Commento su Esodo 12:44
וְכָל־עֶ֥בֶד אִ֖ישׁ מִקְנַת־כָּ֑סֶף וּמַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔וֹ אָ֖ז יֹ֥אכַל בּֽוֹ׃
Ogni schiavo comprato per denari, quando l’avrai circonciso potrà mangiarne.
Rashi on Exodus
ומלתה אתו אז יאכל בו WHEN THOU HAST CIRCUMCISED HIM THEN SHALL HE EAT THEREOF — “he” means his (the slave’s) master; this tells us that the neglect to circumcise his slaves bars him from eating of the Paschal offering. This is the opinion of R. Joshua. Rabbi Eliezer, however, said: the neglect to circumcise his slaves does not bar him from eating of the Paschal offering. The objection was raised: if this be so what means “Then shall he eat thereof”? — The reply was given: “He” means the slave, not the master (the meaning being that the slave, so long as he is uncircumcised may not eat of it) (cf. Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:44:2).
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Shadal on Exodus
But every slave: The circumcision of slaves is an obligation on the master, from Abraham (Genesis 17:12) and onward. We are also commanded about the rest of slaves on Shabbat and holidays. And all of this raises the status of the slave, that it be slightly less than his master. And therefore when he is circumcised, he immediately eats from the Passover sacrifice like his master. But at the end of the Second Temple [period], when character traits became corrupted through the kings of the House of Herod and Israel learned the ways of the gentiles and the kings and ministers and wealthy ones particularly loved to copy the Romans - and we know that the Romans were cruel to their slaves - there were Israelite masters that did not want to circumcise their slaves in order that [the slaves] should not think of themselves as Israelites or [even] as people. The Sages of Israel then arose and decreed that whoever would not circumcise his slaves would not eat from the Passover sacrifice. And in my opinion, their intention was that one who does not consider his slaves to be like people is not fit to be among those that celebrate the festival of freedom. This is the position of most of the Sages, and it is taught anonymously in the Mekhilta (and according to Rashi's textual variant, it is the opinion of R. Yehoshua; and according to Tosafot's variant, it is the opinion of R. Akiva). But R. Eliezer says, "The circumcision of his slave does not impinge upon his eating from the Passover sacrifice"... As he did not want anything that was not in the Torah or in the tradition to be innovated, and he never said anything that he did not hear from the mouth of his teacher. But the rest of the Sages of Israel would innovate ordinances according to the needs of the times. And they had to excommunicate R. Eliezer, as he would protest against everything that veered from that which was passed on to him from his teachers.
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Tur HaArokh
ועצם לא תשברו בו, ”you are not to break a bone of it.” Seeing that the Passover lamb is to be eaten על השובע, as the final part of the meal, so that it satiates the person consuming part of it, breaking bones of it would create the impression in the viewer that the person doing it was left hungry after eating its meat. Alternately, the meaning could be that on that occasion, when the meal was being consumed hurriedly, while standing up, the Israelites would try and stuff themselves as much as they could in anticipation of a long march. Such behaviour would contradict the festive nature of the meal.
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Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 44. עבר איש מקנת כסף. Zur Würdigung der Tatsache, dass das Gesetz bei seinem selbst eben aus der Sklaverei zur Freiheit erstehendem Volke doch die Fortdauer einer Leibeigenschaft durch Ankauf von Sklaven vom Auslande voraussetzt und gestattet, dürfte die Erwägung einiger Umstände nicht unwesentlich sein. Kein Jude konnte einen Menschen zum Sklaven machen, er konnte nur Menschen, die nach dem allgemein geltenden Völkerrechte Sklaven waren, durch Kauf zu den Seinigen machen. Dieser Übergang in das Eigentum eines Juden war aber die einzige Rettung eines nach geltendem Völkerrechte zum Sklaven gestempelten Menschen. Die betrübendsten Erfahrungen unserer eigenen Tage ( — Union, Jamaica 1865 — ) lehren uns, wie vogelfrei und unglücklich der nicht nach geltendem Völkerrechte emanzipierte Sklave und selbst der emanzipierte überall ist, wo man ihn als Sklaven oder auch nur gewesenen Sklaven erkennt. Das Haus des Juden war ihm eine Freistätte. Dort war er gesetzlich vor Misshandlungen geschützt und — was nicht genug anzuschlagen ist — gehörte — wenn er wollte (Jebamoth 48 b.) durch מילה und טבילה im Vereine mit seiner Herrschaft dem jüdischen Gottesbunde an. Er war wie die Kinder ein Glied des Hauses und nahm an dem das Gottesvolk konstituierenden Peßachopfermahl wie diese Teil. Ja, es konnte nach der zur Halacha rezipierten Auffassung keiner im Peßachopfer sein Haus unter die leitende Obhut Gottes stellen, durfte somit keiner am Peßachmahl teilnehmen, der auch nur einen leibeigenen Menschen sein nannte, welcher nicht durch מילה und טבילה gleich ihm in den Gottesbund aufgenommen war. (Heißen darum ja auch die Sklaven in Abrahams Hause חניכיו, die durch ihn in den Abrahamsbund Eingeführten. Siehe zu Bereschit 14, 14 u. 15). Wie מילת זכריו, so auch מילת עבדיו מעכבתו מלאכל בפסח! (Jebam. 70 b.) Diese Bestimmung erklärt auch den Wechsel der Personen in diesem Verse und die Prägnanz, mit welcher das "du" in ומלפה hervorgehoben ist. Es heißt nicht: וכל עבד מקנת כספך ומלת אותו אז וגו׳, sondern: זכל עבד איש וגו׳ ומלתה וגו׳. Es ist somit der Herr nicht mit dem, sondern von dem das Gesetz spricht; der im Gesetz Angeredete ist die Gesamtheit der Nation, als deren Stellvertreter der Vater und der Herr in dem Milagebote zu betrachten ist (siehe zu פרשת מילה im Bereschit). Und das Gesetz lautet: Wenn jemand einen Sklaven als Eigentum hat, so musst du, Nation, erst durch מילה ihn zu den deinen zählen, es muss erst für dich die Mila an ihm vollzogen sein, dann darf er, der Herr, am Peßach teilnehmen.
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Chizkuni
מקנת כסף, “or acquired through purchase;” slaves whose bodies are owned by an Israelite (and who have been circumcised) may partake of the annual Passover. It also includes: wife and children living at home and provided for by their father.
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Chizkuni
ומלת אותו אז יאכל בו, “when you circumcise him, then he may eat of it.” The reason why this is a repeat is to tell us that there is no waiting period after the circumcision. If for some reason the foreskin grew back, such a slave is not disqualified from eating of the Passover, as long as he had been ritually circumcised once. The same applies to slaves owned by a priest in whose home sacrificial meat or tithes called t’rumah may be served on a daily basis.
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