Комментарий к Дварим 6:26
Sforno on Deuteronomy
וזאת המצוה, so called because the commandments that can be fulfilled only in the land of Israel are the ones through whose performance the One Who has commanded them considers Himself blessed.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
וזאת המצוה החוקים והמשפטים אשר צוה ה' אלוקיכם ללמד אתכם לעשות, ”This is the commandment, the statute and the civil laws which the Lord G’d commanded to you to carry out.” The reason I was commanded to teach you these laws is because Hashem accepted your request to hear the balance of the Torah from my lips.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Kap. 6. VV. 1 — 3 gehen nun zur Wiederholung der Gesetze über, die Gott nach Offenbarung der עשרת הדברות Mosche zur Überbringung an das Volk erteilt hat.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
׳למען תירא וגו. Wo, wie hier in den Versen 1 — 3, der Numerus in der Anrede wechselt, da hat der Plural immer die Nation in ihrer Vielheit und der Singular die Nation als Gesamteinheit im Auge. Die Verpflichtung auf das Gesetz trifft jeden einzelnen im Volke, somit die Nation in ihrer Vielheit. Das Gesetz will von jedem erfüllt sein und kennt darin keine Vertretung. Eine Gesamtheit, die sich in ihrer Repräsentanz zu dem Gesetze bekennt und es in dem Einzelleben ihrer Glieder verleugnet, ist der göttlichen Wahrheit ein Unding. Dagegen ist das aus der Gesetzesverwirklichung erblühende Glück in vollstem Maße nur der Nation als Gesamtheit verheißen und der einzelne wird desselben nur teilhaft, wenn auch alle übrigen Genossen dem Gesetze gewissenhafte Befolgung zollen. Die Gesamtheit erhält ihren sittlichen Charakter nur durch die Lebenstreue aller einzelnen, und dem einzelnen wird sein volles Maß des Glückes nur in seinem Anteil an dem Gesamteile. Hier tritt das: כל ישראל ערבים זה לזה in bedeutsamster Folge hervor.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Darum heißt es hier: Was unsere Verpflichtung enthält, die Sittengesetze und die Rechtsordnungen, die Gott geboten, sollen von allen gelernt, von allen erfüllt werden (V. 1), damit die Gesamtnation den Charakter der Gottesfurcht und der gewissenhaften Gesetzeserfüllung für sich und ihre Nachkommen erwerbe, und damit die Dauer der Nation als solcher ohne Grenzen sei (V. 2). Darum hat auch die Gesamtnation als solche kein nationaleres Anliegen, als die Sorgfalt für die Ausführung des Gesetzes, auf dass sie die höchste nationale Wohlfahrt und den größten Bevölkerungssegen erreiche, wie Gott ihr dieses durch das der höchsten Blüte fähige Land verheißen hat (V. 3). Wohlstand und eine immer wachsende Seelenzahl, das sind die äußeren Merkmale einer glücklichen Nation. Indem aber hier die Vermehrung im Plural, somit von der Gesamtnation in ihren einzelnen Gliedern ausgesprochen ist, so ist damit zugleich der eigentliche geistige und sittliche Wert zum Bewusstsein gebracht, der in diesem Bevölkerungssegen liegt. Es ist der einzelne, der in dem Kindersegen sich vervielfältigt, in seinen Kindern seine geistigen und sittlichen Ebenbilder erziehend vermehrt (siehe Bereschit 1, 28). Nicht also, weil mit dem Bevölkerungszuwachs das Kontingent der nationalen Kriegsmacht wächst, ist die Bevölkerungsgröße ein nationaler Segen, sondern, weil mit jeder zuwachsenden Kindesseele die Summe des in der Nation zur Verwirklichung kommenden Humanen wächst, der Humanitätsschatz reicher wird in der Nation. —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
THAT THOU MIGHTEST FEAR THE ETERNAL THY G-D. He is stating that G-d commanded [me] to teach you the Torah and the commandment, the statutes and the ordinances that you might perform them in the Land, and so that you might fear the Eternal your G-d, for the main purpose of all the commandments is the fear of G-d. This is Rabbi Abraham [ibn Ezra’s] opinion. But it does not seem correct to me that [the two expressions in the verse before us:] that thou mightest fear the Eternal thy G-d, and that thy days may be prolonged [are referring to two different aspects of the commandments] one being the reason for the commandments — so that you might fear G-d; and the second stating their reward — so that your days may be prolonged! Rather, he is stating, “G-d commanded me that you should learn the commandments and perform them in order that you should merit and fear the Eternal your G-d in order to keep His commandments thou, and thy son, and thy son’s son for all the days that man shall exist upon the face of the earth, forever. For in return for the performance of the commandments you will deserve to have children who fear G-d and they will survive upon the face of the earth forever. So shall your seed and your name remain204Isaiah 66:22. before Him all the days that thy days may be prolonged in the Land which is the inheritance of G-d. Thus all is for your good, for G-d was pleased to make you righteous and deserving [of His blessings].”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
למען תירא את ה' אלוקיך, for you will remember then that He is the owner of the earth you till, and that you are considered as aliens, or at best as resident strangers by Him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
למען תירא את ה' אלוקיך, “so that you will fear the Lord your G’d.” The purpose of learning the Torah in all its constituent parts and to carry out its imperatives, is to implant in you a degree of awe and reverence for the author of such a Book, the Lord your G’d. [The opinion of Ibn Ezra on 5,30, not spelled out by the author. Ed.]
