Bibbia Ebraica
Bibbia Ebraica

Commento su Esodo 12:3

דַּבְּר֗וּ אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַ֤ת יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר בֶּעָשֹׂ֖ר לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֑ה וְיִקְח֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְבֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַבָּֽיִת׃

Parlate a tutta la Comunità d’Israel, con dire, che ai dieci di questo mese provveggansi, ognuno (per sè), un agnello [propriamente: una bestia minuta, agnello sia, o capretto] per ciascheduna famiglia, [o, se questa è tale da occupare più case] un agnello per ogni casa.

Rashi on Exodus

דברו אל כל עדת SPEAK UNTO ALL THE CONGREGATION — But did Aaron speak? Has it not already been stated, (Exodus 7:2) “You (Moses) shall speak etc.”. But the explanation is: they paid respect one to the other, saying to each other, “Instruct me what to say”. and the divine communication in question issued from both of them, so that it was as though they were both speaking (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:3:2).
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Ramban on Exodus

THEY SHALL TAKE TO THEM EVERY MAN A LAMB, ACCORDING TO THEIR FATHERS’ HOUSES. The reason for this commandment is that the constellation of Aries (the Ram) is at the height of its power in the month of Nisan, it being the sign of the zodiac which ascends the heavens.116There are twelve signs or constellations in the zodiac, an imaginary belt encircling the heavens, revolving around the sun. Each month, another constellation begins the procession of the signs in their course around the heavens. The Ram is the first sign of the zodiac in the month of Nisan. Therefore He commanded us to slaughter the sheep and to eat it in order to inform us that it was not by the power of that constellation that we went out from Egypt, but by decree of the Supreme One. And according to the opinion of our Rabbis117In translating the words of Moses to Pharaoh, Lo, if we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, etc., (above, 8:22), Onkelos translated: “if we sacrifice that which the Egyptians worship.” In his Moreh Nebuchim (III, 46), Rambam also writes: “Scripture tells us, according to the version of Onkelos, that the Egyptians worshipped Aries, etc.” that the Egyptians worshipped it as a deity, He has all the more informed us through this that He subdued their gods and their powers at the height of their ascendancy. And thus the Rabbis have said:118Shemoth Rabbah 16:2.Take you lambs and slaughter119Further, Verse 21. the gods of Egypt.”
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

דברו אל כל עדת ישראל לאמור, "speak to the whole community of Israel to say, etc." Why did G'd have to use the instruction דברו and could not make do with the method of communicating with the Israelites i.e. לאמור? In fact why did G'd not omit the word לאמור altogether and simply said: דברו? Moses' address could then have included both the information about the new moon as well as the details of preparing for the Passover. The word לאמור is altogether hard to comprehend since it is not clear to whom the Israelites were to communicate this new law about the Passover lamb.
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Rashbam on Exodus

לבית אבות, members of several families residing in the same house were in the habit of taking their meals together. They had to do this as the Passover offering could not be split up and consumed in more than one house. שה לבית, this means it was to be consumed in the same house, as per verse 15.
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Rabbeinu Bahya

בעשור לחדש הזה ויקחו להם, “on the tenth of this month they shall take for themselves, etc.” The instruction was that the lamb should be taken or purchased on the tenth to be sacrificed on the fourteenth. Our verse teaches that a sacrificial animal be checked for blemishes for four days prior to being offered as a sacrifice. This is why it had to be “taken” i.e. set aside four days earlier.
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Siftei Chakhamim

