Commento su Genesi 49:11

אסרי לגפן עירה BINDING UNTO THE VINE HIS FOAL — He (Jacob) prophesied of the land of Judah that it would run with wine like a fountain: the vines will be so productive that a man of Judah will bind to a vine one foal and he will fully load it with the grapes of only one vine, and from the produce of only one branch he would load one ass’s colt.

אסרי לגפן עירה, an עיר, young ass, needs to be tied to a single vine to load it with many grapes

אוסרי לגפן עירה, this is one of the things that help us recognise the Redeemer when he comes. 1) he will manifest himself as Messiah by a foal borne by a she-ass. (Zecharyah 9,9) The reason this indicates that he is the Messiah is that he does not arrive on a horse, an animal which is ready for battle, for war. The final battle involving the nations of the world will already have been fought and won by G’d at the time he will manifest himself. He will commence his reign when peace already prevails. 2) the fact that he will tie his ass to a גפן, a vine, will be a symbol that he is destined to rule over the Jewish people, the people who have been compared to a grape vine as stated in Chulin 92. The prophet Isaiah 5,7 also referred to the Jewish people as G’d’s vineyard.

אסרי לגפן עירה, "He ties his ass to a vine, etc." There are numerous explanations of this verse; their common denominator is that they are all of a homiletical nature. Perhaps the verse is again speaking about the arrival of the Messiah who has been mentioned at the end of the last verse, i.e. עד כי יבא שילה. Jacob had described that period as one when all the nations of the world will seek out the Messiah. This verse would then describe the Messiah as tying his donkey to the vine, i.e. Israel. Israel has been compared to the vine in Psalms 80,9: "You plucked up a vine from Egypt, You expelled nations and planted it." The "donkey" in this verse refers to the Gentile nations. We have several instances in the Bible in which the Gentile nations are compared to donkeys. The first such instance is in Genesis 22,5 where Abraham compares the Gentiles to the donkey (according to Kidushin 68). We also have a very clear such comparison in Ezekiel 23,20 where the prophet compares Israel's promiscuity with Gentiles as a lust for the flesh of donkeys. When Jacob proceeds to speak of the שרקה an especially long vine, as a branch to which the Messiah will tie his she-ass's colt, he makes a fine distinction between the male and female souls that originate in the domain of the קליפה. He calls the male, עיר, whereas he calls the female אתון. When speaking of Israel as a whole, i.e. גפן he describes the Messiah as tying the male Gentiles to the whole vine, whereas when speaking of the female Gentiles he speaks of the Messiah tying them to a single branch of that vine. Not that much restraining power is needed to control the females.

אסרי לגפן. The letter י in the word אסרי is an addition, similar to the letter י in Deuteronomy 33,15 שכני סנה, and other examples of a similar construction. Also the letter י in בני אתונו, is an addition. The entire expression ולשרקה בני אתונו is a duplication, seeing that the word שרקה means the same as גפן, perhaps a superior type of vine. The entire verse is a praise of the quality of the land apportioned to the tribe of Yehudah which yields such bountiful harvests that the farmer can tie his ass to the vine after having eaten from its grapes, without any worry. There are so many grapes on a single vine that they suffice to make up a full load for his ass. Similarly, there is so much wine that even if he were to launder his garments in wine instead of in water, he would not run short of wine. Yaakov repeats the theme once more in different words, saying: ובדם ענבים סותה, the expression דם ענבים refers to wine, the word סותה to garments. Naturally, this is an exaggeration permissible to poets.

אסרי לגפן עירה, “he will tie his ass to a vine.” Seeing that grapes will be in such abundant supply he will not worry that by tying his ass to a vine the ass would be tempted to eat the grapes.

Onkelos explains as referring to the King Moshiach. Accordingly, אוסרי לגפן עירה means: Israel will surround the city of Jerusalem. ולשורקה בני אתונו means: Israel will build the Temple.

