וַיַּ֤רְא מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן לְשִׁמְצָ֖ה בְּקָמֵיהֶֽם׃
Quando, pois, Moisés viu que o povo estava desenfreado (porque Arão o havia desenfreado, para <span class="x" onmousemove="Show('perush','Heb.: ”ki fera’ô Aharon, lechimtsá beqamehem” - indica que Aharon fez com que chegassem ao estado em que estavam, para facilitar o trabalho aos levitas. Não tem o sentido traduzido aqui pelo pe. Ferreira de Almeida. Aharon sabia que não havia como ir contra a vontade deles, e sabia o que ocorreria ao retornar Moisés do Monte, e que seriam colocados em mãos da única tribo que não os seguiu, e cuja ira é conhecida desde seu antepassado Levi. “beqamehem” significa: para os que se levatarão contra eles. Relendo o texto todo, entender-se-á a intenão precípua de Aharon.');" onmouseout="Hide('perush');">escárnio entre os seus inimigos</span>),
Rashi on Exodus
פרע means UNCOVERED — its (the people’s) shame and disgrace were revealed; the word has the same meaning as in (Numbers 5:18) “[and the priest shall uncover (ופרע) the woman’s head”.
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Ramban on Exodus
AND MOSES SAW THAT THE PEOPLE WERE ‘PHARUA’ (BROKEN LOOSE). The meaning of this is that although Aaron defended himself and said that he was not at fault with them, yet Moses knew in his heart that the people were broken loose — For they are a nation void of counsel, and there is no understanding in them. It is similar to the expression, ‘vatiphr’u’ (and ye have set at nought) all my counsel, and similar also to the verse, for ‘hiphria’ (he had cast away restraint) in Judah, and acted treacherously against the Eternal. [Thus the verse is stating that Moses saw] that Aaron had let the people loose, and left them without any counsel and instruction, so that they became like sheep scattered upon the mountains without counsellor and guide. Scripture stated this [especially] because they had thought that the calf would be their guide, but in fact they appeared as if they had no counsel, not knowing the way wherein they must walk, and the deeds they must do, for some of them intended it for the good, according to their way of thinking, and others intended it for real evil [i.e., outright idolatry], and thus each one went his own way.
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Sforno on Exodus
כי פרוע הוא, they are totally corrupt, committing their sins in public without shame. The public deeds reveal their deep-seated corruption.
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