Citazione Commento su I Samuele 15:4

A kabbalistic approach: the words שמע ישראל may be understood as “bend your ear and listen.” This verse comprises the subject of true uniqueness which is accepted by all the students of Kabbalah as the mystical dimension of the ten emanations. It is man’s task to unify these ten emanations and to ensure they are joined together not only in a descending but also in an ascending direction [It is a common perception that the concept of the emanations is intended to facilitate our understanding of how something totally abstract, disembodied, can be transformed into a physical, substantive universe. Kabbalists understand it as the task of man to transcend the physical universe they find themselves in and to strive for a union with the source, Hashem, by means of these emanations. Ed.]. The word שמע is perceived as an instruction to create such a bond, union. The word occurs in this context in Samuel I 15,4 וישמע שאול, where it could not mean that Saul had heard with his ears. It means that Saul mustered the troops, i.e. made them join together. Psalms 18,45 is another example of the word שמע meaning something beyond merely hearing with a physical organ of the body. It speaks about the assimilation of such “hearing,” i.e. obedience, as a natural result of “digesting” what one’s ear has heard.
The word Hashem is also to be understood as similar to לך ה’, “it is yours O Hashem” (Chronicles I 29,11). That verse combines the three highest spiritual attributes (emanations) אלו-הינו, הגדולה, הגבורה. The second time the word Hashem occurs in our verse is a reference to the emanation תפארת and the emanations below that until the lowest emanation, “the completion of the structure.”
The word אחד at the end of our verse comprises all the emanations. The letter א in that word refers to the One whom our mental capacities cannot define. The letter ח refers to all the eight emanations which accompany Him; The letter ד refers to the tenth emanation, the crowning glory known as עטרת זהב גדולה, and the word אחד, is not to be separated from the rest of the verse. [I suppose the author stresses this as by definition that which is אחד, one, unique, is distinct and separate from anything else already. Ed.]. Here the Torah tells us that all the ten emanations are to be joined as if they were not multiples but one. The reason it is appropriate for this process of joining the emanations together to proceed from the bottom up, is because we have a principle that in matters of sanctity we always proceed from a lower level to a higher level, never the reverse.
Concerning the letter ד in the word אחד i.e. the lowest emanation known as מלכות, Isaiah 63,12 says בוקע מים מפניהם לעשות לו שם עולם, “Who divided the waters before them to make Himself a name for all time.” We refer to this manifestation of G’d as the lowest of the emanations in our prayers every day when we recite מלכותך ה’ אלו-הינו ראו בניך בוקע ים לפני משה זה אלי ענו, “Your manifestation Lord our G’d as the emanation מלכות Your children have witnessed when You split the sea before Moses and they answered: “this is My G’d.” [The version of this prayer quoted here is similar to that in Machzar Vitri].
Seeing that the verse שמע ישראל does not contain an explicit reference to the emanation מלכות, our sages have seen fit to append the line ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו לעולם ועד, “may the name of His glorious emanation מלכות be blessed forever more.” Even though Moses did not mention this attribute explicitly we do find it alluded to in the letter ד at the end of the verse. Our sages (Pesachim 56) illustrated the problems our sages encountered in adding something Moses had not seen fit to add but which our patriarch Yaakov reportedly added, by means of a parable. The daughter of a king who entered the kitchen smelled a delicious dish which had wonderful condiments added to it. She was very eager to eat some of it immediately. She said to herself that if she were to ask for this outright now it would be considered ill-mannered. On the other hand, if she were to wait until evening when the dish would be served she would experience physical pain during the time she had to wait. When her attendants became aware of this they brought her some of the condiment surreptitiously. As a result, the mind of the princess was put at rest. The parable symbolizes the Israelites (princess) who had become aware of the blissful effect of the emanation מלכות. Her attendants, i.e. the Shechinah, realized the Israelites’ strong desire to exalt G’d by making reference to this emanation. If they would not be allowed to do so they might pine away from distress. Giving the princess some of the condiment secretly is equivalent to the sages allowing the Jewish people to recite the line ברוך שם sotto voce, in an undertone, so as not to reflect on the spiritual presumptuousness of the Jewish people. In kabbalistic terms the compromise thought up by the Shechinah, and later our sages, means that reciting this line in an undertone is equivalent to reciting G’d’s “lower level” of unity and praising it. This is also why the line ברוך שם comprises 6 words just as the verse שמע ישראל comprises 6 words, each alluding to the six extremities of the terrestrial universe, i.e. the four directions of the compass plus “up” and “down.” Adding the letter ד from אחד completes the number 10 so that all the ten emanations are represented. The 6 words in the line שמע ישראל allude to the celestial regions, whereas the six words in the line ברוך שם allude to the terrestrial regions of the universe in each of which the Lord is supreme, unique, unmatched.
The Sefer Habahir (item 27) contains the following comment: The students asked their rabbi about the meaning of the letter ד in the word אחד at the end of our verse. He told them by means of a parable that they should perceive of ten kings, all wealthy, all congregating in a single place. One of the ten, while wealthy, was not as wealthy as the others. Due to this relative poverty he was considered as דל, “poor.” Thus far the text in the Sefer Habahir. The ten kings are the ten emanations all of which congregate in the celestial spheres, except the lowest emanation מלכות which is part of the עולם העשיה, the terrestrial universe, (at least perceptually. Ed.). When people in the terrestrial universe declare the Unity of Hashem they must therefore concentrate on all the ten emanations or they would not do justice to their task. The word אחד therefore has especial significance. The number 10 represents the Power of the One who “invented” the ten emanations
Compare the smallest unit in our terrestrial universe the “point.” A point is not really only a point, as no matter how small it is it has width, length, and depth. Not only that, but the area (or imaginary line) called length has a beginning, a middle and an end. The same is true for the area called width and that called depth. This already makes a “point” something consisting of no less than nine definable areas. Add to this the space in the universe this “point” occupies and we are talking about 10 units of space. This demonstrates the importance of the number 10 as an indispensable number; in terrestrial terms you may call it an irreducible minimum. When we translate this into the aleph bet, the smallest letter the י, though perceived and spoken of as no more than a “point,” נקודה, actually represents both the number 1 and the number 10. A similar principle applies to the letter ה of the tetragrammaton, the Holy name of Hashem. Being three-sided it has three times beginnings, middles and ends in each line. Add the space it occupies and you find it also represents the number 10. Or, you simply view the letter ה as a combination of the letter י, i.e. the left, lower part, plus the letter ו. In either event you wind up with the number 10 (at least).
When we recite the Kaddish, this also has to include concentrating on the ten emanations. The words אמן יהא שמיה רבה מברך are perceived as being said on the קו האמצעי, the center line of the diagram of the ten emanations. Five of the emanations are above this “center line,” whereas the other 5 are below making a total of 10. (The author proceeds to demonstrate similar patterns in the kedushah claiming that the sages of the Great Assembly who formulated that prayer deliberately chose to commence with the word כתר to allude to the highest, the tenth of the emanations. He continues in this vein to analyze the visions described by Ezekiel and quoted in the קדושה דסדרא in the daily ובא לציון גואל prayer).