Jakob sieht also משיח, und wie sieht er ihn? Er sieht den Menschheitretter, den Völkerüberwinder nicht zu Roß, sondern auf jungem Esel. — "Esel" ist überall, als Lasttier, Repräsentant des friedlichen Wohlstandes, der friedlichen nationalen Größe, während Rosse die kriegerische Macht repräsentieren. So wird unter allen unreinen Tieren nur der Esel herausgegriffen, um durch פטר חמור die Weihe des ganzen beweglichen Besitzes auszudrücken. Es ist dasjenige Tier, das ruhigen Schrittes den Menschen und seine Güter trägt. So sollte die jüdische Königsmacht nicht in Rossen ihren Ausdruck finden. Dem jüdischen Könige war verboten להרבות סוס. Sollte der jüdische König ja auch erst לאחר ירושה וישיבה nach völliger Eroberung und gesicherter Besitznahme des Landes, also ausdrücklich nicht zunächst zu kriegerischen Zwecken, erwählt werden, und dürfte eben darin die Versündigung des Volkes zu Samuels Zeiten gelegen haben, dass sie einen König zur Landesverteidigung gefordert, wie Samuel ihnen Kap.12, 12 vorwirft: ותראו כי נחש מלך בני עמון בא עליכם ותאמרו לי לא כי מלך ימלוך עלינו ודי אלקיכם מלככם! Darum erscheint hier der einstige wirkliche, wahrhaftige, Israel und die Menschheit erlösende König auf בני אתונו ,עירו. Zwei hervorstehende Züge treten hier im Bilde der zu erwartenden kommenden Zeit hervor. Der König der Menschheit reitet nicht auf einem Rosse, sondern auf einem Esel: er kommt also als König des Friedens; und er bindet sein Tier an Weinstöcke. Wenn man das Tier, und noch dazu עיר, das geweckte, mutige Füllen, an Weinstöcke bindet, so ist das ein Zeichen von einer unendlich gesteigerten Entwicklungspotenz der Natur (die Weinstöcke stämmig wie unsere Bäume) und von übergroßem Wohlstand und Überflusse. Überfluss in unendlich gesteigertem Segen der Natur, und Friede in der Menschenwelt, das sind ja die beiden Merkzeichen, die überall im Munde der Propheten diese endliche Zeit charakterisieren. So lange das friedliche Tier nicht in seine Würde eingesetzt ist, die Führer der Menschen vielmehr auf kriegerischen Rossen erscheinen, und so lange man die Tiere nicht an Weinstöcke bindet, so lange sind wir noch sehr fern von der zu erwartenden Regenerierung der Natur und Menschenwelt. (Vergl. über den jüdischen König und משיח Jeschurun 71. 127 ff.)

סותה, a variant of the word: מסוה, “veil, or mask.”

שרקה means a long branch; corière in old French

(2) TO A single CHOICE VINE. ...

ולשרקה בני אתונו, this is a reference to a third symbol by which the Messiah will be identified, that not only will he tie his ass to a vine but to a sorekah, a choice vine. The wine from such vine illuminates the eyes of the Just of their respective generations, something that cannot be said of an ordinary vine.

סותה, “his garment.” The letter כ at the beginning of this word has been omitted. Alternatively, the word is derived from מסוה, the cloth Moses wrapped around his forehead so as not to frighten the people by the rays of light his face emitted upon his return from the mountain. (Exodus 34,33)

From the idea: Those who ride on white donkeys... This verse refers to Torah scholars. צחורות means white. I.e., Torah scholars who wear white garments [are riding on donkeys]. Alternatively, it means they ride on white donkeys from place to place in order to learn Torah.

