이사야 33:11 미드라쉬: Bereshit Rabbah & Ein Yaakov (Glick Edition)

Where are the orbs of the sun and the moon situated? They are in the second firmament, as it is stated: “God set them in the firmament of the heavens.” Rabbi Pinḥas said in the name of Rabbi Abahu: There is an explicit verse, and the members of the Great Assembly elaborated on it: “You, the Lord, alone, You made the heavens, the heaven of heavens, and all their host…” (Nehemiah 9:6). Where is all their host situated? It is in the firmament that is above the heavens. From the earth to the firmament is a distance of five hundred years’ walk, and the thickness of the firmament is a distance of five hundred years’ walk, and from firmament to firmament is a distance of five hundred years’ walk. See how high it is. And we learned, on the first day of the summer solstice, there is no shade for any creature,²⁰The sun is directly overhead. as it is written: “Nothing can shelter from its heat” (Psalms 19:7).
The orb of the sun has a sheath, as it is stated: “In a tent within, He placed the sun” (Psalms 19:5), and there is a pool of water before it. When it emerges [from the sheath], the Holy One blessed be He mitigates its strength through that water so that it should not emerge and incinerate the world. But in the future, the Holy One blessed be He will strip it of its sheath and burn the wicked with it, as it is stated: “The day that is coming will burn them” (Malachi 3:19).
Rabbi Yanai and Rabbi Shimon both say: There will be no Gehenna [in the future];²¹On Judgment Day the wicked will not receive their punishment by fire in Gehenna. rather, there will be a [scorching] day that will burn up the wicked. What is the source? “For, behold, the day is coming, burning like a furnace…” (Malachi 3:19). The Rabbis say: There will be a Gehenna,²²An actual fire. as it is stated: “The utterance of the Lord, for whom there is fire in Zion…” (Isaiah 31:9). Rabbi Yehuda bar Ilai says: There will be neither a [scorching] day nor a Gehenna, but rather, a fire that emerges from the body of the wicked themselves and burns them. What is the source? It is as it is written: “Conceive stubble, give birth to straw, your spirit is a fire that will consume you” (Isaiah 33:11).
Rabbi Yehoshua bar Avin said: “The heavens will declare His beneficence” (Psalms 50:6) – in the future, the heavens will relate the beneficence that the Holy One blessed be He bestowed upon His world, in that He did not situate them in the first firmament. Had He situated them in the first firmament, no creature could have withstood the fire of the day.

GEMARA: Our Rabbis were taught: The generation of the flood has no share in the world to come, as it is said (Gen. 7, 23) And it swept off every living substance, and they were swept from the earth, i.e., and it swept off every living substance, — in this world; and they were swept from the earth, — in the world to come. So says R. Akiba. R. Juda b. Bathyra said: "They will neither be restored nor judged, as it is said (Gen. 6, 3) Lo yadon ruchi b'adam forever, i.e., no judgment and no spirit'." In another form the above is interpreted, Their spirits shall not return unto their leaders. R. Menachem b. Jose said: "Even at the time the Holy One, praised be He! will return the souls to the corpses, those souls will still be judged hard in the Gehena, as it is said (Is. 33, 11) Ye conceive chaff, ye shall bring forth stubble; your breath is a fire, that shall devour you."