Has it not already been stated “You speak?” Rashi’s words are difficult to understand. For perhaps when it says (Shemos 7:2): “You (Moshe) speak,” it means that Moshe speaks to Aharon, but to B’nei Yisrael, both speak together. Furthermore, even if it means that Moshe alone speaks, this was said in connection to Pharaoh, i.e., Moshe speaks alone when he is speaking to Pharaoh, but to B’nei Yisrael both speak. The answer is: Although it is written, “Aharon your brother will be your spokesman” (7:1), Moshe must first concisely tell the message to Pharaoh once, just as he heard it from Hashem. And that is the meaning of, “You (Moshe) speak.” Afterwards, Aharon will express it eloquently until it is palatable to Pharaoh. And the same is true regarding B’nei Yisrael, as it is written (4:16), “He will speak to the people for you.” Aharon will speak [eloquently] to the people for you, but [first] you must concisely tell them the message once. (Re”m)
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Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael

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Rav Hirsch on Torah

VV. 3 — 6. עדה ,עדת von יער: bestimmen, ein durch die Einheit der Bestimmung verbundener Verein: Gemeinde. — בית אבות: das Elternhaus, das mehrere Familien umfassen kann, die alle noch um den gemeinschaftlichen Stammvater vereint sind. So kann בית אב einen ganzen Stamm umfassen (Bamidbar 17, 17). — בית: ein Haus für sich. — ואם ימעט הבית מהיות משה. Schwerlich findet sich eine Analogie dafür, dass היות מ־ Anteil an etwas haben oder zu etwas gehören bedeute. Dazu kommt, dass ja auch überhaupt ein Haus nicht zu klein sein kann, um Anteil an einem Lamm zu haben, sondern zu klein, um für sich allein ein Lamm zu haben, und wenn das hier gesagt werden sollte, so müsste es heißen: מהיות לו שה. Ohnehin ist ja auch im natürlichen Wege bereits durch die vorhergehende gesetzliche Bestimmung: שה לבית אבות für einen solchen Fall gesorgt, indem dort die Vereinigung mehrerer Häuser mit dem Stammhaus gestattet ist. היות מ־ heißt aber vielmehr fern von etwas sein, nicht zu etwas gehören, und ואם ימעט וגו׳, wenn das Haus zu klein werden sollte, dadurch, dass manche seiner Glieder nicht zu dem Lamme gehören wollen, und wäre demnach hier das statuiert, was auch die Halacha in diesem Satze ausgesprochen findet: בא הכתוב ללמרך שלעולם נמנין על הפסח ומושכין ידיהם ממנו עד שישחט(Mechilta zur Stelle; Peßachim 89a). Es heißt auch darum nicht ואם מעט הוא הבית וגו׳, sondern ואם ימעט וגו׳. Möglich jedoch, daß das משה מ— ein produktives מ ist, das Haus wird zu klein, um aus einem Lamme hervorzugehen, dann würde das Opfer als die Basis betrachtet, aus welcher das Haus resultiert, ein Begriff, der, wie wir sehen werden, vollständig der Bedeutung des Peßachopfers, namentlich der אכילת פסח, um die es sich hier zunächst handelt, entspricht. —במכסת נפשות so auch מכסת הערכך (Wajikra 27, 23) und ממס לד׳ (Bamidbar 31, 18). Da wir allerdings die Form ממר ליולדתו (Prov. 17, 25) von מרר finden und das sogleich folgende תכסו entschieden von כסס ist, so dürfte wohl auch מֶכֶס und מִכְפָה von כסם sein. Es ist aber die Bedeutung dieser Wurzel nicht einfach: zählen, sondern: ab- und zuzählen, d. h. durch zählen von einem Kreise ausscheiden und dem Kreise eines andern bestimmen, daher: Abgabe, Zoll, Tribut. Das Work ist verwandt mit גזז und קצץ, es liegt ihm somit die Bedeutung abschneiden, trennen, zu Grunde, der gewöhnliche Grundbegriff des Bestimmens im Hebräischen. Davon ja auch כוס, ein Gefäß von einem bestimmten Inhalt, in welchem jemandem das für ihn Bestimmte gereicht wird, im Gegensatz zu גביע und קובעת, welche das größere Trinkgefäß bedeutet und sich zu כוס wie eine Flasche zum Glase verhält. Also: Wenn durch Lossagung vom Lamme das Haus zu klein würde, so nehme er und sein Nachbar eines durch Zuteilung von Seelen, d. h. der Nachbar trete ihm zur Ergänzung seines Hauses Personen ab. — איש לפי אכלו וגו׳: jeden nach dem Verhältnis seines Essens, d. h. nach der Fähigkeit, von dem Lamme zu essen, sollt ihr hinzuzählen auf das Lamm. Nur eine Person, die von dem Lamme essen kann und essen soll, kann an demselben teilnehmen und nur für solche soll es von vornherein bestimmt sein. Daher der Satz: שחטו שלא לאוכליו ושלא למנוייו פסול (Peßachim 61 a.). Wir haben als Grundbedeutung der Wurzel כסס die Bedeutung: schneiden gefunden, und erklärt sich damit umsomehr der erläuternde Zusatz: רבי's: לשון סורסי הוא וגו׳ (siehe das. und תוספ׳ das.), dass in der Wahl dieses Ausdrucks zugleich die Halacha angedeutet ist, dass der Moment der שחיטה über die Bestimmung der Teilhaber entschieden und שחטו שלא .לאוכליו וגו׳ פסול
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Daat Zkenim on Exodus

