eines Holzbaumes, wo nichts als Zerstörung, לנדח עליו גרזן, Zweck ist.
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Chizkuni

An alternate interpretation: The text has to be understood literally, “It you must not cut down.” If you wish to understand the rationale: for man is similar to the tree of the field; for just as the people who lay siege to a city and the living beings inside are compared here to the tree of the field. In order to illustrate this better, let us compare it to Deuteronomy 24,6, כי נפש הוא חובל, “for this would be equivalent to taking that person’s life;” where the Torah compares vital household utensils taken by a creditor to secure his loan as the creditor taking the debtor’s life. The human being owing the money can continue to exist only as long as he is not deprived of these vital utensils. The fruit-bearing trees around a city are similarly a basic utensil ensuring the inhabitants’ economic survival. Since the object of the siege is not to kill all its inhabitants,but to make them subservient to you, depriving them of their fruit bearing trees would be neither in your interest and certainly not in their interest.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

כי ממנו תאכל ואתו לא תכרת wäre das Gebot der Erhaltung und das Verbot der Fällung von Fruchtbäumen.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

רק עץ אשר תדע וגו׳ אתו תשחית וכרת ובנית וגו׳ gestattet das Fällen von alten, nur wenige Früchte tragenden Bäumen, geschweige denn von Holzbäumen, zum Bauzweck. Nach רמב׳׳ם (daselbst) wäre jedoch die Erweiterung des Verbotes לא תשחית auf alle Gegenstände nur דרבנן.
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