Commento su Genesi 14:4
שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה עָבְד֖וּ אֶת־כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר וּשְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה מָרָֽדוּ׃
Per dodici anni avevano servito [pagato tributo] a Kedorlaòmer, e nel terzodecimo si ribellarono.
Rashi on Genesis
שתים עשרה שנה עבדו TWELVE YEARS DID THEY i. e. these five kings SERVE Chedorlaomer.
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Radak on Genesis
שתים עשרה שנה עבדו, they were enslaved to Amrafel, paying annual taxes to him.
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Sforno on Genesis
עבדו את כדרלעמר, after the compromise they had reached 12 years ago. Afterwards, they rebelled.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
ושלש עשרה שנה מרדו, “and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.” The word שלש in this instance is to be understood as a cardinal number rather than as an ordinal number. We find an example of such use of the word in Exodus 20,11, where the Torah writes כי ששת ימים עשה ה' instead of כי בששה ימים עשה ה'.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Ein Volk, das sich von äußerem Joch frei machen will, muß damit beginnen, sich selbst erst frei, d. i. sittlich zu machen. Das hatten sie in ihrem Übermut übersehen.
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Radak on Genesis
ושלש עשרה שנה, these words mean the same as if they had been written in the ordinal form, i.e. “during the thirteenth year.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מרד: sich empören, עניים מרורים: elend, מרט: haarausraufen und polieren; also eigentlich Unebenheiten nicht scheuen, dem Rauhen das Rauhe oder die Gewalt entgegensetzen. Was מרט mechanisch ist, das ist מרד geistig und sittlich: einer rauhen Seite sich nicht mehr fügen, einer rauhen Seite Stacheln entgegensetzen. מרודים: die Armen, die Gerupften, bei denen man keinen Widerstand duldet, die ganze Welt zeigt ihnen rauhe, unfreundliche Seiten. Jeder will auch noch etwas an ihnen zu polieren haben. So klagt Zion: ימי עניי ומרודי.
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Radak on Genesis
מרדו, their rebellion consisted of their not paying the annual taxes. Contrary to the impression created that Amrafel was the leader seeing he was named first, the leading king in that group of three was Kedorleomer.
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