Komentarz do Liczb 26:55
אַךְ־בְּגוֹרָ֕ל יֵחָלֵ֖ק אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ לִשְׁמ֥וֹת מַטּוֹת־אֲבֹתָ֖ם יִנְחָֽלוּ׃
Tylko losem niechaj rozdzielona będzie ziemia; według imion pokoleń ojców swych brać będą udziały.
Rashi on Numbers
לשמות מטה אבתם ACCORDING TO THE NAMES OF THE TRIBES OF THEIR FATHERS [THEY SHALL INHERIT] — These (the fathers referred to) were they who came out of Egypt. — Scripture treated this inheritance differently to all other inheritances mentioned in the Torah, for in the case of all other inheritances the living become heirs to the dead, whilst here the dead become heirs to the living. How is this so? Two brothers who were of those who came out of Egypt who had sons at least twenty years old amongst those who came into the Land, one son to this and three to that, the one son took one portion, and the three took three portions, for it is said, (v. 53) “To these (enumerated in the census taken immediately before they entered Palestine) shall the land be divided”. Their inheritance (that of these four) returns to (is regarded as having belonged to) their fathers’ father, and they (the two brothers who have four sons between them), divide equally. This is what is stated, “according to the names of the tribes of their fathers they shall inherit” — that after the sons have received they divide it according to the fathers who came out of Egypt. If, however, they had straightway divided it according to the number of those who came out of Egypt these four would have taken only two portions, whilst now they take four portions (Bava Batra 117a; Sifrei Bamidbar 132:1).
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Ramban on Numbers
HOWEVER, THE LAND SHALL BE DIVIDED BY LOT amongst the tribes of Israel, and ACCORDING TO THE NAMES OF THE TRIBES OF THEIR FATHERS who constituted twelve tribes THEY SHALL INHERIT them [i.e., the twelve equal portions of the Land]. And then He repeated: 56. ACCORDING TO THE LOT SHALL THE INHERITANCE of the tribe BE DIVIDED BETWEEN THE MORE AND THE FEWER, meaning that they should also cast lots amongst the [individual] families, so that [for instance] the portion of the Hanochites should be in the direction and place which the lot chooses for him, and the portion of the Palluites should be in the place which the lot chooses for him, but we are to allot more [of the land] to the larger [families], and give less to the smaller families. This is the meaning of that which it says in the section131Literally: “In the book of” Eileh Mas’ei. of Eileh Mas’ei: And ye shall inherit the land by lot according to your families — to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer thou shalt give the less inheritance; wheresoever the lot falleth to any man, that shall be his; according to the tribes of your fathers shall ye inherit.132Further, 33:54. Thus He explained that the inheritance should be allotted to families by the lot, and in whichever direction the lot chooses for him [any individual family], there we shall give a larger [portion] to the larger of the families and a smaller [portion] to the smaller [families]. He [furthermore] said that it [the division of the Land] should be according to the tribes of your fathers, meaning to say twelve tribes.133Thus it is clear that the Land was initially divided into twelve equal parts, so that each tribe was allocated an equal share of the Land, and the lot also determined the location of each tribe’s portion. Subsequently each tribe subdivided the land which it had received, amongst its individual families, and this division was made in proportion to the number of members of each particular family. This division too, was by means of a lot which determined the direction and location of each family’s inheritance.