בעשור לחודש, “on the tenth day of the month;” the acquisition of the Paschal lamb in Egypt had to be made on the tenth of the month. There was a special reason for this. When the firstborn Egyptians saw what the Israelites were doing, they asked them for the reason of this. The Israelites explained that it was an offering to be offered when G–d would skip over the homes of the Israelites when He would slay the Egyptian firstborns as a punishment for their refusing to let the Israelites go. Upon hearing this, the firstborn Egyptians immediately went to the other Egyptians telling them to release the Israelites forthwith, accusing them of responsibility for their death in case they refused. Nonetheless, the other Egyptians refused. In fact, they themselves slew some of the firstborns in an altercation. This is what is meant when we read in Psalms 136,10: למכה מצרים בבכוריהם כי לעולם חסדו, i.e. the psalmist does not write: that G–d smote the Egyptian firstborns, but that the Egyptians killed their firstborn. (Compare Midrash Tehillim 136, as well as Yalkut Shimoni on that verse.) We read also in that Midrash that the tenth of the month of Nissan of that year occurred on a Sabbath so that Passover occurred on the Thursday following, as stated in the Talmud, tractate Shabbat folio 87. When the Egyptians saw how the Jews made ready to cut the throats of their lambs they attacked them, as they were afraid of these animals, which were deities for them, and feared punishment for allowing their deities to be slain. G–d performed a miracle for the Israelites thus attacked and they were saved. This is the reason why the Sabbath prior to the Exodus is called שבת הגדול, “the great Sabbath.” Still we need to explore the reason why the tenth day in Nissan was chosen for the command to the Israelites to purchase, or if they had animals to set aside the respective animal for that sacrifice. According to Rashi, the Israelites were required to perform circumcision on themselves prior to being able to slaughter and to partake of the Paschal lamb. It would take them four days to recover from the wounds inflicted through their having circumcised themselves. (Attributed to Rabbi Yitzchok from Ibro.)
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Chizkuni

בעשור לחודש הזה, ויקחו להם, “on the tenth of this month, when they shall take or purchase for themselves etc.” The tenth of the month during that year was on a Sabbath. As a reminder of the fact that on that Sabbath the people collectively performed such a great commandment, it has since been named שבת הגדול, “the great Sabbath.” [Compare an article on this subject in the miluim to Torah shleymah by Rabbi Menachem Kasher of blessed memory Ed.)
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Rashi on Exodus

דברו אל כל עדת ישראל לאמר בעשר לחדש i. e. SPEAK to-day — on the first of the month — THAT ON THE TENTH OF THE MONTH they should take it (the lamb) (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:3:3).
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Rabbeinu Bahya

