신명기 6:10의 주석
וְהָיָ֞ה כִּ֥י יְבִיאֲךָ֣ ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ אֶל־הָאָ֜רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֧ע לַאֲבֹתֶ֛יךָ לְאַבְרָהָ֛ם לְיִצְחָ֥ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹ֖ב לָ֣תֶת לָ֑ךְ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וְטֹבֹ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־בָנִֽיתָ׃
네 하나님 여호와께서 네 열조 아브라함과 이삭과 야곱을 향하여 네게 주리라 맹세하신 땅으로 너로 들어가게 하시고 네가 건축하지 아니한 크고 아름다운 성읍을 얻게 하시며
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND IT SHALL BE, WHEN THE ETERNAL THY G-D SHALL BRING THEE etc. He mentions here that, with the increase of beneficence, Israel [i.e., each individual Israelite] should remember the days of his affliction and of his anguish,263Lamentations 1:7. when he was a servant in Egypt, and he is not to forget the G-d Who brought him forth out of that bondage to this goodness.264See Verse 12. Instead he is always to remember His mercies and fear Him and serve Him as a servant does his master.265See Verse 13. And in the opinion of our Rabbis266Chullin 17 a. the verse further alludes [to the law] that anything found in the houses full of all ‘good’ things267Verse 11. [that were occupied in the conquest of Canaan] may be used, even if they contained things forbidden by the Torah such as kadli268“Hindpart of the head with the neck.” In our text of Tractate Chullin 17 a, the reading is “katlei of swine,” which Rashi interprets to mean “dried swine.” See Numbers 31:23 — Vol. IV, p. 367. of swine, or the produce of a vineyard sown with diverse seeds,269See further, 22:9; also Leviticus 19:9. or fruits of the first three years of a tree.270Ibid., 19:23. Even regarding cisterns, it is possible that in their construction forbidden materials were used in their coat of pitch [such as forbidden wine;271For example wine from grapes grown in a vineyard that had been sown with diverse kinds. hence Scripture mentioned and cisterns hewn out, which thou didst not hew267Verse 11. to indicate that they, too, were permitted to them]. Or it may be that the cisterns are mentioned figuratively, to denote the abundance of good things, thus giving them mastery over all that was found in the Land both permissible and impermissible. Thus all forbidden articles were permitted to them except [for those that were forbidden as a result of] the prohibition of idols, as he will yet clarify, thou shalt not covet the silver or the gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee etc.272Further, 7:25. Therefore, he mentions here in the next section, ye shall break down their altars,273Ibid., Verse 5. to destroy the idols and their appurtenances. But whatever else was found in the Land was permissible. This permission lasted until they consumed the spoil of their enemies.274Ibid., 20:14: and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies. And some Rabbis275This is the opinion of Rashi (Chullin 17a). See my Hebrew commentary p. 373. say that this permission applied [only] to the seven years of [the] conquest [of the Land], and so it appears in the Gemara, in the first chapter of Tractate Chullin.275This is the opinion of Rashi (Chullin 17a). See my Hebrew commentary p. 373. Now the Rabbi [Moshe ben Maimon] wrote in the Laws of the Kings and their Wars:276Rambam’s Mishneh Torah (or Yad Hachazakah) encompasses the whole scope of Jewish law and consists of fourteen books, with each book divided into chapters. The Laws of the Kings and their Wars is found at the end of the fourteenth book. The text quoted is in 8:1. “Armed soldiers, when they enter the border of the nations and loot from them, are permitted to eat n’veiloth and treifoth277See Vol. IV, p. 347, Note 14. the flesh of swine and the like if they are hungry and do not find anything to eat except for these forbidden foods [i.e., only in the case of emergency are they permitted to eat these foods]. Similarly they may drink yayin nesech (wine dedicated to an idol). From tradition the Rabbis have learned: ‘And houses full of all good things267Verse 11. — the necks of swine and the like.’” But this is not correct. For it is not because of danger to life or of hunger alone in time of war that [forbidden foods] were made permissible; rather, after they captured the large and wealthy cities and settled in them, was the spoil of their enemies permitted to them. And not to all armed soldiers [in any war throughout does this law apply as the Rabbi seems to hold], but only to [those who conquered] the Land which He swore to [give to] our fathers, as is explained in the subject before us. [Rabbi Moshe’s ruling that the dispensation applies to] yayin nesech is also incorrect, for all forbidden articles pertaining to idolatry — the idols themselves, their appurtenances, and their offerings — are all forbidden as it is said, thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it, for it is a doomed thing.278Further, 7:26. And if the Rabbi’s intent was to permit in wartime only wine which was merely under suspicion of having been dedicated to idolatrous worship [which is a Rabbinic prohibition] — why do we need a Scriptural interpretation for this? If Scriptural prohibitions were permitted [to them], could subjects of a Rabbinic decree be forbidden?!
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
.אשר לא בנית ובתים מלאים כל טוב אשר לא מלאתYou will attain wealth without having toiled for it.
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Tur HaArokh
והיה כי יביאך, “It shall be when He brings you, etc.” Nachmanides writes that the purpose of this paragraph is to warn the people not to forget their past, when they were slaves in Egypt, and the Lord had saved them from that miserable fate, not to take their new found status for granted and not to forget the loving kindness shown them by Hashem. They must forever retain a degree of fear of the Lord and, in a manner of speaking, relate to Him as a servant does to his master.
