אִם־אֶסַּ֣ק שָׁ֭מַיִם שָׁ֣ם אָ֑תָּה וְאַצִּ֖יעָה שְּׁא֣וֹל הִנֶּֽךָּ׃
내가 하늘에 올라갈지라도 거기 계시며 음부에 내 자리를 펼지라도 거기 계시니이다
Pesikta DeRav Kahana
"Comfort, O comfort, my people." (Is. 40:1.)
"Can a mortal be more righteous than God? Can a man be purer than his Maker?" (Job 4:17.) Now, is [it even possible to fathom that] there a man who is more righteous than his Creator? Rather, [what is the meaning of] "Can a man be purer than his Maker?" Said the Holy One Blessed be He, Boaz provides comfort; should I not provide comfort? [And how did] Boaz provide comfort? "Boaz answered and said to her, 'It has been repeatedly told (huged hugad (הוגד הוגד)) to me...." (Ruth 2:11.) And why [does the verse say] huged hugad two times? For he [actually] said to her, "It was told to me in the house, and it was told to me in the field." [The verse then relates what Boaz had been told:] "All that you did for your mother-in-law after after the death of your husband" -- and needless to say, during the lifetime of your husband. "And that you left your father and your mother" -- [that is] "your actual father and mother." "And the land of your birth" -- [that is] "your neighborhood." Another interpretation: "And you left your father and your mother" -- that is "your idols," [as it is said,] "They say to wood, 'You are my father,' and to stone, 'You gave birth to me.'" (Jer. 2:27.) "And the land of your birth," that is "your province" (אפרכייה).*Buber suggests that this refers to a government principality, as opposed to a small township, with the relevance here being that in this way Ruth's leaving would signify her permanently alienating herself from the reigning power of her former home, i.e., Moab, rather than simply leaving one's home. "And you came to a people who you did not know of yesterday or the day before yesterday" (Ruth 2:11): He was saying to her, "For if you had come to our place yesterday or the day before yesterday (i.e., anytime in the past), we would not have accepted you," for the halacha [that "An Ammonite and a Moabite shall not enter the congregation of God" (Deut. 23:4)] had not yet been revised [to exclude only] a male Ammonite, but not a female Ammonite, and a male Moabite, but not a female Moabite. § "May the Lord recompense you for your deeds...." (Ruth 2:12): He was saying to her, "He who in the future will bestow upon the righteous their reward, he will bestow upon you your reward. "And it shall be your full (sh'lemah) reward": "Shlomo" (i.e., King Solomon) is written. Said Rabbi Yosei, he said to her, "Solomon will arise from you." "From the Lord, the God of Israel, to whom you have come to seek refuge under His wings (k'nafav)." (Ruth 2:12.) Said Rabbi Abun, we have heard that there are wings for the earth, wings for the dawn, wings for the sun, wings for the Cherubs, wings for the Chayot, wings for the Seraphim. Wings for the earth, as it is written, "From the wing (k'enaf, i.e., extremity) of the earth we heard singing." (Is. 24:16.) Wings for the dawn, as it is written, "If I take wing (kanfei) with the dawn, etc." (Ps. 139:8.) Wings for the sun, as it is written, "And there shall rise for you -- those who fear My Name -- a sun of righteousness, and it will heal with its wings (b'kanafeha), etc." (Mal. 3:20.) Wings for the Cherubs, as it is written, "And the sound of the wings of the Cherubs, etc." (Ez. 10:5.) Wings for the Chayot, as it is written, "And the sound of the wings of the Chayot." (Ez. 3:13).) Wings for the Seraphim, as it is written, "And the Seraphim were standing above Him, six wings [each], etc." (Is. 6:2.) Said Rabbi Abun, Great is the power of those who perform acts of kindness, because they do not take shelter, neither in the shade of the wings of the earth, nor in the shade of the wings of the dawn, nor in the shade of the wings of the sun, nor in the shade of the wings of the Cherubs, nor in the shade of the wings of the Chayot, nor in the shade of the wings of the Seraphim. And in whose shade do they take refuge? In the shade of the Holy One Blessed be He. That is what is written, "How precious is Your lovingkindness, O Lord, and humankind takes shelter in the shade of Your wings." § "And she said, 'Let me find favor in your eyes, my lord, because you comforted me (nachamti), [and because you spoke to the heart of your maidservant, although I am not [even of so high a rank] as one of your maidservants." (Ruth 2:13.) "And Boaz said to her" (Ruth 2:14): He said to her (lah), "No (lo)! How can you say this? Heaven forbid! Should you be counted as one of the handmaidens (aimahot)? Rather, you shall only be counted as one of the matriarchs (imahot)!" And behold these matters may be deduced a fortiori: If, regarding Boaz, who spoke to the heart of Ruth words of kindness, words of comfort, and she was comforted, how much more so when the Holy One Blessed be He comes to comfort [the heart of] Jerusalem as one, [and thus it says,] "Comfort, O comfort, my people, says your God." (Is. 40:1.)
