Komentarz do Koheleta 12:14

For every deed. That a person performs, God will bring to judgment.⁵⁸Just as God does not allow any good deed, small as it may be, to go without reward, so too, He does not permit any bad deed, however small, to go without judgment. (Mesilas Yeshorim) Therefore, מַעֲשֶׂה is vowelized with a patach, and the cantillation sign is above,⁵⁹I.e., the cantillation sign indicates a slight pause, separating it from the word that follows. (Sifsei Chachomim) since it is not connected to “God.”⁶⁰For every deed, God will bring to the great Judgment Day, and He will publicize it to all mankind whether good or bad. (Targum)

“For every action God will bring to judgment, for every unknown, whether good or evil” (Ecclesiastes 12:14).
“For every action” – Rabbi would interpret these verses, and when he would arrive at one of these six verses, he would weep. These are they: “For behold the Former of mountains, [and Creator of wind, who tells man what is his conversation]” (Amos 4:13). Even matters that do not have substance or sin are written for Him in His ledger. Who writes them? “He who renders dawn, darkness…[the Lord, God of hosts, is His name]” (Amos 4:13).
In addition: “Seek the Lord, all you humble of the earth, [who have performed His judgment; seek righteousness, seek humility. Perhaps you shall be hidden in the day of the Lord’s anger]” (Zephaniah 2:3).
[In addition:] “Hate evil, and love good, [and display justice at the gate; perhaps the Lord, God of hosts, will grant favor to the remnant of Joseph]” (Amos 5:15).
And this verse: “For every action God [will bring to judgment, for every unknown, whether good or evil].” “Without knowledge, even the soul is no good” (Proverbs 19:2) – Rabbi Beivai said: [This is likened] to one who was accustomed to engage in relations [with his wife] at sunrise. He forgot⁶²He forgot that the expected time had come for his wife to menstruate, and he was therefore obliged to refrain from engaging in marital relations with her (see Nidda 63b). and engaged in relations before sunrise.⁶³His wife menstruated at that time, and they unwittingly violated the prohibition to engage in relations while she was menstruating. If he did so without knowledge, it is not good,⁶⁴Even if he forgot that he was supposed to separate from her, he bears responsibility. The midrash reads this into the phrase “no good” in the verse in Proverbs. and all the more so if he did so with knowledge. Furthermore, “he who hastens with his feet sins” (Proverbs 19:2).⁶⁵One who rushes down a path leading to sin is held responsible for his sins, even if he committed them unwittingly (Midrash HaMevo’ar).
[This is likened] to one who had two stores before him, one selling slaughtered meat and one selling meat from an unslaughtered carcass, and he forgot and purchased the meat of the unslaughtered carcass. “Without knowledge…no good” (Proverbs 19:2), and all the more so if he did so with knowledge. Furthermore, “he who hastens with his feet sins” (Proverbs 19:2).
Rabbi Yoḥanan interpreted the verse regarding Shabbat. [This is likened] to one who had two paths before him, one smooth and one filled with thorns and pebbles, and he forgot and went on the one in which there were thorns and pebbles.⁶⁶Even though he forgot that there were thorns there, and walking through them would involve detaching some of them from the ground, which constitutes a violation of Shabbat, he is held accountable for this violation. Had he known and gone, all the more so.
Rabbi Yoḥanan and Reish Lakish interpreted this verse.⁶⁷They interpreted “he who hastens with his feet sins” to mean that one should not come to the Temple frequently to bring sacrificial offerings to atone for any sins he may not realize that he has committed; it would be preferable to just be careful to avoid sin. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: With vow offerings and gift offerings it is prohibited; with sin offerings and guilt offerings it is permitted. Reish Lakish said: With vow offerings and gift offerings it is permitted; with sin offerings and guilt offerings it is prohibited.
Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: If one performs one transgression without knowledge it is not good; if he knew and went and performed [the transgression], all the more so. Therefore, “for every action God will bring to judgment, for every unknown, whether good or evil.” He said: A servant whose master considers his unwitting transgressions like intentional transgressions, does he have recourse?⁶⁸One should avoid sinning even unwittingly.
What is “for every unknown”? That is one who kills a louse in the presence of another person and [the other person] is disgusted.⁶⁹One is punished even for this small offense of causing discomfort to the other person. Shmuel said: This is one who expectorates before another person and [the other person] is disgusted.
What is “whether good or evil”? The school of Rabbi Yannai says: This is one who gives a coin to a poor person in public, as when Rabbi Yannai saw a man who gave a coin to a poor person in public, he said: It would have been preferable had you not given to him, than now, when you gave to him and shamed him.⁷⁰Thus, the verse is indicating that one can be punished even for an act that is inherently good, such as giving charity.
The school of Rabbi Shila says: This is one who gives charity to a woman in private, as he causes her to become suspected.⁷¹Although his intention in giving her charity in secret is noble, his actions may have a detrimental effect; when people notice a man secretly visiting her, they suspect her of illicit activity.
Rava said; This is one who sends uncut meat to his wife on Friday.⁷²The reference is to meat from which the sciatic nerve and forbidden fats have not been removed. Since it is close to Shabbat, she will be in a rush and might not remove all of the prohibited portions. Is this so? But did Rava not send [in this manner]? The daughter of Rav Ḥisda⁷³Rava’s wife was different, as he knew that she [would successfully remove all the prohibited portions]. <“Whether good or evil”.>

And every hidden thing. Even for the unintentional sin.⁶¹Alternatively, man’s intention which is hidden from others, God will bring into judgment. (Metsudas Dovid)

Whether good or bad. Even if he stumbled in a commandment,⁶²Mesilas Yeshorim in Chapter 3 cites the Gemara in Maseches Eruvin 13b, that man should “examine” [יפשפש] his deeds; others say that he should “feel” [ימשמש] his deeds. He explains that the former [יפשפש] refers to examining actions which are not in accordance with God’s commandments and they should be eliminated. The latter [ימשמש] refers to investigating the good actions to determine any aspects of them which are not good and they should be removed. e.g., giving charity to the poor in public.⁶³The Gemara in Maseches Chagigah 5a criticizes one who gives charity to a poor person in public, because it is an act which may shame him. And that is the meaning why even a good deed, “God will bring into judgment.” (Sifsei Chachomim) ⁶⁴The numerical value [gematria] of the last four words of Koheles, אם טוב ואם רע [=whether good or bad], is equal to 375, the same gematria as its author שלמה [=375]. Also, Koheles begins with a daled and ends with an ayin, alluding to I Divrei Hayomim 28:9 where Dovid instructs his son Shlomo, “Know [דע] the God of your father and serve him.” In conclusion after all has been heard, fear God, etc.