시편 35:5 미드라쉬: Midrash Tehillim, Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Midrash Tanchuma & Aggadat Bereshit

“Not so the wicked” (Psalms 1:4). This [relates to] that which the Scripture said, “I am a rose of the Sharon, [a lily of the valleys]” (Song of Songs 2:1). The Assembly of Israel said before the Holy One, blessed be He, “I am beloved, since you have loved me from [among] all the nations. A “rose” because I made shade for you [in the form of the Tabernacle] through the [work of] Bezalel [who was the main artisan behind the construction of the Tabernacle. The Midrash is playing on the Hebrew word for rose, chavatzelet, because it contains the phoneme, tzel, which means shade. This phoneme is also found in the name of Bezalel]. I am [of] the Sharon [a word which shares its root with the Hebrew word for song], because I uttered a song before [the Holy One, blessed be He] through the [instruction] of Moses [ – a reference to the song at the Sea, which Moses led].” Alternatively, [regarding the “rose of] the Sharon” (Song of Songs 2:1), I am beloved because I was hidden in the shade of Egypt [“hidden in the shade of” is rendered, in Hebrew, chavuya betzelan, which sounds like the Hebrew for a rose, chavatzelet], and yet within the blink of an eye, the Holy One, blessed be He, brought me before Ramses, and I became filled with the sap of good deeds, like a lily [ – the good deeds in question are likely circumcision and the Passover sacrifice. The Jews were commanded to bring the Passover sacrifice before they left Egypt, and according to Rabbinic tradition, this was accompanied by a mass embrace of the commandment of circumcision which had been neglected during the years of Egyptian slavery, and which is a necessary pre-requisite for any male who wants to take part in the Passover sacrifice], and I uttered a song before [the Holy One, blessed be He – the song in question is the hallel song that was, according to the Rabbis, sung over the Passover sacrifice]. As it is said, “For you, there shall be singing, as on a night when a festival is sanctified; [there shall be rejoicing as they march, with flute, with hand-drums, and with lyres; to the Rock of Israel on the Mount of God]” (Isaiah 30:29). Rabbi Yochanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak, “This verse comes to teach us that [hallel was sung at the victory over] Pharoah [on the first Passover, just as hallel was sung when Jerusalem was saved from] Sennacherib. [In other words: this verse serves as the basis for the teaching that hallel is sung on the night of Passover, and over the Passover sacrifice (Pesachim 95b; Jerusalem Talmud Pesachim 9:3:4)]. Alternatively, “I am a rose of the Sharon” (Song of Songs 2:1): That is me, and I am beloved because I was hidden at Sinai, as the mountain was held over me like a barrel [ – with the implicit threat that if I didn’t accept the Torah, the mountain would fall upon me and crush me to death (c.f., Shabbat 88a)], as it is written “and they stood at the bottom of the mountain” [ – creatively re-read to be saying, “and they stood underneath the mountain”] (Exodus 19:17); and yet within the blink of an eye, I became filled with the sap of good deeds, like a lily, and I said, “All that God has said, we shall do, and we shall heed” (Exodus 24:7). Alternatively, “I am a rose of the Sharon” (Song of Songs 2:1), I am beloved because I was hidden in the shade of [various] kingdoms [who ruled over me], and when the Holy One, blessed be He, will redeem me, I become filled with the sap of good deeds, and I utter a song before [the Holy One, blessed be He], as it is said, “Sing a new song to God, because of the wonders He has wrought” (Psalms 98:1). Rabbi Berechia said that the generation of the wilderness said [seemingly on behalf of the wilderness itself], “The [rose of the Sharon] is me, and I am beloved because all of the bounty of the world is concealed within me, as it is said, “I will plant cedars in the wilderness, acacias, myrtles, and oleasters” (Isaiah 41:19) [the Midrash is assuming that these plants are already there in the wilderness, in potential], and when the Holy One, blessed be He, requests it from me, I shall return His deposit to Him [by allowing that hidden potential to become manifest, as those plants finally come to blossom within me], and I become filled with sap, like a lily, and I utter a song before [the Holy One, blessed be He], as it is said, “The arid desert shall be glad, the wilderness shall sing with joy and shall blossom like a rose. It shall blossom abundantly. It shall also exult and shout” (Isaiah 35:1-2). And the Rabbis say that the earth says, “I am beloved because all of the dead of the world are hidden within me, and when the Holy One, blessed be He, will request it, I shall return His deposit to Him, and I become filled with sap like a lily, and I utter a song before [the Holy One, blessed be He],” as it is