아모스 7:17 탈무드 참조: Jerusalem Talmud Peah, Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot, Jerusalem Talmud Shekalim & Jerusalem Talmud Demai

¹⁵This paragraph is an aside, taken from Šebiït 6:4, also Nedarim6:13. It explains why our calendar today does not take the Sabbatical year into consideration when determining intercalary months in the 19 year cycle. (Since 19 and 7 are relatively prime, the Sabbatical rules would force seven different calendars to be made!) Rebbi Zeïra in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: That is only before Rebbi permitted the importation of vegetables from outside the Land¹⁶The soil outside the Land of Israel is unclean (cf. Amos 7:17). In former times Jews did not use vegetables from outside the Land since it might have particles of soil still clinging to it. But after the last remnants of the ashes of the red heifer disappeared, these laws became inoperative and it was possible for everybody, even the most scrupulous, to eat imported vegetables. This has to be dated to the times of Rebbi (Jehudah the Prince); cf. commentary to Mishnah Berakhot 1:1.. But after Rebbi permitted the importation of vegetables from outside the Land, the Sabbatical year is as any other year¹⁷Since there is enough food for everybody.. It was stated: One does not intercalate in the Sabbatical Year but only in other years of a Sabbatical period, but if they did intercalate it is intercalated. Rebbi Mana said, that refers to earlier times when years were in order¹⁸Taxes were paid on income, which means that in Sabbatical years the farmer did not have to pay taxes., but now that years are not in order¹⁹Now that the government levies taxes on arable land without regard to the actual yield, the farmer has to grow crops on his land even in the Sabbatical year on the authority of R. Mana (Šebiït 4:2)., the Sabbatical year is like any other year.

It is stated⁷⁶This baraita is in similar form in other Yerushalmi sources, Nazir 7:1, Śemaḥot IV:25,26, Tosephta Moëd qaṭan 1:12, Avodah zarah 1:8, and in materially different Babylonian tradition in Babli Avodah zarah 13a, Erubin 47a.: A Cohen may defile himself by leaving the Land⁷⁷It is not clear which verse of the Torah declares all land outside the Land of Israel ritually unclean but the fact that it is so, is obvious from Amos 7:17. (The Babli takes the impurity of the “land of Gentiles” to be rabbinic, but this refers to the time when no ashes of a red heifer were available anymore and every Cohen was impure from the start, whereas the Yerushalmi baraita might refer to earlier times, cf. Chapter 1, Note 3.) The prohibition for the Cohen to defile himself willingly derives from Lev. 21:1–15. for civil and criminal suits, for the consecration of the New Moon and intercalation of a year⁷⁸In the absence of a computed calendar, the last two activities may be exercised outside the Land of Israel only if political circumstances make the consecration in Israel impossible. (The statements up to this point are missing in the Babli parallels; see the preceding Note.), to save a field from a Gentile, and he even may leave and lodge a complaint about it⁷⁹“To lodge a complaint” about real estate usually means to claim ownership against a squatter, in particular if there are no written documents for either party., to study Torah and to marry a wife. Rebbi Judah says, if he has a place to study⁸⁰Any place to study in the Land of Israel., he should not defile himself. Rebbi Yose says, even if he has a place to study, he may defile himself, since a man may not have the luck to learn from every teacher. They said about Joseph the Cohen⁸¹Joseph (called Issi) ben Yehudah (or Aqabiah) from Huẓal in Babylonia who immigrated to Israel and was a student of Rebbis Eleazar ben Shamua and Yose ben Ḥalaphta. He is a Tanna of the last generation and known as the “last of the pious”. If such a holy man leaves Israel to follow his secondary teacher, the practice of leaving the Land for study purposes is well established. that he defiled himself and followed his teacher to Sidon⁸²Note the Talmudic vocalization Ṣīdān, in contrast to Biblical Ṣīdōn, close to modern Arabic Ṣaidā.. In truth⁸³As a rule, any tannaïtic statement label אבל “in truth”, represents established practice. The permission for a priest to leave the Land for marriage is only for an arranged marriage, not for a search for a possible bride., they said a priest should not go abroad unless one promised him a wife.

From where that a declaration of forfeiture by a court makes it ownerless? ⁸¹The following text is copied from Peah5:1 (פ). From the middle of the text there are two Genizah sources edited by Ginzberg without noting the readings differing from the editio princeps(Yerushalmi Fragments from the Genizah, New York 1909), one noted G (pp. 120,122,129,131), the other ג (pp. 121, 123–128,130,132–139). It is written⁸²Ezra10:8. Babli Yebamot89b.: Anybody who will not come within three days conforming to the decree of the rulers and the elders, all his property shall be devoted to destruction and he shall be separated from the community of the Diaspora⁸³If the decree of the Court did not make the property abandoned, its destruction would have to be considered theft. Since Ezra was a teacher of the Law, his rulings have to be accepted.. From where that it⁸⁴Produce declared ownerless by a decree of court. The intricacies of these rules are explained in Peah; they have no relevance here. is free from tithes? Rebbi Jonathan, the son of Rebbi Isaac bar Aḥa understood it from the following⁸⁵Tosephta Sanhedrin2:9, Sanhedrin Yerushalmi 1:2 (Note 207), Babli 12a; Nedarim6:13 Note 83.: “One intercalates⁸⁶Since the Jewish year is both lunar and solar, but 12 lunar months are only approximately 254 days, in 19 years there have to be seven intercalary years of 13 months each. For details see the author’s Seder Olam(Jason Aronson, Northvale NJ, 1998). years neither in the Sabbatical year, nor in the year following the Sabbatical; but if they did intercalate it is intercalated.” The one month he adds, is it not free from tithes⁸⁷Since the spontaneous growth of the Seventh Year may be taken by everybody, it is not your harvest and, hence, biblically free from heave and tithes even if taken by the owner of the land. If the Supreme Court declared the year intercalary against the rules, it is nevertheless a valid 13 months year and all produce is legally abandoned property.? That refers to the Sabbatical year. What about the year after the Sabbatical? Rebbi Abun said, not to prolong the prohibition of new grain⁸⁸New grain may be eaten only after the Omer sacrifice on the 16th of Nisan, Lev. 23:14. The intercalation of a month, which always falls in Adar, unnecessarily postpones the harvest of new grain.. ⁸⁹This paragraph is an aside, taken from Ševi`it6:4, also Nedarim6:13. It explains why our calendar today does not take the Sabbatical year into consideration when determining intercalary months in the 19 year cycle. Rebbi Ze`ira in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: That is only before Rebbi permitted the importation of vegetables from outside the Land. But after Rebbi permitted the importation of vegetables from outside the Land, the Sabbatical year is as any other year⁹⁰The soil outside the Land of Israel is unclean (cf. Amos7:17). In former times Jews did not use vegetables from outside the Land since it might have particles of soil still clinging to it. But after the last remnants of the ashes of the Red Cow disappeared, these laws became inoperative and it was possible for everybody, even the most scrupulous, to eat imported vegetables. This has to be dated to the times of Rebbi. Cf. commentary to Mishnah Berakhot 1:1..