Now that which Rashi said — “According to the names of ‘matoth’ of their fathers, this means those who came out of Egypt” — is not correct, for the term matoth always means “the tribes” of Israel, just as it is written, So shall no inheritance remove ‘mimateh’ (from one tribe) ‘l’mateih acheir’ (to another tribe); for ‘matoth’ (the tribes of) the children of Israel shall cleave each one to its own inheritance.134Further, 36:9. Similarly [it is written], a thousand ‘l’mateh’ (of every tribe) throughout all ‘matoth’ (tribes of) Israel,135Ibid., 31:4. and so also in the case of the spies,136Above, 13:2: ‘l’mateih’ (of every tribe) of their fathers. and likewise in all other places — for the terms sheivet and mateh are identical. And when the Rabbis said in the Gemara:137Baba Bathra 117a. “Rabbi Yashiyah says: The Land was divided amongst those that came out of Egypt, for it is said, according to the names of ‘matoth’ of their fathers they shall inherit” — this interpretation [is not based, as Rashi understood, on the meaning of the word matoth itself, but] is deduced because of the [seeming] redundancy of the verse, for it would have been enough for Scripture to say: However, the Land shall be divided by lot according to the names of the tribes [and to omit the concluding phrase … of their fathers they shall inherit]. But since He did mention … of their fathers they shall inherit, the Rabbis interpreted that it is ‘the fathers’ — namely those who are mentioned [as having left] Egypt, [as it says]: These are the heads of their fathers’ houses.138Exodus 6:14. It is they who are to inherit the Land, and it is through them that the Land is to come to those who [actually] divided it.
Now that which Rashi said — “According to the names of ‘matoth’ of their fathers, this means those who came out of Egypt” — is not correct, for the term matoth always means “the tribes” of Israel, just as it is written, So shall no inheritance remove ‘mimateh’ (from one tribe) ‘l’mateih acheir’ (to another tribe); for ‘matoth’ (the tribes of) the children of Israel shall cleave each one to its own inheritance.134Further, 36:9. Similarly [it is written], a thousand ‘l’mateh’ (of every tribe) throughout all ‘matoth’ (tribes of) Israel,135Ibid., 31:4. and so also in the case of the spies,136Above, 13:2: ‘l’mateih’ (of every tribe) of their fathers. and likewise in all other places — for the terms sheivet and mateh are identical. And when the Rabbis said in the Gemara:137Baba Bathra 117a. “Rabbi Yashiyah says: The Land was divided amongst those that came out of Egypt, for it is said, according to the names of ‘matoth’ of their fathers they shall inherit” — this interpretation [is not based, as Rashi understood, on the meaning of the word matoth itself, but] is deduced because of the [seeming] redundancy of the verse, for it would have been enough for Scripture to say: However, the Land shall be divided by lot according to the names of the tribes [and to omit the concluding phrase … of their fathers they shall inherit]. But since He did mention … of their fathers they shall inherit, the Rabbis interpreted that it is ‘the fathers’ — namely those who are mentioned [as having left] Egypt, [as it says]: These are the heads of their fathers’ houses.138Exodus 6:14. It is they who are to inherit the Land, and it is through them that the Land is to come to those who [actually] divided it.
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Or HaChaim on Numbers
לשמות מטות אבותם, according to the names of the tribes of their respective fathers, etc. According to the view of Rabbi Yoshiah this verse merely demolishes the apparent meaning of the word לאלה. It tells us that the word לאלה was not meant to apply to the people counted in the wilderness of Moav but rather meant כאלה, that the people to be given land were to be כאלה like the ones who were counted at the Exodus, i.e. the ones who were twenty and over. Rabbi Yonathan, however, holds that although in the first instance the people who had been counted now were to inherit the land, they in turn would confer rights of inheritance on the people who had participated in the Exodus as has been explained in the Baraitha in the Sifri. The exact wording there is as follows: Assuming one (family) would inherit 1 acre and another (family) of the same בית אב, branch of this tribe, 3 acres by applying the yardstick of the number of 20 year olds in the families at present, then the combined amount would be inherited by the previous generation (the dead) of this family. This inheritance in turn would now be allocated on an equal basis to the younger generation so that both families of the younger generation would receive 2 acres although one family was more numerous than the other at this time. [Our example assumes that there had been only two sons of the family which participated in the Exodus. Ed.] By following this approach the word ינחלו "they will inherit" at the end of verse 35 becomes very relevant as it refers to the people who had now been counted not inheriting now, but only via their fathers. This also explains why the Torah wrote תחלק הארץ, "the land will be divided," instead of writing "they will divide the land." The same consideration also prompted the Torah to write the words תרבה נחלתו in the future tense. Also the expression יותן נחלתו "his inheritance will be given," instead of יקח נחלתו "he will take his inheritance" points to the explanation of Rabbi Yonathan that the generation of the people who left Egypt were the key to the distribution of the land is correct. Our verse teaches then that up until this point the Torah speaks about what Joshua is to do at the time he will make the Israelites inherit the land. From this point on, however, the people who do the inheriting have to consider their share in terms of לשמות מטות אבותם, according to the names of the members of the family groups who had left Egypt.
