Commento su Esodo 20:15

וכל העם ראים AND ALL THE PEOPLE SAW — This statement teaches us that there was not a blind person amongst them. And whence may we learn that there was not a dumb person amongst them? Because it states (Exodus 19:8) “And all the people answered”. And whence may we learn that there was not a deaf person amongst them? Because it states (Exodus 24:7) “We will do and we will hear” (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 20:15:2).

AND ALL THE PEOPLE PERCEIVED THE THUNDERINGS… 16. AND THEY SAID UNTO MOSES. In the opinion of the commentators,⁴⁹⁹Ibn Ezra in Verse 16. this happened after the Giving of the Torah. It is with reference to this that Scripture says, And ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders, and ye said: Behold, the Eternal our G-d hath shown us His Glory, etc. If we hear the Voice of the Eternal our G-d any more, then we shall die.⁵⁰⁰Deuteronomy 5:20-22.
But such is not my opinion, for it says here, but let not G-d speak with us,⁵⁰¹Verse 16. and it does not say “any more.” Besides, Moses said here to the people, Fear not,⁵⁰²Verse 17. and there it is said, They have well said all that they have spoken.⁵⁰³Deuteronomy 5:25. Moreover, here it is told that they feared only the thunderings, the lightnings, and the smoking mountain, and there it is said that they feared the speaking of the Divine Presence, for they said, For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the Voice of the living G-d, speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived?⁵⁰⁴Ibid., Verse 23. Again, here it is said, And Moses drew near unto the thick darkness,⁵⁰⁵Verse 18. but it does not say that “he entered into it.” [If the events narrated in this section of the Torah happened after the Revelation, it should have said that he came “into the midst of the cloud,” as it says further on in 24:18.]
The correct interpretation regarding this section of the Torah and the [entire] order of events pertaining to the Revelation appears to me to be as follows: And all the people perceived… And they said unto Moses — all this happened before the Revelation. Now at first, [in Chapter 19], Scripture mentioned in sequence all the words of G-d that were commanded to Moses regarding the setting of a boundary to Mount Sinai and the admonition given to the people.⁵⁰⁶Above, 19:24. This is followed [at the beginning of Chapter 20] by the Ten Commandments, and now Scripture refers back and mentions the words of the people to Moses, relating that from the moment they had perceived the thunderings and the lightnings, they moved backwards and stood afar off, further away from the boundary of the mountain that Moses had set for them.
The order of events [on the day of the Revelation] was thus as follows: In the morning, there were thunderings and lightnings and the loud voice of the horn,⁵⁰⁷Ibid., Verse 16. but the Divine Presence had not yet come down on the mountain, something like it is written, And a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and broke in pieces the rocks before the Eternal; but the Eternal was not in the wind.⁵⁰⁸I Kings 19:11. And the people that were in the camp — i.e., in their place of encampment — trembled.⁵⁰⁷Ibid., Verse 16. But Moses encouraged them and brought them forth towards G-d… and they stood at the nether part of the mount.⁵⁰⁹Above, 19:17. While they were standing there at the nether part of the mount in anticipation, the Eternal descended upon the mount in fire and the smoke thereof ascended⁵¹⁰Ibid., Verse 18. unto the heart of heaven, with darkness, cloud, and thick darkness.⁵¹¹Deuteronomy 4:11. The mountain itself trembled⁵¹⁰Ibid., Verse 18. and quivered as mountains do in an earthquake called zalzalah,⁵¹²An Arabic word meaning earthquake. In another Ramban manuscript, the reading is chalchalah. or even more than that. And so it is written, What aileth thee… ye mountains, that ye skip like rams; ye hills, like young sheep?⁵¹³Psalms 114:6. See Pesachim 118 a that this verse refers to the time of the Giving of the Torah. This is not a figure of speech, just as the preceding verse — The sea saw it, and fled; the Jordan turned backwards⁵¹⁴Ibid., Verse 3. — is not a mere figure of speech. Meanwhile, the voice of the horn waxed louder and louder.⁵¹⁵Above 19:19. Then the people saw what was happening, and they moved backwards and stood further away from the boundary [that Moses had set for them]. They all said to Moses that G-d should not speak with them at all lest they die, for by reason of the vision, their pains came upon them and they retained no strength,⁵¹⁶See Daniel 10:16. and if they would hear the Divine utterance, they would die. Moses, however, encouraged them, and he said to them, Fear not.⁵⁰²Verse 17. And they heard him, and the people stood from afar off⁵⁰⁵Verse 18. at their positions, for in spite of all his words, they did not want to come near the boundary [he had set for them]. And Moses drew near unto the thick darkness⁵⁰⁵Verse 18. but did not come into it, and then G-d uttered the Ten Commandments. Now following the Ten Commandments, Scripture did not mention here what the elders said to Moses, for it wanted to explain the commandments and the ordinances in succession. But in the Book of Deuteronomy, Moses mentioned that after the Ten Commandments [were given], all the heads of the tribes and their elders approached him and said to him, “If we hear the Voice of the Eternal our G-d any more, then we shall die,⁵¹⁷Deuteronomy 5:22. for we have estimated our powers [and found] that we could not stand any more the burden of the word of the Eternal G-d.” They had thought that G-d wanted to relate to them all the commandments [of the Torah], and therefore they said, Go thou near, and hear all that the Eternal our G-d may say; and thou shalt speak unto us all that the Eternal our G-d may speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it.⁵¹⁸Ibid., Verse 24. And the Holy One, blessed be He, agreed to their words, and He said, They have well said all that they have spoken,⁵¹⁹Ibid., Verse 25. for such was His desire to proclaim to them only the Ten Commandments, and their fear appeared correct to Him.

רואים את, the word רואים as “seeing” is to be understood as like the same word in Kohelet 1,16 ולבי ראה, “and my heart ‘saw.’” Just as the heart cannot see, so people cannot “see” sounds. The meaning is that they understood the meaning of these sounds. They could not continue to endure the volume or nature of thee sounds. The same is explained in greater detail by Moses in Deuteronomy 18,16. They were afraid they would die.