"Can a mortal be more righteous than God? Can a man be purer than his Maker?" (Job 4:17.) Now, is [it even possible to fathom that] there a man who is more righteous than his Creator? Rather, [what is the meaning of] "Can a man be purer than his Maker?" Said the Holy One Blessed be He, Boaz provides comfort; should I not provide comfort? [And how did] Boaz provide comfort? "Boaz answered and said to her, 'It has been repeatedly told (huged hugad (הוגד הוגד)) to me...." (Ruth 2:11.) And why [does the verse say] huged hugad two times? For he [actually] said to her, "It was told to me in the house, and it was told to me in the field." [The verse then relates what Boaz had been told:] "All that you did for your mother-in-law after after the death of your husband" -- and needless to say, during the lifetime of your husband. "And that you left your father and your mother" -- [that is] "your actual father and mother." "And the land of your birth" -- [that is] "your neighborhood." Another interpretation: "And you left your father and your mother" -- that is "your idols," [as it is said,] "They say to wood, 'You are my father,' and to stone, 'You gave birth to me.'" (Jer. 2:27.) "And the land of your birth," that is "your province" (אפרכייה).*Buber suggests that this refers to a government principality, as opposed to a small township, with the relevance here being that in this way Ruth's leaving would signify her permanently alienating herself from the reigning power of her former home, i.e., Moab, rather than simply leaving one's home. "And you came to a people who you did not know of yesterday or the day before yesterday" (Ruth 2:11): He was saying to her, "For if you had come to our place yesterday or the day before yesterday (i.e., anytime in the past), we would not have accepted you," for the halacha [that "An Ammonite and a Moabite shall not enter the congregation of God" (Deut. 23:4)] had not yet been revised [to exclude only] a male Ammonite, but not a female Ammonite, and a male Moabite, but not a female Moabite. § "May the Lord recompense you for your deeds...." (Ruth 2:12): He was saying to her, "He who in the future will bestow upon the righteous their reward, he will bestow upon you your reward. "And it shall be your full (sh'lemah) reward": "Shlomo" (i.e., King Solomon) is written. Said Rabbi Yosei, he said to her, "Solomon will arise from you." "From the Lord, the God of Israel, to whom you have come to seek refuge under His wings (k'nafav)." (Ruth 2:12.) Said Rabbi Abun, we have heard that there are wings for the earth, wings for the dawn, wings for the sun, wings for the Cherubs, wings for the Chayot, wings for the Seraphim. Wings for the earth, as it is written, "From the wing (k'enaf, i.e., extremity) of the earth we heard singing." (Is. 24:16.) Wings for the dawn, as it is written, "If I take wing (kanfei) with the dawn, etc." (Ps. 139:8.) Wings for the sun, as it is written, "And there shall rise for you -- those who fear My Name -- a sun of righteousness, and it will heal with its wings (b'kanafeha), etc." (Mal. 3:20.) Wings for the Cherubs, as it is written, "And the sound of the wings of the Cherubs, etc." (Ez. 10:5.) Wings for the Chayot, as it is written, "And the sound of the wings of the Chayot." (Ez. 3:13).) Wings for the Seraphim, as it is written, "And the Seraphim were standing above Him, six wings [each], etc." (Is. 6:2.) Said Rabbi Abun, Great is the power of those who perform acts of kindness, because they do not take shelter, neither in the shade of the wings of the earth, nor in the shade of the wings of the dawn, nor in the shade of the wings of the sun, nor in the shade of the wings of the Cherubs, nor in the shade of the wings of the Chayot, nor in the shade of the wings of the Seraphim. And in whose shade do they take refuge? In the shade of the Holy One Blessed be He. That is what is written, "How precious is Your lovingkindness, O Lord, and humankind takes shelter in the shade of Your wings." § "And she said, 'Let me find favor in your eyes, my lord, because you comforted me (nachamti), [and because you spoke to the heart of your maidservant, although I am not [even of so high a rank] as one of your maidservants." (Ruth 2:13.) "And Boaz said to her" (Ruth 2:14): He said to her (lah), "No (lo)! How can you say this? Heaven forbid! Should you be counted as one of the handmaidens (aimahot)? Rather, you shall only be counted as one of the matriarchs (imahot)!" And behold these matters may be deduced a fortiori: If, regarding Boaz, who spoke to the heart of Ruth words of kindness, words of comfort, and she was comforted, how much more so when the Holy One Blessed be He comes to comfort [the heart of] Jerusalem as one, [and thus it says,] "Comfort, O comfort, my people, says your God." (Is. 40:1.)