said, “From the end of the earth we hear singing: “Glory to the righteous!”” (Isaiah 24:16). Rabbi Yuden and Rabbi Elazar said, “Compare the righteous to the most praiseworthy species, and to the most praiseworthy variety of that species. The most praiseworthy species is the lily, and the most praiseworthy of that species is the lily of the valleys; not like a mountain lily which is quick to wither, but like a lily of the valley, which continues to stay moist. And compare the wicked to the most disgusting of species, and to the most disgusting variety of that species. And that is chaff, as it is said, “let them be as chaff in the wind” (Psalms 35:5); and say [along with our Psalm], “Not so the wicked, rather, they are like chaff that the wind blows away” (Psalms 1:4). And lest you say [that they are] like the chaff of the valley, which contains some moisture; no, they are like the windblown chaff of the mountains.” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said that the assembly of Israel said before the Holy One, blessed be He, “I am a lily of the valleys, that has been given over to the valleys of despair, and when the Omnipresent One raises me up from the valleys of despair, I become filled with the sap of good deeds, like a lily, and I utter a song before [the Holy One, blessed be He], as it is said, “[I was lifted out of the miry pit... and] a new song was placed into my mouth” (Psalms 40:3-4). The Rabbis’ [opinions] accords with that of Rabbi Elazar HaModa’i: In the end of days, the idolatrous nations will come to accuse the [nation] of Israel before the Holy One, blessed be He, and [they will] say before Him, “Master of the universe! These [Gentiles] shed blood, and those [Jews] shed blood; these worship idols, and those worship idols; these engage in illicit sexual relations, and those engage in illicit sexual relations. Why [then] do these [Gentiles] go down to hell, while those [Jews] go down to the Garden of Eden? [God] says to them, “If that’s so, then let each and every nation go down to hell along with its [own] god, as it is said: “Though all the peoples walk, each in the names of its gods, [we will walk in the name of the Lord our God forever and ever]” (Micah 4:5) [The prophet is describing the end of days. In the Midrashic imagination, he is saying that at that time, each nation will follow its god to hell, and the Jews will follow their God, also to hell]. Rabbi Reuven said, in the name of Rabbi Channina, were it not written in Scripture, it would be impossible to say it, as it is said, “for God is judged in the fire” (Isaiah 66:16). [Although the verse, in context, clearly means that God will judge the wicked in fire, if you pay attention to the Hebrew wording] it isn’t [actually] written here that [God] judges. Rather, [the plain reading of the text tells us that] God is judged. And this [relates] to that which David said, “Although I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil [for You are with me; Your rod and Your staff; they comfort me.]” (Psalms 23:4). [The suggestion is that even as I walk through hellfire, I do so with God by my side]. “Your rod” – this refers to the afflictions [with which God punishes us for our sins], as it is said, “I will punish their transgressions with the rod” (Psalms 89:33). “Your staff” – this is the Torah, [since the word “staff” is juxtaposed, in the Biblical Song of the Well, with a sceptre,] as it is said, “[The well that the chieftains dug, that the nobles of the people started] with a spectre, and with their own staffs” (Numbers 21:18) [and the Hebrew word for “sceptre” is etymologically tied to the word for legislation; and thus, to God’s Torah]. “They comfort me” – you might have thought [that the Torah could comfort me] without the afflictions [with which God punishes us], but the [limitative particle] אך [in verse 6 of Psalms 23] comes to teach us [that the afflictions are necessary for the comfort that the Torah brings]. You might think that the [comfort is experienced] in this world, but the verse comes to teach us that, “Goodness and steadfast love shall pursue me all the days of my life,” to what end? So that [after I die] “I will dwell in the house of God for ever” (Psalms 23:6). Abba Tanchuma said, what are the righteous like, in this world? [They] are like a tray that is inlaid with gem stones and pearls, and [it has] holes [on either side so that] hands [can grip it to lift it up]. [It lies on the floor, full of sand, or other worthless materials, that obscure its beauty]. [When one] lifts it up, all that is inside of it spills [through the holes], and the beauty of the tablet is seen. Accordingly, the wicked shall be destroyed from the world like hay, as it is said, “Grass withers and flowers fade” (Isaiah 40:8), but the righteous will be seen forever, as [the verse continues], “But the word of our God stands forever” – this refers to the righteous who embody the word of our God.