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Tur HaArokh
לשמות מטות אבותם ינחלו, “according to the names of their fathers’ tribes shall they inherit.”
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
Scripture deviates with this inheritance… Rashi wishes to answer the question: Surely above it is written (v. 53), “The land shall be apportioned among these” which implied those who are entering the land of Israel. But here it implies [that it was divided among] those who left Egypt.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 55. אך בגורל יחלק וגו׳. Das in den vorangehenden Versen bezeichnete Resultat der Verteilung soll aber nicht sowohl durch gegenseitiges Kompromiss oder durch Entscheidung der nationalen Autorität, sondern בגרל und על פי גרל (V. 56) unter Mitwirkung eines von אורים ותומים-Ausspruch bestätigten Loses erzielt und festgestellt werden (Baba Batra 12a).
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Chizkuni
אך, nonetheless the aforesaid, Joshua and Calev, did not receive the share of the land according to the criteria mentioned, i.e. through lots, but by a direct command from G-d.
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Rashi on Numbers
אך בגורל — Joshua and Caleb are excepted from this method of division (since אך is a limiting term) and so indeed it states, (Judges 1:20) “And they gave Hebron to Caleb as Moses had said” (cf. Rashi on Numbers XlV. 24), and it further states, (Joshua 19:50) “According to the command of the Lord they gave him (Joshua) the city which he had asked” (Sifrei Bamidbar 132:3).
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Siftei Chakhamim
But here the dead inherit the living. It appears that the reason is because anything good that emanates from the mouth of Hashem is not retracted. Here Hashem had promised to give the land of Israel to those who left Egypt, but they all died in the desert. Therefore, Hashem commanded that the inheritance should be returned to those who left Egypt and that they would bequeath it to their children. With this we may also answer [the difficulty with] what was stated in Parshas Va’eira (Shemos 6:8), “I shall give it to you as a bequeathal מורשה” but the Torah did not write “I shall give it to you as an inheritance ירושה.” Rather, [we see] it was a hint that they would not enter and inherit the land of Israel; only they would bequeath it to their children after them.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
לשמות מטות אבתם ינחלו enthält nach ר׳ יונתן (daselbst 117 a) eine bedeutsame Modifikation des V. 53 aufgestellten Verteilungsprinzips. שמות מטות אבתם der in den wirklichen Besitz des Landes gelangenden באי הארץ sind nämlich die mit ihren Namen in die erste Zählung als יוצאי מצרים begriffen gewesenen Väter des ins Land gelangenden jetzigen Geschlechtes. Sie, diese Väter, die bereits zwanzigjährigen Männer des Auszugs aus Mizrajim, sollten eigentlich in den wirklichen Besitz des verheißenen Landes gelangen, an sie war (Schmot 6, 8) die Zusage gerichtet: ונתתי אתה לכם מורשה, und wenn sie, diese Väter, infolge ihrer sündhaften Verschmähung des Landes (Bamidbar 14, 31) des wirklichen Besitzes desselben verlustig wurden und ihre Kinder an ihrer Statt das Land erlangen und so nach V. 53 alle bereits zwanzigjährigen männlichen Nachkommen der יוצאי מצרים als Teilungsberechtigte in Besitz des Landes kommen sollen: so sollen sie nach V. 55 לשמות מטות אבתם ינחלו, dieses Besitzerwerbrecht nur für die Namen ihrer Väter, im Namen ihrer Väter, namens derselben ausüben; sie kommen nur als deren Delegierte in den Besitz des Landes, treten nur als deren Erben auf, sowie es auch ihnen, den Vätern, nur als מורשה, als Erbschaft von ihren Voreltern zugesagt war, דכתיב ונתתי אותה לכם מורשה אני ד׳ ירושה היא לכם