Alternatively, our verse speaks of two different periods of well known redemptions. The first is the redemption from Egypt, whereas the second refers to the ultimate redemption in the days of the Messiah who is descended from David. Concerning he first redemption, Jacob said: אסרי לגפן עירה, he ties his donkey to a vine, similar to the verse in Psalms 80,9 a period when G'd humbled a single nation before the Jews, i.e. the Egyptians. Concerning the redemption in the future, Jacob speaks of the שרקה, the whistle, in the sense that the prophet Zachariah did in Zachariah 10,8: אשרקה להם ואקבצם כי פדית, "I will whistle to them and gather them, for I will redeem them." Jacob speaks of בני אתונו, i.e. the plural, since at that time Israel will be redeemed from many different nations. At the time of the Exodus, the redemption comprised the defeat of Egypt and the Canaanites, i.e. seven of the Canaanite nations. The remainder of the seventy nations were not humbled before Israel at that time. When the final redemption will occur all the other nations too will be humbled before Israel. These are the בני אתונו, the offspring of the original עירה.

Einen Beweis für die Richtigkeit unserer Auffassung dürfte die Stelle Secharja 9, 9. liefern: גילי מאור בת ציון הריעי בת ירושלם הנה מלכך יבוא לך צדיק ונושע הוא עני ורכב על חמור ועל עיר בן אתונות, freue dich sehr und jauchze; denn siehe, dein König kommt dir, er ist ein צדיק und נושע": er ist kein 1/מושיע; משיח kommt nicht, um uns zu helfen, sondern in seinem Beispiel uns zu lehren, wie uns geholfen würde; er ist צדיק, ein gerechter Mensch, und deshalb wird ihm geholfen. Er ist kein Gott, der hilft, sondern er ist ein Mensch, dessen Größe darin besteht, dass er in so eminenter Weise "gerecht" ist, dass ihm um seiner Gerechtigkeit willen Gott hilft, Gott ihm zum Siege verhilft. Er ist ferner עני, erscheint ohne Civilliste, und endlich nicht als Kriegsheld, sondern רוכב על חמור, als Bringer des Friedens und des Wohlstandes, das bezeichnet חמור, und speziell wiederholt: "auf einem Füllen, Sohn von Eselinnen". Es ist dies sehr eigentümlich. Es scheint: er ist רוכב על חמור, aber nicht aus Armut, sondern der חמור ist עיר בן אתונות. Er hat, während andere Könige einen Marstall voller Rosse haben, אתונות, eine Zucht von Tieren friedlicher Beschäftigung; das Tier, das ihn trägt, ist ein aus seinem Friedensreichtum erzogenes Tier. So auch hier: בני אתונו ,עירה. Das letzte schwache Ende (שילה) stellt sich plötzlich וְלוֹ) männlich dar, und ihm gegenüber erklären sich die Völker bankrott. Obgleich er aber so männlich stark geworden, bleibt er doch an sich bescheiden weiblich (עירה und ;סותר) selbst nachdem er männlich die Welt erobert hat, und seine ganze Männlichkeit besteht darin, dass er friedliche Reichtümer sammelt (כני אתונו). In einem Gemälde, das mit so wenigen Pinselstrichen ein Bild von der bedeutsamsten Dimension hinhaucht, ist man berechtigt, die leiseste Nuance zu beachten.

כבס ביין HE WASHED IN WINE — all these phrases indicate abundance of wine.

ולשרקה בני אתונו, a repetition for literary purposes, similar to expressions such as יהודה וישראל, when both words are references to the same people, or as the expression איש תחת גפנו ותחת תאנתו, “each man under his grape vine and under his fig tree” This expression which occurs frequently in the Book of Kings, etc., simply describes the economic affluence of the people, not that each man will own fig trees and grape vines.

כבס ביין לבושו, the fourth sign identifying the Messiah is that he will be able to launder his garments in blood. He will have to do this as he will find many people who have been slain in the war preceding his coming, and he will assist in their burial. (compare Isaiah 63,2 מדוע אדום ללבושך “why are your garments so red?”) Another allusion to this is found in Psalms 110,6 ידין בגויים מלא גווית, “he works judgment on the nations piling up bodies.”