Yalkut Shimoni
It was taught that R’ Eliezer says: the waters of Egypt were turned to blood on the fifth day of the week. On that very day our ancestors left Egypt, on that very day the waters of the Jordan stood still before the ark of the Lord, on that very day Hezekiah blocked up all of the springs. Yonah fled before God on the fifth day of the week. And why did he flee? Because the first time God sent him to bring the cities of Israel to repentance and his words succeeded, as it says ‘he restored the cities of Israel.’ (see Kings II 14:25) The second time Gd sent him against Jerusalem to destroy it. Since they repented, the Holy One acted out of the abundance of His mercy, regretted the evil, and did not destroy it. Then they called him a false prophet. The third time God sent him against Nineveh to destroy it. Yonah took counsel with himself and said: I know that the nations are easily moved to repentance and my anger will be disposed of on Israel. It is not enough that Israel calls me a false prophet, should even the nations call me so?! I will flee to a place where His glory is not found. This is like a king of flesh and blood whose wife died while she was nursing and he sought a wet nurse to nurse his son. What did he do? He called to his wet nurse to nurse his son that he not die of hunger. What did the king’s wet nurse do? She left his son and fled. When the king saw that this was so he sent out a message to seize her and detain her in prison and to lower her down into a place with snakes and scorpions. After a few days the king stood at the lip of the pit and she was weeping and crying out to him. The mercy of the king was awakened for her and he gave order that she be lifted out and returned before him. So too Yonah. Since he fled from the Holy One, He locked him up in the belly of the fish until he cried out before the Holy One and He brought him forth. He went down to Yaffo and found no ship on which to flee, because the ship was already two days out from Yaffo. What did the Holy One do? He brought a storm wind upon it and returned it to Yaffo. Yonah saw this and rejoiced greatly, saying: now I know that my path is smooth before me. He said to them: I will go with you. They said to him: we are going to the far islands of Tarshish. He replied: nonetheless! Out of Yonah’s great joy he paid them in advance, as it says “…paid its hire, and went down into it…” (Jonah 1:3) They set out to sea and a storm wind came against them from their left and their right. All the other boats were passing to and fro in peace and quiet while their ship was in great distress and looked as if it would founder. R’ Chanina says: there were representatives of all seventy languages on that boat, each one had his god in his hand and was prostrating himself. They said: everyone call out to their god and the one who answers and saves is the true god. They called out and it did no good. In his distress and exhaustion, Yonah fell asleep. The captain of the ship came to him and said: we are hanging between life and death and you are sleeping! From what people are you? He replied: I am a Hebrew. He said to him: we have heard that your god is great. Get up and call to your god, maybe he will do for us like all the wonders that he did at the sea. He said to them: this distress is because of me. Lift me up and toss me into the sea. R’ Shimon said: they did not resolve to throw him into the sea until they drew lots and the lot fell out on Yonah. What did they do? They took all of the baggage from the ship and threw it into the sea in order to lighten their load, but it did not help. They wanted to return to land, but they were not able. They took Yonah and stood him on the edge of the ship, saying: Master of the World! Do not place upon us innocent blood, because we do not know what this man has done. They lowered his legs into the water and the sea calmed, they lifted him up and it raged again. They lowered him in to his belly and the sea calmed, they drew him back up to them and it raged again. They lowered him in to his neck and so on until they lowered him all the way, as it says “And they picked Jonah up and cast him into the sea…” (Jonah 1:15) R’ Meir says: the fish was appointed to swallow Yonah from the six days of creation, as it says “And the Lord appointed a huge fish…” (Jonah 2:1) He entered its mouth like a man who entered a great synagogue and his two eyes were like windows. He said – lanterns are giving light for Yonah. R’ Meir says: there was a pearl hanging in the belly of the fish which gave light for Yonah like the sun at its strength in the midday and Yonah saw all that was in the seas and in the depths. The fish said to Yonah: don’t you know that my day to be eaten by leviathan has arrived? He said to him: bring me to him and I will save both you and me from his mouth. The fish brought him to leviathan and he said: for you I descended, to