Comentários de Citação sobre Deuteronômio 23:22

ולרגלים – This is how it should be understood: The Festival that it is, which is Passover, is the New Year for Festivals concerning those who make vows, for if three festivals passed upon him from the time that he made a vow and he didn’t fulfill it, he violates the prohibition of being late to fulfill it (see Deuteronomy 23:22,24: “When you make a vow to the LORD your God, do not put off fulfilling it, for the LORD your God will requite it of you, and you will have incurred guilt…You must fulfill what has crossed your lips and perform what you have voluntarily vowed to the LORD your God, having made the promise with your own mouth.” See also Ecclesiastes 5:3: “When you make a vow to God, do not delay fulfilling it. For He has no pleasure in fool; what you vow, fulfill.”). But Rabbi Shimon says that he does not trespass it on delaying [fulfillment of the vow] until three festivals have passed in order, and the Festival of Matzot (i.e., Passover) is first, as they are arranged in Scripture (Deuteronomy 16:16): “[Three times a year –] on the Feast of Unleavened Bread, on the Feast of Weeks, and on the Feast of Booths – [all your males shall appear before the LORD your God in the place that He will choose…]”; and the legal decision is that when only one festival passes, and if he didn’t bring his vow, he transgresses a positive commandment, as it is written (Deuteronomy 12:5-6): “…There you are to go. And there you are to bring your burnt offerings [and other sacrifices, your tithes and contributions…].” The first festival that you come to, you must bring, and when three festivals have passed, you have transgressed on not being late. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon who requires three festivals in their order.

Das Junge von einem Friedensopfer wird nicht als Friedensopfer dargebracht. sondern man muss es einsperren und umkommen lassen. Obgleich es eigentlich dargebracht werden dürfte, haben nach R. Elieser die Weisen diese Anordnung getroffen, damit der Eigentümer eines Friedensopfers dasselbe nicht so lange stehen lasse, bis es Junge gebiert, und gegen das Gebot (Deut. 12, 6), es an dem nächstfolgenden Feste darzubringen, oder gar gegen das Verbot (Deut. 23, 22), es nicht länger als bis zum dritten Feste zurückzuhalten, sich versündige (Maim.) oder in der Zwischenzeit es scheren lasse oder zur Arbeit verwende (Raschi und Bart.). Diese Befürchtung liegt aber nur bei Friedensopfern vor, weil solche in grosser Anzahl dargebracht wurden, der Eigentümer auch ein Interesse daran hatte, noch Junge von ihnen zu ziehen, weil ihm das Fleisch zufiel. Beim Dankopfer dagegen (s. die folgende Mischna), wo ersteres nicht der Fall ist, stimmt auch R. Elieser zu, dass das Junge dargebracht wird (s. dagegen Maim. הלכות תמורה IV, 1). Über das Junge eines mit einem Friedensopfer Ausgetauschten spricht sich R. Elieser nicht aus. Nach Tosf. R. Akiba Eger ist auch dafür nach R. Elieser das vorbeugende Verbot unserer Weisen nicht getroffen worden, weil es doch nur selten vorkommt, dass jemand gegen das Verbot ein Opfertier austauscht Straschun dagegen meint, dass, wenn schon das Junge von einem Friedensopfer nicht dargebracht werden darf, das Junge von einem Ausgetauschten noch viel weniger dargebracht werden dürfe, da es nach Talm. 20 b (s. Raschi v. ולד שני) mit dem Jungen des Jungen von einem Friedensopfer auf gleicher Stufe steht, deshalb brauchte das R. Elieser garnicht erst besonders zu erwähnen.

כנדרי רשעים נדר בנזיר ובקרבן ובשבועה – if he said: “May this be upon me like the vows of wicked people whose vows in the case of a Nazir or in bringing a sacrifice or in taking of an oath if I eat this loaf, and he transgressed and ate it, he is liable to become a Nazir for thity days and to bring a sacrifice of a burnt offering and would liable for flogging/stripes like one who transgresses an oath on a statement (i.e., an oath taken by a person to reinforce a promise or an obligation or o confirm he veracity of a story –he brings a sacrifice based upon his financial situation/קרבן עולה ויורד ) because he mentioned in his oath the Nazir, and/or a sacrifice and/or an oath. But when he stated, “like the vows of the wicked,” since he wicked are those who make vows and take oaths, not the suitable people, for he suitable ones fear not to transgress (Deuteronomy 23:22): “[When you make a vow to the LORD your God,] do not put off fulfilling it, [for the LORD your God will require it of you, and you will have incurred guilt],” and they (i.e., the suitable/appropriate people) are warned not to bring forth an oath from their lips, and therefore “like the vows of the suitable/appropriate [people],” he has said nothing whatsoever.

and bring your sacrifices in the morning—The priests of Baal say to them, “Idolatry is liberal and does not impose stringent regulations upon you. The Torah states: (Exodus 34:25) ‘Shall not stay overnight,’ but for idolatry, ‘And bring in the morning. ’ The Torah states concerning sacrifices of lesser sanctity: (Lev. 19:6) ‘On the day of your sacrifice, it may be eaten, and on the morrow, ’ but idolatry, ‘after three days your tithes of cattle.’ The Torah states: (Lev. 2: 11) ‘Leaven... you shall not offer up,’ but idolatry, (verse 5) ‘And offer up a thanksgiving offering of leaven. ’ The Torah states: (Deut. 23:22) ‘You shall not delay its payment,’ but idolatry, ‘and proclaim and publish the free will offerings.’ Proclaim: ‘Whoever vowed and forgot, shall give it thought and remember.’” (Yerushalemi, Avodah Zarah 1:1) And Jonathan renders: And offer up from robbery. Cf. (Isa. 1: 17) “Strengthen the robbed (חָמוֹץ);” (Psalms 71:4) “From the hand of the unrighteous and the robbers (וּמְחַמֵּץ).”