מאבותיכם וליוצאי מצרים קאמר להו (Baba Batra 117b). Demgemäss kommen bei der Verteilung des Landes beide Prinzipien, die מספר שמות der in der ערבות מואב-Zählung begriffenen באי הארץ und die in der ersten der יוצאי מצרים begriffenen שמות מטות אבתם kombiniert zur Geltung. Waren z. B. unter den gezählten יוצאי מצרים zwei Brüder A und B, von denen A einen Sohn, B neun Söhne hinterließ, die nun als באי הארץ in den Besitz des Landes gelangten, so würden, wenn das Land nur unter die יוצאי מצרים nach der ersten Zählung zur Verteilung und die באי הארץ nur als deren Erben in Besitz gekommen wären — wie in der Tat (daselbst 117a) ר יאשיה s Ansicht ist, — die neun Söhne von B zusammen nur einen, nicht größeren Anteil, als der eine Sohn des A erhalten haben. Wäre das Prinzip der באי הארץ-Zählung allein das maßgebende gewesen, so wären den neun Söhnen von B neun Teile, dem einen Sohne von A jedoch nur ein Teil geworden. Nach dem kombinierten Prinzipe erhielten allerdings die Nachkommen von A und B als באי הארץ je ein und neun, zusammen zehn Teile, aber nicht infolge rein persönlichen Rechts, sondern zugleich als Erbdelegierte von A und B. Sie nehmen die zehn Teile zusammen לשמות מטות אבתם, für ihre Väter A und B als deren מורשה, als das diesen von ihren Vätern zugefallene Erbgut in Besitz, von welchem somit dem einen Sohne von A, als dessen Erben, die Hälfte, also fünf Teile, und den neun Söhnen des B als dessen Erben die andere Hälfte, somit ebenfalls nur fünf Teile zufielen. Dieser Verteilungsmodus heißt חזרה, indem die Besitznahme der Söhne an die verstorbenen Väter, ja gewissermaßen an deren Väter zurückgeht und erst von da aus an die Söhne als Erben zur definitiven Verteilung kommt, daher der Satz: משונה נחלה זו מכל נחלות שבעולם שכל נחלות שבעולם חיין יורשין מתים וכאן מתים יורשין חיין (daselbst), es ist hier der scheinbar paradoxe Fall, dass die Verstorbenen, die Väter, der Großvater, die Lebenden beerben.
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Chizkuni
אך בגורל יחלק את הארץ, “but the land is to be divided up by the use of lots (lottery)” But before the land would be divided up into 57 parcels by lot naming each tribe’s family heads, it would be divided into 12 sections, one for each tribe excluding the tribe of Levi. These twelve sections would each be given the name of one of the tribes and be tossed into a container with the names of the twelve tribes separately, and the respective parcels of land separately. The person monitoring the lottery would pull out of one section of the container the name of a tribe and out of the other section of that container a slip of parchment with the boundaries of the section allocated to the tribe so named. It would be found miraculously that tribes with larger populations had drawn larger sections of the land to be settled on. He would show both these pieces of parchment to all those assembled, so that it would be clear that no favoritism had occurred. If the land had been divided initially into 57 parcels according to the names of the heads of these 57 families, and only subsequently into 12 sections, different families would find that they were to be located on land belonging to the portion of a different tribe. When Bileam, with his mind’s eye viewed the Jewish people on their land, he described them as וירא את ישראל שוכן לשבטיו, “he envisioned Israel as dwelling in an orderly fashion according to its respective tribes, (Numbers 24,2) something which resulted in his being overcome by holy spirit. We also have a verse in Numbers 36,7 according to which when a female inherited some land before the original division she could not marry out of her tribe so that her husband could not through inheriting her share of the land diminish that tribe’s ancestral part of the land of Israel.