שה לבית אבות שה לבית, “one lamb per family”, or if the family comprised many people “one lamb per household.”
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Siftei Chakhamim

Speak today, on the first of the month. . . I.e., “On the tenth of this month” does not refer to when to speak, rather when to take the lamb. Otherwise the verse should have stated, “On the tenth of this month לאמר (say), ‘they shall take. . .” Then it would mean, “Speak on the tenth.” But since לאמר comes before “On the tenth of this month,” it refers back to “on the first of the month.”
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Perhaps the reason two expressions had to be used is quite simple. The law of the Passover comprised two aspects, 1) that Israel would be uplifted by showing their enemies how they themselves exacted retribution from their deities by slaughtering the sheep (compare Shemot Rabbah 16,3), and 2) performance of the command was accompanied by the threat that anyone failing to carry out this command would face death. The word לאמור is therefore appropriate for the first of the two aspects of this commandment, whereas the word דברו is appropriate for the instructions containing a warning about possible non-compliance. Another, secondary meaning of the word לאמור maybe that G'd instructed Moses and Aaron to exercise their authority gently.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

ולקחתי אתכם לי לעם hatte Gott als positives Ziel der ägyptischen Geula angekündigt, nicht — um in der Vorstellungsweise und Sprache unserer Zeit zu reden — nicht eine ihn anbetende "kirchliche Gemeine" wollte Gott schaffen, ein "Volk", eine "Nation", eine "soziale" Gesamtheit, wie das Wort heißt, ein Staat sollte aus dieser Erlösung hervorgehen, dessen ganzes "soziales" Dasein in Gott wurzelnd, von Ihm erbaut, auf Ihm beruhend, von Ihm gestaltet und Ihm geweiht sein soll, und mit dem .legte Gott den Grundstein zu diesem Bau קרבן פסח
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Chizkuni

ויקחו להם איש שה, “they shall take for themselves, each, a lamb;” the significance of the animal “lamb” is that this was the zodiac sign of the month of Nissan. It was the sign that served as deity of good fortune to the Egyptians and would now forever become the reminder of good fortune to the people of Israel. By adopting this symbol and slaughtering a lamb as a sacrifice instead of worshipping it, the Jews demonstrated their faith in their G-d. They thereby neutralised any good fortune this constellation had ever had portended for the Egyptians.
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Rashi on Exodus

הזה [ON THE TENTH OF] THIS [MONTH] — As regards the paschal lamb sacrificed in Egypt it had to be taken from the flock on the tenth, but this did not apply to the paschal-lamb offered by future generations (Pesachim 96a).
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Siftei Chakhamim

The korbon Pesach in Egypt. . . [Rashi knows this] because הזה (“this month”) excludes [any korbon Pesach brought in later years]. The Maharshal explains that [Rashi knows this] because otherwise the verse should have [reversed the order] and said, ויקחו להם בעשור לחודש , thus telling us that the taking is to be on the tenth. But the verse is written as it is, to tell us that only this time is the taking [of the korbon Pesach] on the tenth, but not for all generations.
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Moses was also to communicate first with the elders as we find that he did in 12,21 where he is reported as having called in all the elders of Israel. The instruction דברו was intended to the elders, whereas the word לאמור teaches that he was also to communicate the details of the law to the entire nation.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Sehen wir, wie Gott einen Staat aufbaut.
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Chizkuni

שה לבית אבות, “one lamb for each family.” Even if in the same house the people who live there, as long as they are all living in that house, are to share that lamb, even if not of the same family; (unless they need more than one lamb in which case they will have to take two or more.)
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Rashi on Exodus

שה לבית אבות A LAMB FOR THE HOUSE OF THEIR FATHERS — i. e. a lamb for one family (“family” here means the larger unit comprising the father or grandfather with his married sons and their families). Consequently, if they (the members of such a family) were numerous, one might think that they may take one lamb for all of them (irrespective of whether this would suffice to provide a piece as large as an olive, the minimum quantity, for each person)! Therefore Scripture states: שה לבית A LAMB FOR EACH HOUSEHOLD (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:3:7).
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Siftei Chakhamim