He counted them in Bezek. Our Rabbis said that he counted them using earthenware shards.⁴ See Maseches Yoma 22b. According to this rendering, Bezek is not a name of a place, but rather a description of the means used by which to count the people. Another explanation is that בְּבָזֶק means 'with pebbles,' i.e., he took a pebble from each one, and counted them, similar to, "And he counted them with lambs,"⁵Below 15:4. i.e., he took a lamb from each one, and counted them with the lambs, just as they would count them with half shekels.⁶ See Rashi Ibid. Targum reders, in the verse, "as one who loads a pebble [אֶבֶן] for throwing in a slingshot,"⁷ Mishlei 26:8. as one who loads a בִּזְקָא into a slingshot. And in [Midrash] Yelam'denu, "And he counted them with lambs," [is explained as,] "when they were poor, [they were counted] with pebbles and when they became rich, [they were counted] with lambs. Another explanation is that בָזֶק is the name of a place, mentioned in Shoftim, "they found Adoni Bezek in Bezek."⁸Shoftim 1:5.

Your successor shall arise from the tribe of Binyomin.²⁵Like Yoseif, Binyomin was a child of Rochel, and Eisov is destined to fall by the power of Rochel’s descendants. (Yalkut, ibid.) Shaul ben Kish, who will batter them²⁶Shmuel 1, 15:7. This took place during the time of the prophet Shmuel, after the days of Devorah and the Shoftim. Her remarks here are prophetic. (Radak) and extinguish them like flickering embers. Another interpretation: "with your people,²⁷“Your succesor, with your people.” referring to the army of two hundred thousand infantrymen which Shaul mobilized against them.²⁸ I Shmuel 15:4.

Gather archers against Babylon Heb. השמיעו, an expression similar to: “And Saul called the people together (וַיְשַׁמַע)” (I Sam. 15:4). Call out that archers assemble against Babylon. Cf. “His archers (רַבָּיו) surround me” (Job 16:13).