Perhaps Jacob referred to a concept which we know from the Zohar Pinchas page 231, that in the domain of the סטרא אחרא, the realm of the spiritually negative manifestations of the ten emanations, the power of female is actually stronger than that of the male. The male just takes the "left-overs" of the female and is therefore known as the יותרת הכבד. [We find two expressions involving the כבד in Leviticus 9,10 where the Torah speaks of: ואת היותרת מן הכבד, "the addition coming out of the כבד," and in Leviticus 3,15 where same is described as: ואת היותרת על הכבד, "the addition which is on the כבד." According to the Zohar the word כבד does not merely mean liver but is a hyperbole for the male with whom Lilith consorts. The spiritually negative forces in this world are sometimes referred to as Samael sometimes as the serpent. Samael is the male part of that team, Lilith, is the female. When adultery is committed, the female partner is released from the כבד, i.e. מן הכבד. Having once been released it assumes a dominance over its former partner so that it will qualify for the description על הכבד, "on top of the כבד." It follows that in the scheme of the powers of evil described by the Zohar, the female is viewed as stronger than the male. Ed.] Jacob described that in his dreams he found it relatively easy to battle the male forces i.e. Samael, whereas he found it much more exhausting to battle the female forces i.e. Lilith. Even when he finally won a victory against those forces, such a victory was not absolute and his dominance could not be compared to his dominance over the parallel male forces of Satan. In view of Jacob's personal experiences in battling the forces of Satan he referred to the שרקה as the female of these forces and said: At the time when G'd will whistle, i.e. announce the coming of the final redemption and will gather in the children of the she-ass, i.e. the forces which emanate from the female of the קליפה, He will also "tie them up," i.e. subdue them, before Israel.

כבס וגו׳. Er sieht diesen letzten Sprössling Judas — sein Kleid ist rot, aber nicht von Menschenblut, Traubenblut hat es gefärbt. סותו von סוה, wovon מסוה, Hülle, Überwurf.

סותר denotes a kind of vesture, but there is no other example of the word in Scripture.

כבס ביין לבושו, after the grapes have been stamped on with the feet to squeeze out the juice and to store them in the wine-presses, the workers’ clothing has become stained in the process as described by Isaiah 63,2 מדוע אדום ללבושך ובגדיך כדורך בגת?, “Why is your clothing so red, your garments like his who treads grapes? The prophet continues there in verse 3: “I trod them down in My anger trampled them with My rage. Their lifeblood bespattered My garments and all My clothing was stained.” After completing the process described one can drink the wine. This is why Yaakov continued with חכללי עינים מיין ולבן שנים מחלב. Who are the ones whose eyes are darker than wine and whose teeth are whiter than milk- the answer is found in Proverbs 23,29-30 those who linger over wine and those who go in search of mixtures of wine.”

Do not be concerned at the fact that we divide this verse by applying part to the time of Moses and part to the time of the redemption at the time of the Messiah; you, my reader, are surely familiar with the words of the Zohar section 2, page 120, that Moses is viewed as the redeemer who redeemed our forefathers and as the redeemer who will lead their children back to the land of their ancestors as is written in Kohelet 1,9: "מה שהיה הוא שיהיה. The first letters of the first three words of that line form the acronym משה. Solomon alludes to the fact that he who has been a redeemer in the past will again be a redeemer in the future. Do not counter by saying that the redeemer of the future will be from the tribe of Yehudah and will either be descended from king David or will be king David himself reincarnate (compare Sanhedrin 98 based on Ezekiel 37,24: "and My servant David will be king over them"). In view of all these prophecies how could we say that the redeemer of the future will come from the tribe of Levi?

אסרי is the same as אוסר (i.e. the yod is redundant). Similar forms are: (Psalms 113:7) “who raiseth (מקימי instead of מקים) the poor out of the dust”, (Psalms 5:1) “that art enthroned” (היושבי instead of היושב) in the heavens”. In the same way is בני אתנו (instead of בן אתנו) to be explained. Onkelos translates v.11 as having reference to King Messiah: גפן “the vine” symbolizes “Israel” (cf. Psalms 80:9): “Thou didst pluck up a vine out of Egypt”); עירה (taken as עיר city with the ה suffix instead of ו, like סותה instead of סותו in thin verse) means Jerusalem; שורקה alludes to Israel as the prophet exclaims (Jeremiah 2:21) “Yet, I had planted thee a noble vine (שורק)".

