אוֹתָם֙ יִרְאֶ֣ה פַרְעֹ֔ה וְנִחַ֖ם עַל־כָּל־המונה [הֲמוֹנ֑וֹ] חַלְלֵי־חֶ֙רֶב֙ פַּרְעֹ֣ה וְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ נְאֻ֖ם אֲדֹנָ֥י יְהוִֽה׃
바로가 그들을 보고 그 모든 무리로 인하여 위로를 받을 것임이여 칼에 살륙당한 바로와 그 온 군대가 그러하리로다 나 주 여호와의 말이로다
Midrash Tanchuma Buber
[(Exod. 13:17, cont.:) THAT GOD DID NOT HAVE COMPASSION (NHM).] <One should read the verse in this way,>19The Masoretic Text reads NHM as naham (LEAD THEM), but the midrash understands the word as niham (HAVE COMPASSION). because the Holy One said to the Prophet (Ezek. 32:18): SON OF ADAM, LAMENT OVER THE MASSES OF EGYPT…. Pharaoh began vaunting himself, and he said: Am I going down to them (in the grave)? He said to him (in Ezek. 32:19): WHOM DO YOU SURPASS IN LOVELINESS? Whom do you surpass in beauty? Are you better than the king of Assyria or the king of Tyre and Sidon? (Ibid., cont.:) GO DOWN AND BE LAID WITH THE UNCIRCUMCISED. (Vs. 22:) THERE IS ASSYRIA WITH ALL ITS COMPANY. (Vs. 24:) THERE IS ELAM AND ALL ITS MASSES. (Vs. 26:) THERE ARE MESHECH AND TUBAL WITH ALL THEIR MASSES. (Vs. 29:) THERE IS EDOM WITH ITS KINGS AND ALL ITS PRINCES. (Vs. 30:) THERE ARE THE PRINCES OF THE NORTH. When Pharaoh saw them, he was consoled (rt.: NHM), as stated (in vs. 31): [THESE] SHALL PHARAOH SEE, AND HE SHALL BE CONSOLED (NHM) [OVER ALL THESE MASSES SLAIN BY THE SWORD, PHARAOH AND ALL HIS ARMY.] The Holy One said to him: Pharaoh, you shall not be consoled because of what you did to my children. [Ergo:] GOD DID NOT HAVE COMPASSION (NHM).
Shemot Rabbah
Rabbi Shimon says: Many warnings are written here, as it is stated: “If men quarrel and one strikes the other” (Exodus 21:18). Nothing good and no peace results from a quarrel. Cain harmed his brother only from the midst of a quarrel, “one strikes another with a stone or a fist (Exodus 21:18). Here God cautions, as it is stated: “If he arises and walks outside…[he shall give only his livelihood and he shall provide healing]” (Exodus 21:19).70Even if one does not kill the other, he is obligated to pay for the damage he caused, including loss of livelihood and medical costs.
Why is judges [elohim] written here, regarding each and every matter?71As the Torah presents the ordinances in Exodus chapters 21–23, there are several instances in which the Torah refers to judges as elohim, a term ordinarily reserved for God. See, e.g., Exodus 21:6, 22:7. It is because people are steeped in the evil inclination, as it is stated: “As the inclination of a man’s heart is evil from his youth” (Genesis 8:21).72Therefore, due to man’s weaknesses, the Torah uses a term for judges that also can be used to refer to God, as an indication that people should consider that they will be held accountable not only by man but by God. If the Holy One blessed be He would eliminate the evil inclination, everyone would come under His wings. The Holy One blessed be He will kill it [one day]. You find that the evil inclination accustoms a person to sin, and it kills him, as it is stated: “Its justice and its onus will emerge from it” (Habakkuk 1:7).73Sin causes man to die. Alternatively, having caused man to sin, it is the evil inclination who then kills man, as the Gemara states: Satan, the evil inclination, and the Angel of Death are one (Bava Batra 16a). That is why the Holy One blessed be He cautioned them regarding the ordinances of the Torah, as it is stated: “These are the ordinances.” The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Maintain justice in this world and I will rescue you from being sentenced to Gehenna.’ Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He judges the wicked over all these laws, as it is stated: “Behold, I am here, and I will judge between the fat lamb and the lean lamb” (Ezekiel 34:20).
