Talmud su Giosuè 6:78

If the cock crowed, one says: Praise to Him Who is wise in secrets; (Job38:36) “Who put wisdom in kidneys?⁸²The full verse is: Who put wisdom into kidneys, who gave insight to the śekhwi?” The insight of the śekhwi is compared to the hidden knowledge of the kidneys, only accessible to God. The verse lends itself better to the Babylonian version (60b): “Praise to Him Who gave insight to the śekhwi to distinguish between day and night.” The text of the Galilean benediction is a disapproved version of a benediction to be recited if one sees a great scholar, Babli Berakhot 58b. The following explanation of words, parallel to one given in Babli Rosh Hashanah 26a, refers to the determination of the meaning of the word śekhwi (that is not quoted, only understood, at this moment.)”. Rebbi Levi said, in Arabia one calls sheep yovel⁸³The same identification is given by R. Aqiba in Babli Rosh Hashanah26a; it must refer to the Hebrew usage of Jewish tribes in Arabia, not to Arabic. [There is an Arabic word וַבַלַ “giving lots of milk”.]; (Jos. 6:5) “it will be when the ram’s horn is blown.” In Africa⁸⁴In the Babli, the place referred to is Gallia (or Galatia). The etymology of the word has connections with Arabic גַלמַד, גֻלמוּד “rock.”, the menstruating woman is called galmudah, (Is. 49:21) “I am childless and barren.” In Rome⁸⁵In the Babli, on the authority of R. Simeon ben Laqish, the place is Greek-speaking Kenisrin, near Aleppo., one calls a chicken śekhwi(Job 38:36) “who gave understanding to the śekhwi?”

MISHNAH: All shofarot³⁵In rabbinic terminology all horns of animal origin are called shofar, even though etymologically the word means “ram’s horn.” are qualified except from bovines because this is a horn. Rebbi Yose said, are not all shofarot called horn, as it is said³⁶Jos. 6:5., when the ram’s horn sounds, when you hear the sound of the shofar.

It is written¹⁴³1K. 16:34; cf. Babli 113a, Tosephta 14:6–9.: In his days did Ḥiel from Bet-El build Jericho; with his first-born Aviram he set the foundation and with his youngest son Seguv he put in the doors. Ḥiel is from the descendants of Josaphat¹⁴⁴Identifying this Hiel with Yehiel, 2K.21:2., Jericho is in the territory of Benjamin. Only that good deeds are put in the hands of the worthy and bad deeds in the hands of the unworthy; therefore, it is said, with his first-born Aviram he set the foundation and with his youngest son Seguv he put in the doors. If it was not appropriate for him to learn from his firstborn Aviram, should he not have learned from the wicked Seguv¹⁴⁵The death of the firstborn could have been an accident; the death of the youngest certainly must be ascribed to Joshua’s curse. (It is presumed here that the children died a natural death, not that they were killed by their father as building sacrifice.)? Because they wanted to make more money¹⁴⁶The rebuilding of Jericho was a real estate investment., the curse ruled over them and they were continuously weakened to confirm what was said¹⁴³1K. 16:34; cf. Babli 113a, Tosephta 14:6–9., following the word of the Eternal, the God of Israel, which He had spoken through Joshua ben Nun. It is written¹⁴⁷1K. 17:1, the verse immediately following 16:34; the medieval division into chapters is misleading.: Elijah the Tisbite, from the inhabitants of Gilead, said to Aḥab: By the Living Eternal, the God of Israel, before Whom I stood, there will not be dew or rain in the coming years except by my word. What is the connection between these¹⁴⁸1K. 17:1, and 1K. 16:34.? The Holy One, praise to Him, had said to Elijah: this Ḥiel is an important personality, go and pay a visit of condolence. He answered, I do not want to go. He asked, why? He said, for if I go and they say things that enrage You, I shall not be able to bear it. He told him, If they say anything that would enrage Me, anything that you decide I shall fulfill. He went and found them discussing the verse¹⁴⁹Jos.6:26.: At that time, Joshua imprecated as follows: Cursed be the man before the Eternal who would build this town, Jericho; with his first-born he shall put in the foundation and with his youngest set the doors. He said, praised be the God of the just, Who fulfills the words of the just. Aḥab also was there. Aḥab said to them, who is greater, Moses or Joshua? They told him, Moses. He said to them, in Moses’s Torah it is written¹⁵⁰Deut. 11:16–17.: Watch yourselves, lest your hearts be seduced, you deviate, and worship other powers and bow down before them. What is written next? The rage of the Eternal will burn against you, He will lock up the sky and there will be no rain. But I did not leave any strange worship that I would not have worshipped, and all good and comforting things came in my generation. He did not uphold the words of Moses; would He uphold Joshua’s words? Elijah told him, it is as you say, by the Living Eternal, the God of Israel, before Whom I stood, there will not be dew or rain in the coming years except by my word. When he heard this, he started crying. That is what is written¹⁵¹1K. 21:27. This belongs to the Nabot affair, not the drought.: When Aḥab heard these words, he tore his garments, put sackcloth on his flesh, fasted, slept in sackcloth and went at. How long did he fast? He fasted for three hours. If he was used to eat at 6 o’clock, he ate at noontime. If he was used to eat at noontime, he ate at three p.m. He went at. What is at? Rebbi Joshua ben Levi said, he went barefoot¹⁵²The early Medieval translator Daud ben Abraham Alfasi in his Jamuˋ (S. L. Skoss, Kitab Jamuˋ Al Alfāz, New Haven 1935) accepts the Jerushalmi’s explanation. Rav Saadya Gaon (נחמיה אלוני, האגרון לדב סעדיה גאון, י־ם תשכט) translates אט as رفق “to be sweet. Compare Arabic اطّ “to creak, to groan”.. It is written:¹⁵³1K.21:28–29. The word of the Eternal went to Elijah the Tisbite as follows: Did you see that Aḥab surrendered before me? The Holy One, praise to Him, said to Elijah: See the good part which I put in My world. A person may sin greatly before Me, but if he repents I am accepting him¹⁴¹This shows that Ahab has part in the World to come, against the Mishnah.. That is what is written, did you see that Aḥab surrendered before Me? You saw that Aḥab repented. Because Aḥab surrendered before me, I shall not bring the evil in his days; in his son’s days I shall bring the evil over his dynasty.