[One lamb] per family. . . Later (v. 21), Moshe tells B’nei Yisrael to take “a lamb למשפחותיכם (for your families).” Thus we know that בית אבות [mentioned in our verse] is the same as משפחות . That is why Rashi explains למשפחותיכם (v. 21) to mean בית אבות .
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

ויקחו להם איש שה, "that they should each take a lamb for themselves, etc." The conjunctive letter ו at the beginning of this legislation is strange. Perhaps we have an allusion here to what Moses said to the Israelites later in verse 21 when he communicated the instructions received here. According to Shemot Rabbah 16,2 the word משכו contained a command to the Israelites to refrain henceforth from any idolatrous activity. This instruction did not emanate from G'd but was something Moses told the people on his own. On the other hand, seeing the way Moses told the people one gains the impression that G'd had communicated this to him as a prophetic insight. Perhaps the letter ו here at the beginning of the paragraph is proof that what Moses said in verse 21 and onwards was also part of the instructions he had received from G'd earlier. Precisely what did Moses mean with the word משכו?
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Die Menschen, aus welchen er ihn erbaut, waren Sklaven. Als solche hatten sie keine Persönlichkeit, kein Eigentum, keine Familie — עבד גופו קנוי לרבו עבד, אין לו חיים ,עבד מה שקנה עבד קנה רבו —; mit dem Ausspruch: ויקחו להם איש gab Gott ihnen im hellen Anblick ihrer Herren (— am 10. Nissan, ein Tag vor Eintritt der Finsternis —) Persönlichkeit und Eigentum, und, indem einer für mehrere "nahm", und sodann auch einer für mehrere "schlachtete"; statuierte er eben damit sofort die "Gleichheit" aller vor Gott und dem Gesetze, indem einer für den andern zivilrechtlich und gottesdienstlich eine Handlung vollgültig vollziehen kann, ein Begriff, der in dem Satze: שלוחו של אדם כמותו (Kiduschin 41, 42) seinen Ausdruck findet. Indem aber das Gesetz איש hervorhebt, ist zugleich diese Vollberechtigung der Persönlichkeit an die mündige Reife des Alters geknüpft: איש זוכה ואין קטן זוכה (das. und תוספות) —
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Chizkuni

שה לבית, “one lamb per house.” The reason why each house needs to have at least one lamb was to prove that in each house the people eating the lamb have first proved to have fulfilled G-d’s commandment to kill an Egyptian deity and consume it.
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Seeing that Moses told the people to purchase the lamb on the tenth of the month people would think that those who bought it on that date could slaughter it whereas those who had failed to purchase it or set it aside on the tenth could not buy it on the 11th the 12th or the 13th, therefore Moses added the words "and they may purchase it" to indicate that even if they bought the lamb after the tenth of the month it would still qualify as a sacrifice. All this we derive from the word ויקחו which is preceded by the conjunctive letter ו. The Mechilta on our verse arrives at the ruling about purchasing the lamb on the 11th, 12th, or 13th of the month by a process called a fortiori, simple logic. If something can be deduced by that method and in addition we find an allusion in the text this reinforces our opinion.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Und die zu berechtigter Selbständigkeit aufgerichteten einzelnen sammelt Gottes staatbauendes Wort zuerst in Familien, und knüpft das Familienband aufwärts, das Band der Kinder an die Eltern, das selbst die verheirateten Kinder mit ihren Kindern noch um Großvater und Urgroßvater zum בית אבות eint, und das Familienband abwärts, das Band der Eltern an die Kinder, das die Kinder wieder selbständige Häuser gründen lässt, in welchen sie also ihren Kindern und in ihren Kindern weiter leben, wie ihre Eltern ihnen gelebt und in ihnen weiter leben. Aber auch dies häuserbauende Familienband aufwärts soll in diesem Staate ein freies sein und kennt keine zwingende Hörigkeit, es statuiert sofort die Möglichkeit, אם ימעט הבית וגו׳, der nach freier Selbstbestimmung sich gruppierenden Häuser: אינו שוחט על ידי בנו ובתו הגדולים ועל ידי עברו ושפחתו העברים ועל ידי אשתו אלא מדעתן (Peßachim 88.a.).
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