Another interpretation (of Numb. 1:1-2): THEN THE LORD SPOKE UNTO MOSES IN THE SINAI DESERT […: TAKE A CENSUS OF THE WHOLE CONGREGATION OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL….] This text is related (to Cant. 7:3 [2]): YOUR NAVEL IS A ROUND BOWL. LET NOT MIXED WINE BE LACKING. YOUR BELLY IS A HEAP OF WHEAT FENCED IN WITH LILIES. <The verse> is speaking about the Sanhedrin²⁸Gk.: Synedrion. of Israel, which was situated in the Chamber of Hewn Stone and is compared with a navel.²⁹Tanh., Numb. 1:4; Numb. R. 1:4; see PR 10:2; above, Exod. 9:1 and the notes there; also below, Deut. 1:3; and perhaps Exod. R. 39:1. And why is it compared with a navel? It is simply that just as the navel is situated in the middle of the body, so the Sanhedrin of Israel was situated in the middle of the Temple. (Ibid., cont.:) LET NOT MIXED WINE BE LACKING. What is the meaning of LET NOT MIXED WINE BE LACKING? That there was never one less than a third of them <present>. LET NOT MIXED WINE BE LACKING. Whoever mixes it properly mixes a third of a cup of wine with two parts water. Thus the Sanhedrin would sit from <the time of> the morning sacrifice until the sacrifice at twilight. But did not one of them turn away for the needs of nature? So what did they do when one wanted to leave? He would count. If twenty three were present, he would leave; if not, he would not leave. Why? Because it is written (ibid.): LET NOT MIXED WINE BE LACKING. Thus there was never less than a third of them <present>. It is therefore written: LET NOT MIXED WINE BE LACKING. (Ibid., cont.:) YOUR BELLY IS A HEAP OF WHEAT. Israel has been compared with a heap of wheat.³⁰See PR 10:3. Just as this wheat enters the granary with a count (minyan) and leaves with a count, so the Holy One said that Israel should be numbered (nimnin) all the time. It is therefore stated (ibid.): YOUR BELLY IS A HEAP OF WHEAT. The stubble and the straw, however, are not numbered. Instead they are measured.³¹Buber’s Spanish MS (described on p. 150 on his “Mavo”) plus the parallel texts read: “Nor are they measured.” Thus the peoples of the world are compared with stubble and straw, as stated (in Ps. 35:5): THEY SHALL BE LIKE CHAFF BEFORE THE WIND WITH THE ANGEL OF THE LORD OVERTHROWING THEM. And so it says (in Obad. 18): AND THE HOUSE OF ESAU SHALL BE STRAW. And why? Because they have³²The parallel texts read: “Because the Holy One has….” no pleasure from them, as stated (in Is. 40:17): ALL THE NATIONS ARE AS NOTHING BEFORE HIM; THEY ARE CONSIDERED BY HIM AS LESS THAN NOTHING AND VOID. But in the case of Israel, the Holy One does have pleasure from them. They read the Shema', pray, and bless the name of the Holy One every day; therefore, they are numbered all the time. For that reason they were compared with the wheat, as stated (in Cant. 7:3) YOUR BELLY IS A HEAP OF WHEAT. For that reason (in Numb. 1:1-2): THEN THE LORD SPOKE UNTO MOSES IN THE SINAI DESERT…: TAKE A CENSUS OF THE WHOLE CONGREGATION OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL….

(Numb. 1:1-2) “Then the Lord spoke unto Moses in the Sinai desert […, ‘Take a census of the whole congregation of the Children of Israel…’].” This text is related (to Cant. 7:3), “Your navel is a round bowl; let not mixed wine be lacking; your belly is a heap of wheat fenced in with lilies.” [And that verse] is speaking about the Sanhedrin¹⁸Gk.: Synedrion. of Israel, which was situated in the chamber of hewn stone and is compared with a navel.¹⁹Numb. R. 1:4; see PR 10:2; above, Exod. 9:1 and the notes there; also below, Deut. 1:3; and perhaps Exod. R. 39:1. And why is it compared with a navel? It is that just as the navel is situated in the middle of the body, so the Sanhedrin of Israel was situated in the middle of the Temple. (Ibid., cont.) “Let not mixed wine be lacking.” What is the meaning of “let not mixed wine be lacking?” That there was never one less than a third of them [present]: “Let not mixed wine be lacking” – whoever mixes it properly mixes a third of a cup of wine with two parts water. Thus the Sanhedrin would sit from [the time of] the morning sacrifice until the afternoon sacrifice. But did not one of them go out for his [bodily] needs? So what did they do when one wanted to leave? He would count. If twenty three were present, he would leave; if not, he would not leave. Why? Because it is written (ibid.), “let not mixed wine be lacking.” Thus there was never less than a third of them [present]. It is therefore written, “let not mixed wine be lacking.” (Ibid., cont.) “Your belly is a heap of wheat.” Why is it compared to wheat?²⁰See PR 10:3. Just as this wheat enters the granary with a count and leaves with a count, so too, here the Holy One, blessed be He, said that they should be numbered all the time. It is therefore stated (ibid.), “your belly is a heap of wheat.” The stubble and the straw, however, are not numbered and not measured. Thus the peoples of the world are compared with stubble and straw, as stated (in Ps. 35:5), “They shall be like chaff before the wind.” And so it says (in Obad. 1:18), “and the house of Esau shall be straw.” Why? Because the Holy One, blessed be He, has no pleasure from them, as stated (in Is. 40:17), “All the nations are as nothing before Him; they are considered by Him as less than nothing and void.” But in the case of Israel, the Holy One, blessed be He, does have pleasure from them. They read the shema', pray, and bless the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, every day and at all times on every single thing; therefore, they are numbered all the time. For that reason they were compared with the wheat, as stated (in Cant. 7:3), “your belly is a heap of wheat.”