No princípio <span class="x" onmousemove="Show('perush','Em hebraico, bará, significa trazer do nada à existência. Este verbo não existe nas línguas ocidentais, pelo que é traduzido como criar. Observe-se que o verbo encontra-se no singular, e o nome Elohim é plural majestático, não que signifique dois ou três, assim como a palavra bealim = dono, que sempre vem no plural, e indica pessoa singular. O verbo bará aqui testifica sobre a unicidade de Deus, por estar em forma singular.');" onmouseout="Hide('perush');">criou</span> Deus os céus e a terra. <span class="x" onmousemove="Show('perush','Segundo Rach”i (R. Chelomô Itsĥaqi - França - nasc.: 22 de fevereiro de 1040 - f.: 13 de julho de 1105): não é possível explanar este verso através do sistema literal de forma alguma, pelo que transforma a frase, dizendo “ao criar” no lugar de “criou”. Assim traduz a edição da Bíblia da Editora Sêfer, segundo a exegese, e não segundo o texto. Rav Sa’adia Gaon (n.:882 no Egito - falesc. 942 na Babilônia) explica que o sentido da expressão aqui é “no começo”, e não há motivo para ir-se às anedotas e explicações não literais. Ele reúne em sua exegese nove diferentes formas de teses acerca da criação, sendo a nona a do “Sêfer Ietsirá”, e critica-o. Sobre este livro e sua tese da criação das letras e números antes da Formação da Terra, mais tarde foi criada a cabalá no norte da Espanha. Em seguida, explana o verdadeiro sentido da Torá.');" onmouseout="Hide('perush');">(*)</span>
Shulchan Shel Arba
Now that I have explained to you the topic of Kiddush, I will explain the topic of Havdalah, so that nothing will be missing from your table whether it is an ordinary day or Shabbat, for indeed Havdalah is a way of honoring Shabbat, to remember the day of Shabbat both when it comes and goes, as our rabbis z”l taught in a midrash, “’Remember the Sabbath day’279Ex 20:8. – remember it both at its entrance and its departure.”280Maimonides, Sefer Ha-Mitzvot, M”A 155, and in Hilkhot Shabbat 29a. And know that Havdalah with its four blessings is hinted at in the first parshah of Genesis: the first blessing – borei pri ha-gafen – “who creates the fruit of the vine” – is hinted at in the first verse in the word ha-aretz – “the land”281Gen 1:1. – which is the garden and the vine in the garden, and this is the wine preserved in its grapes from the six days of creation.282B. Berakhot 34b. The wine that will be served at the messianic banquet at the end of time comes has been preserved in the grapes of the first vine God created in the six days of creation.The second blessing: “atzei besamim”– “spices from a tree”283Technically, one needs to specify in the blessing the type of spice: atzei besamim – “spices from a tree,” such as cinnamon or nutmeg; esvei besamim, “spices from grasses,” such as mint or tarragon. However, taking into account that not everybody knows how to tell the difference between types of spices, the more inclusive formulation minei besamim– “different kinds of spices” was instituted, to avoid having people say the wrong blessing (Chavel). is hinted in the expression, “a wind [ru’ah] from God sweeping over the water,”284Gen 1:1. because smell – re’ah – is sensed by means of the wind – ru’ah. The third blessing: bore’ me’orei ha-esh – “who creates the lights of fire,” is what is written in “Yehi ‘or” – “Let there be light!”285Gen 1:3: “’Or” and “me’orei” are from the same Hebrew root that means “light.” The fourth blessing – Ha-mavdil – “Who separates” is what is written in “and God separated [va-yavdel] the light.”286Gen 1:4. And just as we found the act of separation – Havdalah – in the Holy One Blessed be He at the beginning of His rule with the creation of the world and its renewal, so we found in Him the sanctification – kiddush287Its root, kadosh, in its adjectival and verbal forms means literally to “be set apart” or “to set apart.” – of the day of Shabbat on which work is forbidden, which is written: “God blessed the seventh day and declared it holy [va-yikadesh ‘oto].”288Gen 2:3. What follows is more or less a quotation from Genesis Rabbah Parshah 11, with some omissions. He “blessed” it providing an extra portion of the manna for it and “declared it holy” by prohibiting the gathering of manna on it.
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Shulchan Shel Arba
For so the King ordered how we are to live because of the first sin on the day the smooth talker deceived our first father.9I.e., the serpent. On the day Adam was ensnared by his enemy, it was decreed for him that he would earn his bread only by the sweat of his brow,10Gen 3:19. and that man be humbled and brought low.11Is. 2:9. He traded pleasure [‘oneg] for plague [nega’], got hard work instead of rest. His wisdom spoiled and his stature was diminished. It caused him weakness instead of strength; instead of wheat, thorns came forth. Instead of eternal life, death; instead of light, the shadow of death. With all this the Lord raised the power of the upper beings, and worsened the power of the lower beings. For the upper beings were fed without toiling, while the lower ones had to make do with pain and suffering. He gave the upper beings on high eternal life for all their generations, but to the lower ones short lives, days flying swifter than a runner.12Job 9:25. This is the striking parable that our rabbis brought in Bereshit Rabba on the verse: “the earth was unformed and void[tohu ve-bohu].”13Gen 1:1.
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Shulchan Shel Arba
It is like a king who acquired two slaves, both with one and the same contract and price. He decreed that one would eat from the king’s stock for free, and that the other would have to work for his food. So the latter sat wondering and confused [toheh ve-boheh].14A pun on the Hebrew tohu ve-bohu – “unformed and void” – in Gen. 1:1. He said, ‘Both of us were acquired by one and the same price and contract, yet that one is fed from the treasury. But I, if I don’t work, I don’t eat. I am astonished! Likewise the earth sat wondering and confused.15Ber. R. 2:2.