Egypt enslaved Israel, and He exacted retribution from them, and judged them in Egypt and judged them at the sea. To what were they comparable? To robbers who entered the king’s vineyard and destroyed grapevines. The king came and found his vineyard damaged. He became filled with rage and descended upon the robbers. He did not need anything or any person, but rather, he descended, cut them, and uprooted them, just as they had done to the king’s vineyard. So too, Egypt judged the children of God [and executed upon them] harsh judgments. The Holy One blessed be He became filled with rage and afflicted them with the first plague, and the second, but was not sated with their blood. He judged them ten times and said: ‘I have not done anything to them.’ They came to the sea and He killed countless multitudes. From where is it derived that Pharaoh will not be consoled over his multitudes until he will see Gog? As it is stated: “Pharaoh will see them and be consoled for his entire multitude” (Ezekiel 32:31).
Why is judges [elohim] written here, regarding each and every matter?71As the Torah presents the ordinances in Exodus chapters 21–23, there are several instances in which the Torah refers to judges as elohim, a term ordinarily reserved for God. See, e.g., Exodus 21:6, 22:7. It is because people are steeped in the evil inclination, as it is stated: “As the inclination of a man’s heart is evil from his youth” (Genesis 8:21).72Therefore, due to man’s weaknesses, the Torah uses a term for judges that also can be used to refer to God, as an indication that people should consider that they will be held accountable not only by man but by God. If the Holy One blessed be He would eliminate the evil inclination, everyone would come under His wings. The Holy One blessed be He will kill it [one day]. You find that the evil inclination accustoms a person to sin, and it kills him, as it is stated: “Its justice and its onus will emerge from it” (Habakkuk 1:7).73Sin causes man to die. Alternatively, having caused man to sin, it is the evil inclination who then kills man, as the Gemara states: Satan, the evil inclination, and the Angel of Death are one (Bava Batra 16a). That is why the Holy One blessed be He cautioned them regarding the ordinances of the Torah, as it is stated: “These are the ordinances.” The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Maintain justice in this world and I will rescue you from being sentenced to Gehenna.’ Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He judges the wicked over all these laws, as it is stated: “Behold, I am here, and I will judge between the fat lamb and the lean lamb” (Ezekiel 34:20).
Egypt enslaved Israel, and He exacted retribution from them, and judged them in Egypt and judged them at the sea. To what were they comparable? To robbers who entered the king’s vineyard and destroyed grapevines. The king came and found his vineyard damaged. He became filled with rage and descended upon the robbers. He did not need anything or any person, but rather, he descended, cut them, and uprooted them, just as they had done to the king’s vineyard. So too, Egypt judged the children of God [and executed upon them] harsh judgments. The Holy One blessed be He became filled with rage and afflicted them with the first plague, and the second, but was not sated with their blood. He judged them ten times and said: ‘I have not done anything to them.’ They came to the sea and He killed countless multitudes. From where is it derived that Pharaoh will not be consoled over his multitudes until he will see Gog? As it is stated: “Pharaoh will see them and be consoled for his entire multitude” (Ezekiel 32:31).
Midrash Tehillim
Let us rejoice to God. This is what the verse says (Zephaniah 3:14): "Sing, daughter of Zion; shout aloud, O Israel! Be glad and rejoice with all your heart, Daughter Jerusalem!" On what matter (Micah 7:9) has your enemy been deprived of his right to rule? All rejoice at the downfall of the wicked. And similarly, it says (Isaiah 14:5-6): "The Lord has broken the rod of the wicked, the scepter of the rulers, which in anger struck down peoples with unceasing blows, and in fury subdued nations with relentless aggression." What is written (ibid. 14:7)? "All the lands are at rest and at peace; they break into singing." And it says (Ezekiel 32:31): "All the earth's kings lie in state, each in his own tomb. But you are cast out of your tomb like a rejected branch; you are covered with the slain, with those pierced by the sword, those who descend to the stones of the pit. Like a corpse trampled underfoot." When is the earth joyful? When I make you desolate. And similarly, it says (Psalms 149:6): "Let the high praises of God be in their mouths and a double-edged sword in their hands." And it says (Proverbs 11:10): "When the wicked perish, there is rejoicing." Let us approach Him with thanksgiving, let us sing psalms to Him, great is the power of gratitude. And similarly, Jonah says (Jonah 2:10): "And I, with a song of thanksgiving, will sacrifice to You."