Rebbi Joshua ben Levi asked Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish⁵⁰The teacher asking the student to examine him.: may one buy houses from a Gentile? He said to him, about when does the Rabbi ask? On the Sabbath. It was stated: One the Sabbath it is permitted. How does one do it⁵¹Babli Bava qamma 80b. The rabbinic prohibition of instructing a Gentile to do acts forbidden to a Jew on the Sabbath is never intended to hinder Jews from acquiring real estate in the Holy Land. He shows him wallets full of denars and the Gentile signs and files it with the Archives⁵²Latin archivum, the registry of deeds.. Since so we find that Jericho was only conquered on the Sabbath, as it is written⁵³Jos. 6:3., so you shall do during six days. And it is written⁵⁴Jos. 6:4., and on the Seventh Day you shall circle the city seven times. And it is written⁵⁵Deut. 20:20., until it is conquered, even on the Sabbath⁵⁶Šabbat Chapter 1 (Note 396), Babli 19a; Sifry Deut. 203.204; Tosephta Eruvin3:7, an interpretation attributed to Roman (post-Hasmonean) times..

Rebbi Joshua ben Levi asked Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish⁵⁰The teacher asking the student to examine him.: may one buy houses from a Gentile? He said to him, about when does the Rabbi ask? On the Sabbath. It was stated: One the Sabbath it is permitted. How does one do it⁵¹Babli Bava qamma 80b. The rabbinic prohibition of instructing a Gentile to do acts forbidden to a Jew on the Sabbath is never intended to hinder Jews from acquiring real estate in the Holy Land. He shows him wallets full of denars and the Gentile signs and files it with the Archives⁵²Latin archivum, the registry of deeds.. Since so we find that Jericho was only conquered on the Sabbath, as it is written⁵³Jos. 6:3., so you shall do during six days. And it is written⁵⁴Jos. 6:4., and on the Seventh Day you shall circle the city seven times. And it is written⁵⁵Deut. 20:20., until it is conquered, even on the Sabbath⁵⁶Šabbat Chapter 1 (Note 396), Babli 19a; Sifry Deut. 203.204; Tosephta Eruvin3:7, an interpretation attributed to Roman (post-Hasmonean) times..