“The Lord said: My spirit will not abide in man for eternity, for he too is flesh and his days will be one hundred and twenty years” (Genesis 6:3).
“The Lord said: My spirit will not abide [yadon] in man,” Rabbi Yishmael ben Rabbi Yosei said: I will not place My spirit in them when I give the reward of the righteous in the future, about which it is stated: “I will place My spirit in them” (Ezekiel 36:27).
Rabbi Yanai and Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, both of them said: In the future, there will be no Gehenna; rather, there will be a day that [through its heat] will burn the wicked. What is the source? “For behold, the day is coming, burning like a furnace, and all the criminals and all the doers of wickedness will be as straw; the day that is coming will burn them” (Malachi 3:19). The Rabbis say: There will be Gehenna, as it is stated: “The utterance of the Lord, for whom there is a fire in Zion and a furnace for Him in Jerusalem” (Isaiah 31:9). Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Ilai said: There will be neither a [hot] day nor Gehenna, but rather there will be a fire that will emerge from the body of the wicked one himself and burn him, as it is stated: “Conceive stubble, give birth to straw, your spirit is a fire that will consume you” (Isaiah 33:11).
Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai said: What is, “My spirit will not abide [yadon]”? These spirits will never come before Me for judgment.³⁸The members of the generation of the Flood will not even be resurrected to be sentenced. Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rav Aḥa: When I restore the spirit [of man] to its scabbard [nadan], I will not return their spirit to their scabbards.³⁹The body is considered a “scabbard” that houses the soul within it (Daniel 7:15). The generation of the Flood will not come to life with the others at the final resurrection.
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said: I will not fill them up with My spirit when I fill mankind up with My spirit,⁴⁰As a scabbard is completely filled with the sword it holds. because in this world the spirit is infused in only one limb [the heart], but in the future, it will be infused throughout the body. That is what is written: “I will place My spirit within you” (Ezekiel 36:27).
Rabbi Yudan ben Beteira said: I [God] will never again judge man with this sentence.⁴¹Bringing a destructive flood upon mankind.
Rav Huna said in the name of Rabbi Yosef: “I will not continue [to curse the ground because of man … and I will not continue [to smite all life as I have done]” (Genesis 8:21)⁴²The Midrash will explain the repetition of “I will not continue.” –it is powerful, it is powerful.⁴³The repetition indicates the intensity of God’s commitment, as if He were declaring an oath (see Isaiah 54:9). The Rabbis say: “I will not continue” – for the [present] sons of Noah; “and I will not continue” – for [future] generations.
[God said:] ‘I had said that My spirit would hold sway [dana] over them, but they did not want [this]; therefore, I will cause them to be entangled [meshagem] with suffering. I had said that My spirit would control them, but they did not disavow [their sinful ways]; therefore I will cause them to be entangled [meshagem] with one another,’⁴⁴And they will enter into disputes and deadly feuds with one another, thus incurring the death penalty. as Rabbi Elazar said: The only one who incurs liability for harming a human is one who is a human like him. Rabbi Natan said: Wolves and dogs also.⁴⁵They also incur the death penalty if they kill a human. Rabbi Huna bar Guryon said: Even a rod, even a strap.⁴⁶If they bring about the death of a person they are destroyed. That is what is written: “For the yoke of its burden and the bar on its shoulder, the rod that oppresses it, You have broken as on the day of Midyan [keyom midyan]” (Isaiah 9:3) – on the day of judgment [beyom hadin]. Rabbi Aḥa said: Even non-fruit bearing trees are destined to give a reckoning.⁴⁷If they cause the death of a person. The Rabbis say [this same concept] from here: “For man is like the tree of the field” (Deuteronomy 20:19) – just as man gives a reckoning, so, too, trees give a reckoning.
Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya said: [God said:] ‘I will not judge their spirit separately, as they are flesh and blood,⁴⁸And they must experience physical suffering. but I will bring upon them a shortening of the years that I had allotted them in this world, and then I will cause them to be entangled [meshagem] with suffering.’ Rabbi Aivu said: [God said:] ‘Who caused them to rebel against Me, is it not because I did not cause them to be entangled [meshagem] with suffering?’⁴⁹Therefore, from now on mankind will be subject to physical suffering for their sins. This door, what keeps it standing? It is its hinges [shegam].⁵⁰Just as hinges support the door and allow it to function, so too physical suffering is good for man and induces him to grow spiritually.
Rabbi Elazar said: Anyplace where there is no justice, there is justice.⁵¹Wherever justice is not practiced on earth, justice from God will be meted out. Rabbi Beivai son of Rabbi Ami, in accordance with the approach of Rabbi Elazar: “My spirit will not abide” [Lo yadon, ruḥi].”⁵²This is expounded to mean: If they do not judge [lo yadon], My spirit [ruḥi] will judge. Rabbi Meir said: [God said:] ‘They did not exercise the attribute of justice below, so I will not exercise the attribute of justice On High.’⁵³But rather, I will judge with wrath and fury. That is what is written: “Behold, their remnant has gone away from them, and they die without wisdom” (Job 4:21) – without the wisdom of the Torah. “From morning to evening they are broken; forever unnoticed [mibeli mesim], they perish” (Job 4:20) – mesim is nothing other than judgment, just as it says: “These are the ordinances that you shall place [tasim] before them” (Exodus 21:1). Rabbi Yosei HaGelili said: I will not judge them with the attribute of justice along with a corresponding attribute of mercy.⁵⁴But with the attribute of justice alone.
Rabbi says: “He said” – the generation of the Flood said to the Lord: ‘He shall not judge [us]!’⁵⁵Here, the verse currently under discussion, “Vayomer Hashem lo yadon” is being interpreted as: “They said: Hashem, He shall not judge us!” Rabbi Akiva said: “Why has the wicked man mocked God, saying to himself: You will not seek” (Psalms 10:13) – [by this that man means:] there is no justice and no Judge.⁵⁶God does not judge man for his deeds. However, in fact there is justice and there is a Judge.⁵⁷As the following verses in Psalms respond.
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: Even Noah, who survived from among them, it is not that he was worthy, but rather, the Holy One blessed be He foresaw that Moses was destined to descend from him, as it is stated: “For he too [Beshagam]” – this is an allusion to Moses, as the numerical value of this word [beshagam] is the same numerical value as that word [Moshe]. The Rabbis derive it from here: “His days will be one hundred and twenty years” – and Moses lives one hundred and twenty years.