Inasmuch as both the words להם and איש in our verse seem superfluous at first glance seeing that all the Torah had to write was ויקחו שה לבית, we are entitled to derive additional meanings from these words. In a similar situation where the letter ו at the beginning of the word ויקחו seems strange, (Exodus 25,2) Tanchuma understands the letter as including G'd Himself. Here is what Tanchuma has to say there: "G'd said to them: 'take Me with you."' [This would suggest that the gifts the Israelites donated for the Tabernacle would ensure that G'd's presence would dwell amongst them. I have not found this text in my edition of the Tanchuma. Ed.] In our situation, considering that these were the first commandments addressed to the Jews as a people, G'd may also have suggested that performance of these commandments would ensure His Presence amongst the Israelites and that even the Gentiles would become aware of this as pointed out in Deut. 28,10. Sotah 42 claims that on occasion the word איש refers to the Almighty, such as in Samuel I 17,8 where Goliath blasphemes, provoking G'd to battle against him. Here too the word איש may be an allusion to G'd whom Moses called איש מלחמה in Exodus 15,3. The Tikkuney Zohar section 29 demonstrate that the word מצוה contains half of the Ineffable Name at the end, and the other half at the beginning if one applies the method known as aleph tav, bet shin when reading the alphabet. [The letter צ would correspond to the letter ה, whereas the letter מ would correspond to the letter י. Ed.] According to this the Torah hints that by means of this מצוה the Jewish people would make a great acquisition (לקיחה) i.e. they would establish a claim on G'd.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Das Recht, das den Menschen Selbständigkeit, Gleichheit, Freiheit und Eigentum verleiht, die Bande des Blutes und der Wahl, die die Menschen in Häuser sammelt und sondert, das ist die Basis des Gottesstaates. Allein das Recht ist ein scheidendes Element, das Menschen und Häuser auf sich selber und gegen Eingriff anderer sicher stellt. Was ist der Kitt nun, der Häuser an Häuser nähern und im jüdischen Staate aus der Familie die Gesellschaft hervorgehen lässt? Ist es, wie in andern Staaten bauenden Systemen, die Not, das Bedürfnis, die berechnende Schwäche, die Hilfsbedürftigkeit, die den einzelnen aus egoistischer Vereinzelung reißen und aus Sorge für das eigene Ich ihm die Mitsorge für den Nachbar nahe legen soll? Es ist allerdings auch eine Not, auch ein Bedürfnis, allein es ist die Not des Überflusses, es ist das Bedürfnis der Pflichterfüllung. אם ימעט הבית וגו׳ spricht das den jüdischen Staat bauende Wort, nicht der Arme bedarf des Reichen, der Reiche bedarf des Armen: "Wessen Haus zu klein ist für den Segen, den Gott ihm verliehen, der suche sich den Nachbar auf, dass er ihm Seelen leihe, denen er seinen Überfluss zugute kommen lassen könne, die ihm zur Erfüllung seiner Pflichtaufgabe verhelfen!! Den Armen kann Gott ohne den Reichen nähren. Aber der Reiche kann ohne den Armen seine Lebensaufgabe nicht erfüllen, und nicht die Not, das Pflichtbewusstsein, מצוה, soll im jüdischen Gottesstaat Haus an Haus zur Volksgesellschaft einen. Erst aus dieser durch משפט gesicherten, durch צדקה verbundenen konkreten Volksgesellschaft tritt dann die formale staatliche Gliederung mit ihren Spitzen in קהל עדת ישראל hervor, ישראל: die Volksgesamtheit, — עדה: die die Volksbestimmung tragenden selbständigen Glieder: die Gemeine, — קהל: die verwaltende und leitende Spitze: die Repräsentanz, wie dies denn auch in den ג׳ כתות der שחיטת הפסח verewigt blieb (Peßachim 64 a.).
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