Rebbi Yasa, Rebbi Ḥelbo. Rebbi Berekhiah, Rebbi Ḥelbo comes to it in the name of Rebbi Eudaimon from Ḥaifa: A person has to turn his face to the wall in order to pray. What is the reason? (Is. 38:2) “Hezekiah turned his face to the wall.” Which wall did he lift his eyes to? Rebbi Joshua ben Levi said, he lifted his eyes to Raḥab’s wall, (Jos. 2:15) “For her house was on the wall of the fortification.” He said before Him: Master of the world, Raḥab the inn-keeper saved two souls for You, and see how many souls You saved for her. [That is what is written (Jos.6:23): “The youths came, etc.” Rebbi Simeon bar Yoḥai said, even if her family was 200 persons strong and they furthermore were related to another 200 families, all of these were saved by her merit²¹⁶The argument, as usual, refers to the part of the verse not quoted in the text: “The youths, the spies, came and removed Raḥab, her father, her mother, her brothers, and all her belongings; and they removed all her families and deposited them outside of the camp of Israel.” One would have expected “all her family” but it says “all her families”..] My forefathers who brought to You all these proselytes, so much more²¹⁷This expression is elliptic, see the last two paragraphs.. Rebbi Ḥananiah bar Pappus²¹⁸In the Babli, he is called Rebbi Ḥanina bar Pappus. He belongs to the circle of the students of R. Yoḥanan, but it is not known whether he was himself one of the latter’s students. His authority was accepted by Abbaie and Rava, the undisputed leaders of the fourth generation of Amoraïm in Babylonia. said, he lifted his eyes to the wall of the Temple. (Ez. 43:8) “When they put their lintel next to My lintel, their doorposts next to My doorpost, with the wall between Me and them²¹⁹This verse ends with a curse upon the people addressed, the bad kings of Judea. But since the royal palace and the Temple were designed by David and built by Solomon, one must assume that the layout and use were done by praiseworthy kings..” They were important people, they could not go and pray in the Temple every time, so they prayed in their house and the Holy One, praise to Him, considers it as if they had prayed in the Temple. My fathers who built for You all this glory, so much more. Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman²²⁰In the Babli (10b), this sermon is by Rebbi Levi and the following one by R. Simeon ben Laqish. said, he lifted his eyes to the wall of the woman from Sunem, as it was said (2Kings 4:10): “Let us make a small upper storey on the wall”. He said before Him: Master of the world, the woman from Sunem made one wall for Elisha and You revived her son. My forefathers who built for You all this glory, so much more that You should give me my life. The rabbis say, he lifted his eyes to the walls of his heart. (Jer. 4:19) “My innards, my innards I make tremble, the walls of my heart are in uproar.” He said before Him: Master of the world, I checked all my 248 limbs²²¹This number is given in Mishnah Ahilut 1:8 where they are all enumerated in anatomic detail. that You gave me and I did not find one of them I offended You with; so much more that You should give me my life.

HALAKHAH: “One who vows not to use a town,” etc. From where that the suburbs of a town are like the town? It is written⁵⁶Jos. 5:13; this is written before the description of the conquest of Jericho. In the Babli, 56b, the argument is in the name of R. Joḥanan. Since for the Sages, the biblical meaning of a word has precedence over the meaning in the vernacular, one tries to have a biblical reference for the Sages’ opinion., “it happened when Joshua was in Jericho.” How could he have been in Jericho? Is it not written that⁵⁷Jos. 6:1: “Jericho was closed and besieged because of the Children of Israel; no one left and no one entered.” “Jericho was closed and besieged,” and you say so? Rebbi Judan bar Shalom said, he was in a suburb. Rebbi Abun in the name of Rebbi Aḥa: It happened in Jericho⁵⁸The argument does not prove anything; nobody can be sure that the editor of the book of Joshua follows a chronological order; cf. Soṭa 8, Note 127..

One does not lay siege to a Gentile city within three days before the Sabbath. That is in a war of choice³⁹³Neither the war of Joshua nor a purely defensive war.. But in a war of obligation even on the Sabbath, for so we find that Jericho was conquered only on a Sabbath, as it is written, so you shall act for six days³⁹⁴Jos. 6:3., and it is written, on the Seventh Day you shall circle the city seven times³⁹⁵Jos. 6:4. The Seventh Day is interpreted as the Sabbath.. And it is written, until it fell³⁹⁶Deut. 20:20. Babli 19a; Sifry Deut. #204,203; Tosephta Eruvin 3:7. In the last quote, two sources attribute the argument to Shammai and one to Hillel., even on the Sabbath.

One does not lay siege to a Gentile city within three days before the Sabbath. That is in a war of choice³⁹³Neither the war of Joshua nor a purely defensive war.. But in a war of obligation even on the Sabbath, for so we find that Jericho was conquered only on a Sabbath, as it is written, so you shall act for six days³⁹⁴Jos. 6:3., and it is written, on the Seventh Day you shall circle the city seven times³⁹⁵Jos. 6:4. The Seventh Day is interpreted as the Sabbath.. And it is written, until it fell³⁹⁶Deut. 20:20. Babli 19a; Sifry Deut. #204,203; Tosephta Eruvin 3:7. In the last quote, two sources attribute the argument to Shammai and one to Hillel., even on the Sabbath.