Nachmanides writes that he finds it impossible to accept that learning and keeping the Torah has as its objective 1) to acquire awe and reverence for our Creator, and 2) in order to enjoy a long life as a reward.
According to Nachmanides the separation of these two objectives, as spelled out by Ibn Ezra is misleading. In his opinion, study of the Torah is meant to result in performance, which in turn will lead to the reward for the performance. The three steps are so closely interrelated that they are continuous, not separate. [Having children and enjoying their development as worthy successors are all part of this lifestyle. my words. Ed.] This in turn assures continued tenure of the Holy Land, and G’d’s benevolent supervision of our affairs both as individuals and on a national scale. G’d’s overriding interest is to help us to be righteous persons and to reap the benefit thereof.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
כל ימי חייך “as long as you live;” on this terrestrial earth; ולמען יאריכון ימיך “and in order for you to enjoy long life;” in the hereafter.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
This is the command that he commanded us about belief in [God's] unity. And that is that we believe that the Power over existence and its First Cause are one. And that is His, may He be exalted, saying, "Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One" (Deuteronomy 6:4). And in many midrashic texts, you will find them saying, "On condition that they unify My name, on condition that they unify Me," and many like these. What they want with [such] a statement is that He indeed took us out of slavery and did the various kindnesses and benefits on condition that we believe in His unity; as we are obligated in this. And they often said, "The commandment of unification." And they also called it the commandment of the yoke of Heaven. As they say, "In order to accept upon himself the yoke of Heaven" - meaning, acknowledgement of His unity and belief in it. (See Parashat Vaetchanan; Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 1.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
אשר אנכי מצוך, “which I am commanding you.” The letter ך at the end of the word מצוך, is “weak,” (does not have a dot in it).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
אתה, ובנך, ובן בנך. This is a reminder that even the generations who had not been eyewitnesses to G’ds powerful miracles will learn to revere Him when they accept the commandments, as you have seen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ולמען יאריכון ימיך, and in order that these commandments (their performance) acquire for you your ticket to the world after death, a world in which there is only long, infinite life.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND THOU SHALT OBSERVE TO DO IT ‘ASHER YITAV LECHA’ (WHICH WILL BE WELL WITH THEE). He is thus commanding you that you should take care to do what will benefit you. “A LAND FLOWING WITH MILK AND HONEY. Although removed from it, this phrase is connected with the expression to possess it [at the end of Verse 1]. Or it may be that the expression [a Land flowing …] lacks the letter beth, [making it equivalent to ba’aretz — ‘in the Land’ flowing with milk and honey, and thus it is not necessary to say that the phrase a Land flowing … refers to Verse 1; instead, the verse before us enjoins Israel to observe the commandments in the Land] just as in the verse, that was found ‘beith’ (House of) the Eternal205II Kings 12:11. [which lacks a beth, making it b’veith — ‘in the House of’ the Eternal].” This is the language of Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra. And if so, there is also lacking in the phrase and that ye might increase mightily the word bo (“in it”) [so that its meaning would be “and that ye might increase mightily ‘in it,’” that is, in the Land flowing with milk and honey]; or [the missing part may be the word] ba’avuro (“because of it”). But there is no need [to interpret the verse as if letters and words were missing]. For [the word l’ma’an (so that) from the phrase in the preceding Verse 2] and ‘so that’ thy days be prolonged, should be drawn here [to Verse 3], and its meaning is as follows: “‘so that’ it may be well with thee.” Or it may be that the word asher (which) [‘asher’ yitav lecha] itself serves the same purpose [meaning “so that” or “because of”], as in the verse, And he removed her from being queen ‘asher’ she had made an abominable image206I Kings 15:3. which means “‘because of’ her having made an abominable image.” Similarly, ‘ba’asher’ thou art his wife207Genesis 39:9. means “‘because of’ your being his wife.” And so also Scripture states, which I command thee this day ‘asher’ (so that) it may go well with thee etc., and so that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the Land.208Above, 4:40. And the purport of the verse [here] is as follows: “Hear, therefore, O Israel, and take care to do it so that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the Eternal the G-d of thy fathers hath promised to give unto thee a Land flowing with milk and honey etc.;” that is to say, in order that He may do good to you when He gives you a good and large Land,209Exodus 3:8. as he said further [in Verse 18], so that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good Land. Similarly, and he gave him a house, and said to him victuals210I Kings 11:18 — Here likewise the phrase as the Eternal, the G-d of thy fathers promised unto thee, a Land flowing with milk and honey, means “promised to give thee.” [means: “and he said to ‘give’ him victuals”].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ושמעת ישראל, when you have attained this purpose which G’d had had in mind for you from the beginning in His great kindness. It is important that through performance and awareness you will appreciate the tremendous goodwill G’d has demonstrated by His legislating these commandments.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ושמרת לעשות אשר ייטב לך, “You shall be careful to perform so that it will be good for you.” Moses underlines that the whole purpose of what he commands the people is for its own benefit.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