According to the view of our sages (Chulin 17) our verse means to permit the Israelites to enjoy what they would find inside the houses captured in the Land of Canaan during the war of conquest, even if the loot consisted of matters ordinarily forbidden to them by Jewish law. Such matters include even pork, or the fruit of fields in which two or more species of plants had been sown too closely together, violating the law against mixing seed. It is not quite clear whether the cisterns are mentioned as they may have been constructed by mortar containing something forbidden, and such forbidden material would endure long past the time of the conquest, when the temporary relaxation of forbidden perishables mentioned here had long since ceased to be legal. It is noteworthy that whereas Moses relaxed a whole slew of forbidden food, drink, etc., during the period of the war of conquest, no single concession regarding matters related to idolatry is mentioned. This will be made crystal clear not only in verses 14-15, but again when the Torah repeats in Deut. 7,25 that the people must not display any desire for the golden or silver vessels used by the local inhabitants in any manner related to idol worship. To make this point clear Moses insists that any altars or places of worship of the Canaanites be completely razed. (7,5-6)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
VV. 10 — 13. Es war am Schlusse des Vorhergehenden das Mesusagebot für unsere Häuser und Tore, die symbolische Weihe und Unterordnung unseres häuslichen und öffentlichen Lebens unter Gott, den einen Einzigen, und seinen Willen ausgesprochen. Das folgende lehrt die Erinnerung an Gott, die treue Hingebung an Ihn in Gesinnung, Tat und Wort, und die Warnung vor dem Völkerbeispiel als zu erwartende nächste Wirkung dieser Inschriften aus dem Gottesgesetze an Häusern und Toren.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
׳והיה כי יביאך וגו׳ אשר נשבע וגו. Nicht einmal deinem Verdienste kannst du die Erlangung deines Landes zuschreiben. Es war dir längst bestimmt, bevor du geschichtlich ins Dasein getreten warst. Du erhieltest es infolge der deinen ersten Vorfahren von dort erteilten Zusicherung. — ערים וגו׳ ובתים וגו׳ וברת וגו׳ כרמים וזתים וגו׳ und auch was Menschenkultur an dem Lande und in dem Lande geschaffen, ist nicht dein Werk, allen dazu angetan, dass es der Mesusamahnung an deinen "Häusern und Toren" nicht bedürfen sollte, dass du selbst im Vollgenuss aller dieser Güter nicht übermütig werdest, dessen stets eingedenk bleibest, dem du alles dies verdankest, und Ihm, der Erfüllung Seines Willens, alles unterordnest, dessen Besitz dich beglückt, — und doch, ואכלת ושבעת, läufst du Gefahr, in diesem Vollgenuss dessen zu vergessen, der dich aus dem besitz- und freudelosen Sklavenstande zu dieser begüterten Selbständigkeit hinausgeführt, השמר לך וגו׳.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ברת חצובים (Diwre Hajamim I. 22, 2) חצובים לחצוב אבני גזית , (Melachim II. 12, 13). ולחצבי האבן und wiederholt beim Tempelbau אבני מחצב, sowie הביטו אל צור חצבתם (Jeschaja 51, 1) und ja auch später Dewarim 8, 9. ergibt entschieden חצבfür die Bedeutung des Aushauens aus dem Felsen. ברת חצובים sind daher in Felsen gehauene Zisternen.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
השמר לך .siehe zu Kap. 4, 9
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
תירא ist die völlige Unterstellung unter Gott in der Gesinnung, תעבד die Unterstellung in Tat, תשבע die Unterstellung seiner ganzen Existenz unter Gott als Bürgen für die Wahrhaftigkeit des Wortes (siehe zu Schmot 20, 7). Es ist klar, dass nur dessen Eid eine Bürgschaft für die Wahrhaftigkeit des Wortes gewährt, der auch wirklich Gott im Herzen huldigt und diese Huldigung durch ein pflichttreues Leben bewährt. Wenn ein solcher seine ganze irdische Zukunft unter die strafende Gottesmacht einsetzt, für deren Anerkennung sein ganzes Leben zeugt, so wohnt seinem Eide eine Beweiskraft inne, die aber völlig fehlt, wenn sein ganzes praktisches Leben (אותו תעבד) kein Zeugnis für seine innere Gottesfurcht (תירא) ablegt, in welchem Falle dann der Eid selbst nahe daran grenzt, ein den Namen Gottes herabwürdigendes Spiel zu sein. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus dürfte es sich begreifen, wenn im מדרש תנחומא (siehe רמב׳׳ן z. St.) die unserer Stelle ähnlichen durch ובו תדבק ergänzten Sätze Kap. 10, 20 in solchem Zusammenhange gefasst worden, dass damit gesagt sei: אם יש לך כל המדות אלו אתה רשאי להשבע ואם לאו א׳ אתה רשאי להשבע, dass nur der zu schwören befugt sei, der den durch ׳את ד׳ א׳ תירא וגו gezeichneten Charakter bewährt.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ס׳ המצות מ׳׳ען) רמב׳׳ם) und רמב׳׳ן (daselbst) differieren in Auffassung des Ausspruches ובשמו תשבע. Nach רמב׳׳ם ist שביעת אמת מצוה, ist es ein Pflichtgebot, bei ernster Veranlassung die Wahrheit durch einen Eid bei Gott zu beschwören. Ist doch eine solche Unterstellung unseres ganzen Seins unter Gott als Garantie unserer Wahrhaftigkeit ein Huldigungsausdruck unserer Anerkennung seiner über alles erhabenen, allgegenwärtigen, allwissenden, allgerechten und allmächtigen Waltung. Nach רמב׳׳ן wäre es jedoch nur רשות, nicht du sollst, sondern du darfst bei ernster Gelegenheit eine שבועת schwören, und darfst dann nur bei Gott und nicht bei einem andern schwören, auf אמת welchen Gegensatz das sofort folgende לא תלכון אחרי וגו׳ hinwiese, und wäre es dann לאו הבא מכלל עשה.
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