סותה, as in כסות, a kind of garment

You must realise that the soul of Moses was composed of all twelve tribes of Israel, all the 600.000 being "branches" of it. David's soul therefore was also a branch of Moses' soul. This is also why you find that while in the desert Moses performed the duties of both king, priest, Levite, prophet, scholar and military hero. He was only able to perform all these functions because his soul comprised all branches of holiness. When the redeemer will appear in the future, it will be revealed that Moses was the root of all monarchy in Israel and that David will be perceived as שילה (numerical value of =345משה).

בני אתנו Onkelos translates by: they will build His Temple (איתנו), connecting this word with the expression שער האיתן “The gate of the entrance” of the Temple mentioned in the book of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 40:15). He further renders it in another manner, namely: גפן the vine represents the righteous; בני אתנו he paraphrases by: who occupy themselves with the Torah by teaching it” — with an allusion to the idea expressed in (Judges 5:10) “Ye that ride on white asses (אתונות)” (cf. Eruvin 54b, where this is referred to the scholars who ride from city to city and from district to district to teach the Law, thus making the explanation of the Torah shining-white as is the light at noon-day; cf. also the Targum on this verse).

כבס ביין לבושו, "he will launder his garments in wine, etc." In order to understand these words we must recall a statement in the Zohar Chadash on Parshat Bereshit that in order to be redeemed from the fourth of the four exiles Israel experiences we must possess the redeeming merit of Torah study and Torah knowledge. In the absence of such merit the redemption may be long delayed. Jacob alluded to this when he said כבס ביין לבושו. The specific strength of the king who will be the Messiah is his preoccupation with Torah. The Torah knowledge is symbolised by his wearing purple robes (colour of wine).

The words כבס ביין he renders by “their garments will be of fine purple” — resembling wine in colour. The word צבעונין “coloured garments” in the Targum is the rendering of סותה — for a woman attires herself in these to entice men to take notice of her (so that the word denotes a garment that attracts notice to its wearer, being a noun formed from the root סות, to entice or allure). Our Rabbis, too, explained this word (סותה) in the Talmud (Ketubot 111b) in the sense of allurement — the allurement of intoxication: they say, “And as for the wine in question, perhaps you will say that it cannot intoxicate — remember that Scripture says of it סותה “its allurement” (i.e. it has an allurement so that people drink more and more of it).

If at the appointed time, G'd forbid, the Jewish people will not be able to provide such a purple mantle for their redeemer because they are devoid of Torah knowledge, then the redemption will be characterised by the advent of a cruel king, someone like Haman, and the "blood of grapes," i.e. real Jewish blood, instead of blood commuted into the wine of Torah learning, will flow in order that G'd will be able to keep to His schedule for the redemption (compare Sanhedrin 97). The "sparks" of sanctity remaining amongst the Jews may then be released only through very painful afflictions. In other words, Jacob warns that redemption can come about by means of a dignified mode of life, one that includes Torah study, or, G'd forbid, by means of a demeaning way of life and the resultant loss of dignity. The reason Jacob chose the simile of grapes is that in order to produce wine from grapes they have to be pressed, i.e. they have to be "tortured" to release the best that is within them.

The reason that Jacob speaks only about דם ענבים, blood from the grapes, and not from a branch of the vine or a whole cluster of grapes for instance, is to console us that even if the redemption will become possible only by means of additional afflictions it will not cause a major dismemberment of the Jewish people.

Just as the grapes are a minor part of the whole vine, so the garment of the Messiah described here is not כסות, something large enough to serve as a total garment, but a diminutive סותה, a mini-garment. There would not ever be sufficient blood from the grapes to enable a whole garment to be drenched in it, as opposed to a redemption which occurs as a result of the people's Torah's study, the merit of which would suffice to dye the whole mantle of the Messiah purple.