לֹֽא־תַחֲרֹ֥שׁ בְּשׁוֹר־וּבַחֲמֹ֖ר יַחְדָּֽו׃ (ס)
Não lavrarás com um boi e um jumento juntos.
German Commentary
Das Wort כלאים heisst Mischung. Das darauf bezügliche Gesetz gründet sich auf die Schriftverse Leviticus 19, 19 בהמתך לא תרביע כלאים, שדך לא תזרע כלאים ובגד כלאים שעטנז לא יעלה עליך. „Dein Vieh sollst Du nicht belegen lassen in zweierlei Gattimgen, Dein Feld sollst Du nicht besäen mit zweierlei Gattungen, und ein Kleid von Wolle und Leinen, gewirkt oder zusammengenäht, sollst Du nicht tragen‟. Ferner Deuteronomium 22, 9 לא תזרע כרמך כלאים, פן תקדש המלאה הזרע אשר תזרע ותבואת הכרם. „Du sollst nicht besäen Deinen Weinberg mit zweierlei Gattungen, damit nicht heilig (ungeniessbar) werde die Fülle, der Same, den Du aussäest, sammt dem Ertrage des Weinberges‟. Dänn Deuter. 22, 10 לא תחרוש בשור ובחמור יחדל. „Du sollst nicht pflügen mit einem Ochsen und einem Esel zusammen‟. Endlich Deuter. 22, 11 לא תלבש שעטנז צמר ופשתים יחדו. „Du sollst nicht anlegen Zeug von zweierlei Gewebe, Wolle und Leinen zusammen‟. Es wird demnach in diesem Tractate von dreierlei Arten von Mischungen die Rede sein: dem Verbote der Saatenmischung, der Thiermischung und der Kleiderstoffmischung. — Es folgt כלאים nach פאה, weil Letzteres in der Bibel (Levit. 19, 9) vor כלאים angeführt ist. Hinsichtlich des Tractats דמאי ist schon oben (Einl. in Tr. דמאי) erwähnt, warum es nach פאה folgt.
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Kamma
An ox and all other beasts are alike under the laws concerning falling into a pit, keeping apart from Mount Sinai, two-fold restitution, the restoring of lost property, unloading, muzzling, diverse kinds, and the Sabbath. So to wild animals and birds. If so, why is it written “an ox or an ass”? But Scripture spoke of prevailing conditions. Mishnah seven lists several laws in which the Torah states “ox” or “beast” but the Rabbis hold that the law is true for all animals, including even wild animals and birds. I will briefly explain these laws with their Biblical references: Falling into the pit this is our topic in Bava Kamma. Keeping apart from Mount Sinai see Exodus 19:13. There God tells Moses to keep everyone, including the animals away from the mountain before the Revelation. Two-fold restitution see Exodus 22:3, 8. If a person steals something and is caught he must pay back double. Restoring lost property see Exodus 23:4, and Deuteronomy 22:1. Unloading see Exodus 23:5. If one sees his enemy’s ox buckling under its load, he must help him unload the animal. Muzzling see Deuteronomy 25:4. One is not allowed to muzzle an ox while it is threshing. Diverse kinds see Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:10. According to Leviticus one is not allowed to mate two different kinds of animals. According to Deuteronomy one is not allowed to yoke an ox and an ass together. The Sabbath see Exodus 20:10 and Deuteronomy 5:14. One must allow his animals to rest on the Sabbath. According to our mishnah the reason why the Torah uses the word ox is that oxen were the most frequently used animals in those times.
German Commentary
der Vermischung mit anderer Gattung. Sowohl zur Begattung (Lev. 19, 19) als auch um zusammen zu pflügen (Deut. 22, 10).
Kitzur Ba'al HaTurim
Disponível apenas para membros PremiumEnglish Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
Disponível apenas para membros PremiumRashi
מי מנה עפר יעקב וגו׳ WHO HATH COUNTED THE DUST OF JACOB [AND THE NUMBER OF THE FOURTH PART OF ISRAEL] — Understand this as the Targum does: [who has counted] the infants of the house of Jacob, who are compared to the dust of the earth (Genesis 13:16). The words מארבע משריתא in the Targum mean; [who can count … even one] of the four (רבע “a fourth”) banners (companies of the tribes). — Another explanation of עפר יעקב is: Countless are the commandments which they practise in connection with dust: (Deuteronomy 22:10) “Thou shalt not plough with an ox and an ass [together]”; (Leviticus 19:19): “Thou shalt not sow thy field with two kinds of seeds”. There are also the ashes of the red cow (Numbers 19:9 ff.), and the dust used in the ordeal to which a woman suspected of infidelity is subjected (Numbers 5:17), and others similar to these (Midrash Tanchuma, Balak 12).