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Rashi on Numbers
מטות אבתם THE TRIBES OF THEIR FATHERS — Consequently proselytes and slaves were excepted (Sifrei Bamidbar 132:4).
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Siftei Chakhamim
Had sons who entered the land. Meaning: They had sons of twenty years of age who were thus fit to inherit.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Betrachten wir diesen Verteilungsmodus näher, so wird das Land eigentlich als Hinterlassenschaft des den יוצאי מצרים unmittelbar vorangehenden Geschlechts dergestalt behandelt, dass jedem der Väter der יוצאי מצרים so viel Anteil an dem verheißenen Lande zuerkannt ward, als von ihm zwanzigjährige Enkel den Boden desselben betreten, und dass sich diese Hinterlassenschaft von ihnen nur auf diejenigen ihrer Söhne, die als יוצאי מצרים das zwanzigste Jahr zurückgelegt hatten, und durch diese auf deren zwanzigjährigen Söhne als באי הארץ vererbte.
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Chizkuni
לשמות מטות אביתם, “according to the names of the tribes of their fathers.” This appendix is meant to exclude converts and freed slaves from participating in that lottery.
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Siftei Chakhamim
To their grandfather, and they then shared everything equally. Meaning to the father of the two brothers who had already died; from here one sees that the dead “inherit” the living. Subsequently they would divide it equally among the two brothers, since it was [considered] the bequeathal of their father, and afterwards the single son would inherit the same amount as the three. Rashi says “to their grandfather” rather than “to their father” because if their inheritance only reverted to their fathers, who were from twenty years of age and above when they left Egypt, why would it be divided equally when each of those who came to the land of Israel returned it to his father. Surely each one would bequeath it back to his children, and not to his brothers’ children. (See Gemara Bava Basra and Mizrochi).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Zwei Momente dürften damit in dem Kataster des jüdischen Nationallandes ihre Verewigung gefunden haben sollen.
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Siftei Chakhamim
This excludes Yehoshua and Kalev. Meaning that אך ["only"] comes to exclude [something], implying that it was not divided by lottery. Yet surely the Torah writes, “By word of the lottery” (v. 56). Rather, “This excludes Yehoshua and Kalev…” Rashi reverses the order here, first commenting on “By word of the lottery.” [The reason] appears to be that one might have said “Only by lot” was merely to indicate that everything was done miraculously, as he explains concerning “By word of the lottery.” However, after Rashi had explained concerning “By word of the lottery” that it was “By Divine Inspiration,” there is a difficulty as to what is meant by “only.” Consequently, he explains that “This excludes Yehoshua and Kalev…” R. Yaakov Triosh.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Was Gott verheißen, ist so gewiss, dass es selbst vor der Erfüllung als bereits verwirklicht zu betrachten ist. Nicht nur die bereits Erlösten, selbst das noch im harten Ägypterjoch schmachtende Geschlecht wird bereits als Besitzer des gottverheißenen Bodens mit rechtlichen Folgen für ihre Nachkommen betrachtet. Wird daher א י ja auch als מוחזק, als bereits realer Besitz der Väter, nicht als ראוי, als bloßer Rechtsanspruch betrachtet, so daß bei dessen Verteilung auch die בכורs-Rechte geltend werden konnten. (Kap. 27, 6 und Dewarim 21, 17).