see your dwelling place in the sea. Furthermore, in the future I will come down and put a rope around your head in order to make a feast out of you for the righteous. Yonah showed him the seal of our father Avraham (circumcision). Leviathan saw it and fled before him a distance of two days. Then Yonah said to the fish: I saved you from leviathan, now show me everything which is in the seas and the depth. It showed him the great river of the waters of the ocean as it says, “…and a river surrounded me…” (Jonah 2:4) It showed him the paths of the Red Sea through which Israel passed as it says, “…the weeds were wrapped about my head.” (Jonah 2:6) It showed him the place from which the waves of the sea come forth as it says, “…all Your breakers and waves passed over me.” (Jonah 2:4) It showed him the pillars of the earth on its base as it says, “…the earth with her bars closed on me forever…” (Jonah 2:7) It showed him the lowest part of the netherworld as it says, “…out of the belly of She’ol I cried…” (Jonah 2:3) It showed him Gehinnom as it says, “…yet you have brought up my life from the pit…” (Jonah 2:7) It showed him the palace of the Lord as it says, “I went down to the bottom of the mountains…” (Jonah 2:7) From here we learn that Jerusalem stands on seven mountains. And he saw there the foundation stone fixed in the deeps, and he saw there also the sons of Korach standing and praying for it. Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the fish without praying. The Holy One said: I made a broad space for him in the belly of a male fish in order that he not be distressed and he isn’t praying! I will prepare a fish that is pregnant with three hundred and sixty five thousands and tens of thousands of little fish in order that he be distressed and pray before me. This is because the Holy One desires the prayers of the righteous. In that hour the Holy One brought a pregnant fish and she said to the other fish: the Holy One sent me to swallow up the prophet who is in your belly. If you will spit him out, good. If not I will swallow you with him. He said to her: who knows if what you say is true? She replied: leviathan. They went to leviathan and she said to him: leviathan, king over all the fish of the sea! Do you not know that the Holy One sent me to this fish to swallow the prophet who is in his belly? He said to her: yes. The fish said to leviathan: when? He replied: in the last three hours, when the Holy One descends to play with me. Thus I heard. He immediately spit out Yonah. The female fish right away swallowed him and he was in great distress because of the confinement and the filth. He immediately focused his heart in prayer, as it says “And Jonah prayed to the Lord his God, from the belly of the fish.” (Jonah 2:2) He said: Master of the World! Where can I go to escape Your spirit and to where can I flee from before You? “If I ascend to the heavens, there You are…” (Psalms 139:8) You are King over all kingdoms and Master over all rulers of the world. The high heavens are Your throne and the earth is Your footstool. Your kingdom is on high and Your dominion in the deeps, the actions of all humanity are revealed before You and the secrets of all men spread out before You. You search out the ways of all people and examine the footsteps of all living things. You know the hidden things of the kidneys and the secrets of the heart You understand. All which is hidden is revealed before You, there are no secrets before the throne of your glory and nothing shielded from Your eyes. You collect every secret and tell every single thing. You are there in every place, Your eyes see evil and good. I beseech You, answer me from the belly of Sheol and save me from the depths. Let my cry come into Your ears and fulfill my request because You sit far away and hear as if near. You are called the One who lifts up and casts down, please lift me up! You are called the One who kills and gives life, I have reached the point of death – revive me! He was not answered until he said this: that which I vowed to bring up leviathan and prepare him before them, I will fulfill on the day of Israel’s salvation. “But I-with a voice of thanks will I sacrifice to You…” (Jonah 2:10) Immediately the Holy One gestured to the fish and she vomited Yonah nine hundred and sixty eight parsa to dry land. The sailors saw all the signs and wonders which the Holy One did with Yonah and everyone threw away his god, as it says “Those who keep worthless futilities…” (Jonah 2:9) They returned to Yaffo, went up to Jerusalem and circumcised the flesh of their foreskins, as it says “And the men feared the Lord exceedingly…” (Jonah 1:16) And did they make sacrifices?! Rather they performed circumcision which is like the blood of sacrifice. Each man vowed his wife, children and all he had to the Gd of Yonah, and fulfilled his vow. Of them it says ‘and on the righteous converts.’