I have been puzzled why G'd did not specifically exclude the people who were either Gentiles, uncircumcised, or had contracted impurity through contact with the dead from offering and eating the Passover lamb, just as He legislated for the future observance of the Passover holiday (12,43-46 as well as Numbers chapter 9). Whereas we have pointed out in our commentary on Numbers 19,2 that there was a good reason for not permitting the ritually impure to participate in that commandment in subsequent years, there remains the question why the proselytes and the uncircumcised were not excluded from participating in the original passover lamb in Egypt? According to our sages as interpreted by Shemot Rabbah 19,6 based on Ezekiel 16,6 the blood mentioned there was the combined blood of circumcision and the blood of the paschal lamb the Israelites offered prior to the Exodus and which G'd "kissed" in appreciation of the readiness for martyrdom the Israelites demonstrated on that occasion. Our sages also interpret on Exodus 12,21 that the word משכו implies that the Israelites first had to divest themselves of any remnants of idolatrous conduct. This would include circumcision. They would have to become full-fledged members of the Jewish people before they qualified for participation in this great מצוה. These are all very fine exegetical points, but they do not address our question why G'd had not spelled out these conditions explicitly, seeing that our chapter contains so many details about this מצוה.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Alle einzelnen, alle Häuser, alle Familien, die ganze Gesamtheit im Ganzen und Einzelnen soll sich aber in diesem Momente ihres Neuerstehens Gott gegenüber als שה darstellen, alles aufgehen in den einzigen Begriff צאן מרעיתו zu sein, Gott als seinen Hirten, als den רועה ישראל zu begreifen und sich feiner Führung und Leitung bereit zu stellen. Dieser Begriff, der uns Gott als unseren Hirten und uns als seine Herde denken lässt, ward von dem Augenblick, in welchem Gott unsere "Führung" übernahm, der allgemeinste, bleibende, unter welchem wir unsere Beziehungen zu Gott und Gottes Beziehungen zu uns zu denken erhielten, und das כבש אחד בבקר und כבש אחד בין in welchem Israel fortan Tag für Tag beim steigenden und sinkenden Strahl ,הערבים sich seinem Gotte darzustellen und hinzugeben hatte, war nichts als die Fortsetzung und Wiederholung dieses ersten Momentes, in welchem es als שה seinen Gang durch die Geschichte antrat und Gott als dem רועה ישראל, als dem נוהג כצאן יוסף seine Führerschaft überließ. Es ist aber das jüdische "Lamm" nicht das "Leiden der Welt tragende", den Grabesgang zur Schlachtbank wandelnde, demütige und wehmütige Wesen: שה תמים זכר בן שנה יהיה לכם unverstümmelt, männlich, in ewiger Jugendfrische soll es die Ideen unseres Wesens zum Ausdruck bringen, ganz und selbständig und doch immer jung, nimmer der göttlichen Leitung entwachsend, soll die Herde Gottes sein, wir mögen uns als כבש oder als עז in unserer sozialen Stellung fühlen, מן הכבשים ומן העזים תקחו. Innerhalb der צאן-Gattung ist die Wahl zwischen Schaf oder Ziege gelassen. Letztere, עז, trägt den Charakter größerer Selbständigkeit nach außen und heißt daher עז Widerstand leisten: die Ziege weist jedem Fremden die Hörner, ist aber dem Hirten so folg- und gefügsam wie das Schaf.
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