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Der Eltern größte und reichste Errungenschaft sind treu sich bewährende Söhne und Enkel. Sie sind die Zeugen ihres Verdienstes und sind Sühne ihrer Schwächen. Wie Jakob seine Söhne, nach unserer Auffassung, seine den Emoriten abgerungenen Eroberungen, gleichsam die Trophäen seines Lebens nannte, so kommt hier wackerer Kinder und Enkel Zahl den Vätern und Großvätern in der Idee zu gute. Dass doch eine so große Anzahl, dass sechsmalhunderttausend und so und so viel rüstige Männer, nach allen den Geist und Gemüt brechenden ägyptischen Prüfungen, als der Erlösung würdig der göttlichen Führung bereit standen, — dass doch eine fast ebenso große Anzahl, dass wiederum sechsmalhunderttausend und so und so viel rüstige Männer nach allen den Verirrungen und sichtend aufreibenden Verhängnissen der Wüstenwanderung als des Landes, des Bodens des göttlichen Gesetzes würdig bereit standen, zu denen ein Mosche sprechen konnte: ואתם הדבקים בד׳ אלקיכם חיים כולכם היום, das war doch ein Verdienst des Geistes, den die Ahnen mitten im Drucke der ägyptischen Knechtschaft in ihren Kindern gepflegt, und jedes Stückchen Land, das die Enkel am Gottesboden erhielten, legten sie im Geiste jenen Großvätern als deren Errungenschaft huldigend zu Füßen, um es erst als ihre Hinterlassenschaft durch Vermittlung ihrer ebenfalls bereits heimgegangenen Väter wieder zu erhalten. אמשול לך משל, spricht das Wort der Weisen (Baba Batra 117a), לשני אחים כהנים שהיו בעיר אחת לאחד יש לו בן אחד ואחד יש לו שני בנים והלכו לגורן זה שיש לו בן אחד נוטל חלק אחד וזה שיש לו שני בנים נוטל שני חלקים ומחזירין אצל אביהן וחוזרין וחולקין בשוה. Siehe, es gleicht zweien Priesterbrüdern, deren einer einen Sohn hat, und der andere zwei, die zur Fruchtscheune gingen, um Priesterspenden zu empfangen. Der eine, der einen Sohn hingesandt, hat ein Teil, der andere mit zwei Söhnen, hat zwei Teile erhalten, sie bringen aber alles Erhaltene zusammen ihrem alten Vater heim, zu dessen Hause sie sich noch zählen und um dessen Verdienste willen man den Enkeln gespendet, und teilen alles gleich. (Im Jalkut ist in obiger ברייתא die Lesart אצל אבי אביהן. In der Fassung unserer ברייתא sind aber von מחזירין die beiden Brüder Subjekt, אביהן ist also schon der Großvater. Es dürfte dies. mehreren Kommentatoren entgangen sein.)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Und dass eben diese der Besitzergreifung des göttlichen Landes gewürdigten Söhne das Land doch nur לשמות מטות אבתם, doch nur als Namensträger und Erben ihrer Väter in Besitz erhielten, das ist denn doch ein Beweis, dass diese um ihrer Verirrung willen des Landes verlustig gegangenen Väter doch in den achtunddreißig Jahren ihrer Wanderung den rechten Geist in der Brust des ihnen nachfolgenden Geschlechtes zu pflegen verstanden haben, so dass dieses wiederum als sechsmalhunderttausend und so und so viel rüstige Männer der weiteren Gottesführungen im Lande würdig bereit stand, ist doch ein Beweis, dass sie in ihren Kindern ihr Vergehen zu sühnen verstanden und, wie die Weisen sich ausdrücken, das דור המדבר doch ein דור דעה gewesen (במדבר רבה Kap. 19). Blickt doch, wie Sanhedrin 110 b bemerkt, noch das Prophetenwort (Jirmija 2, 2) mit Liebe auf das Geschlecht der Wüste hin: הלוך וקראת באזני ירושלים לאמר זכרתי לך חסר נעוריך אהבת כלולתיך לכתך אחרי במדבר בארץ לא זרועה, und bemerkt hierzu das Wort der Weisen: ומה אחרים באים בזכותם הם עצמן לא כ׳׳ש. Es muss also im großen ganzen das abgeschlossene Bild der Wüstenwanderung trotz aller wiederholten Abirrungen sich als ein würdiges darstellen. —
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