At the end of our paragraph, (verse 43) after Moses has dealt with the preparations for the Exodus, the Torah legislates the way Passover is to be observed in the future, as a reminder of the Exodus. We find there that a בן נכר and an עבד כעני, a Gentile or a slave whose body is owned by a Jew must not participate in the Passover. Ibn Ezra writes that the whole paragraph starting with verse 43 refers to observance of the Passover by future generations. This was why G'd used that opportunity to add other details which did not apply to the observance of the original Passover in Egypt whereas other details such as the blood which had to sprinkled on the doorposts did not need to be repeated as they would not apply in the future. If he meant that the law about the בן נכר and ערל were new additions, to be observed by future generations only, Ibn Ezra would be in direct contradiction to the traditional views we have cited. Besides, how does he deal with 12,50 where the Torah reports the Israelites as having observed the Passover in accordance with the instructions Moses and Aaron had received from G'd? Surely the Torah would not have written: "the Israelites carried out, etc." if the previous paragraph had dealt only with the observance of the Passover in the future! Ibn Ezra's comment that verse 50 speaks of the observance of the Passover while the Israelites were in the desert seems devoid of any basis in fact. It is unlikely that anyone will take these comments of Ibn Ezra seriously.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

והיה לכם למשמרת. Vier Tage lang war der Sinn auf dieses Lamm zu richten, es in seiner Vollständigkeit, vor jeder Verstümmelung zu schützen — טעון ביקור ד׳ תמים - ימים, ganzen Menschen in allen seinen Beziehungen ist die Grundbedingung eines jeden קרבן's, eines jeden Nähertretens zu Gott, wie die Präliminarbedingung des Abrahambündnisses lautet: התהלך לפני והיה תמים.
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

I have found the following comment in the Mechilta on 12,43: "Scripture deals here with both the Passover of Egypt and the Passover of subsequent generations, these are the words of Rabbi Yoshiah. Rabbi Yonathan says that the passage deals with the Passover in Egypt. Whence do I know what rules apply to subsequent Passovers? Scripture says: "in accordance with all its statutes and all its social laws you shall perform it" (Numbers 9,3). According to the foregoing all the Tannaim of the period agreed that the paragraph in question speaks about observance of the Passover in Egypt, thus Ibn Ezra's words are to be disregarded completely.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

בין הערבים, zwischen den beiden ערבים, zwischen den beiden "Tag- und Nachtmischungen" der einen, wo bereits die Nacht in den Tag sich mischt, der andern, wo noch der Tag in die Nacht gemischt ist; der einen, wo die Dämmerung des Tages beginnt, der andern, wo der letzte Tagesstrahl aus der Nacht scheidet, also zwischen dem Augenblick, in welchem die Sonne bereits über den Zenit hingegangen bis zum Beginn der eigentlichen Nacht, es ist dies der ganze Nachmittag des 14. Nissan. Es war dies der Scheidepunkt zwischen dem 14., der noch der Knechtschaft angehörte, und dem mit der Nacht beginnenden, aber mit dem Nachmittage schon hereindämmernden 15., der die Erlösung und die Freiheit bringen sollte. Dieser Moment, in welchem nach außen die Erlösung, das וגאלתי אתכם בזרוע וגו׳, und nach innen die Erwählung, das ולקחתי beginnen sollte, sollte Israel dadurch vorbereiten, dass es sich für solche אתכם לי לעם Erwählung in allen seinen Gliedern und Kreisen der Gottesführung als "die Schafe seiner Herde" bereit zu stellen und durch שחיטה das völlige Aufgeben alles bisherigen und sonstigen Seins zum Ausdruck zu bringen hatte.
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Or HaChaim on Exodus

It is therefore possible that when the Torah wrote ויקחו with the extra letter ו, it referred to additional commandments over and above that of circumcision and the need to remove all vestiges of idol worship. The commandment referred to would be the restrictions on the בן נכר and the ערל, the uncircumcised Israelite as outlined in the paragraph commencing with verse 43.
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Abarbanel on Torah

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