ארץ זבת חלב ודבש, “a land flowing with milk and honey.” The reason this paragraph concludes with the words “a land flowing with milk and honey,” whereas the next paragraph commences with שמע ישראל followed by והיו הדברים האלה, is to remind you that the purpose of your coming to the Holy Land is not to merely dwell there and for you to enjoy yourselves. The purpose that you come there is to enable you to keep G’d’s commandments. The enlarged letter ד in the word אחד alludes to both the goodwill of G’d which is the source of Mercy as well as to the attribute of Justice. The whiteness of the milk in the word חלב in our verse as well as redness of the honey respectively also point at the attribute of Mercy and Justice respectively. This same thought is alluded to also in Deut. 8,8 ארץ חטה ושעורה “a land producing wheat and barley.” In that latter verse wheat is the “white” and the word דבש appears there also to depict the attribute of Justice.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us about loving Him, may He be exalted. And that is that we think about and contemplate His commandments, His statements and His actions until we comprehend Him and derive the greatest pleasure from that comprehension. And that is the love that is obligated. And the language of the Sifrei (Sifrei Devarim 33:1) is, "Since it is stated, 'And you shall love,' I would not know how a man is to love the Omnipresent. [Hence] we learn to say, 'And these things that I command you today shall be upon your heart' (Deuteronomy 6:6) - that through this, you will recognize the One that spoke and the world [came into being]." Behold we have explained to you that comprehension will come to you through contemplation and you will [then] come to pleasure, and perforce the love will come. And we have already clarified that this commandment also includes that we call all people to His service, may He be exalted, and to believe in Him. And that is since when you love a person, you will recount his praises and magnify him, and call on other people to love him. And this is, by way of analogy, the same with true love of Him, may He be exalted: When comprehension of His truth comes to you, you without a doubt call out to the fools and silly ones to know the true knowledge that you know. And the language of the Sifrei (Sifrei Devarim 32:2) is, "'And you shall love the Lord, your God' - cause Him to be loved by the creatures, like your father Avraham (did); as it is stated (Genesis 12:5), 'and the souls that they had made in Charan.'" And it means to say: Like Avraham who loved [God] - as Scripture testifies, "Avraham, who loves me" (Isaiah 41:8), and this was from his great comprehension - to the point that he called people to Him. (See Parashat Vaetchanan; Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 2.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ארץ זבת חלב ודבש, “a land flowing with milk and honey.” This is an abbreviated sentence, and should read: כאשר דבר ה' אלוקי אבותיך לתת לך ארץ זבת חלב ודבש, “as the Lord the G-d of your father said to give you a land flowing with milk and honey.”An alternate interpretation: there is only a letter ב missing at the beginning of the word ארץ. We have other such examples such as in Kings II 12,11: 'הנמצא בית ה where we would have expected 'הנמצא ב בית ה, “which is in the Temple.” The author claims that there are numerous more such examples that he could quote. The sentence would conclude by saying that “as the Israelites would greatly multiply, (something not surprising), seeing that the land is flowing with milk and honey.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ושמרת לעשות אשר ייטב לך, and you will endeavour to carry out all these tasks out of a feeling of love for G’d, in order to be worthy of His goodwill, aware that He is interested in creating conditions which will make you merit a continued existence. Seeing that this is His purpose in legislating any and all of these commandments, you will also observe these commandments in order to multiply greatly on earth. This is a goal you will achieve if your performance of these commandments is not for the sake of the material reward but לשמה, for His honour, as acts of righteousness and justice in the pure sense. כאשר דבר ה' אלוקיך לך, ארץ זבת חלב ודבש, as He had said to you concerning this land that it “flows with milk and honey.” This land is inherently capable of providing those of its owners who take the lesson we just spelled out to heart, with an easy livelihood, a livelihood which leaves the person sufficient leisure time to pursue Torah studies and by means of this to penetrate more deeply into its meaning and also to be fruitful and to multiply.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ארץ זבת חלב ודבש, “a land flowing with milk and honey.” According to Ibn Ezra these words are the continuation of the verse concluding with the word לרשתה, “to inherit it,” in verse 1. He claims that this is so although it seems to be far removed from that sentence above. Alternately, we would have to conclude that the prefix ב is missing here and the Torah had meant to write בארץ זבת חלב ודבש, “in a land which flows with milk and honey.” Yet another possibility is to assume that the word לתת, “to give,” is missing and the verse has to be understood as concluding with the words כאשר דבר ה' אלוקי אבותיך לתת לך ארץ זבת חלב ודבש.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ה׳ אלהינו ה' אחד means, The Lord who is now our God and not the God of the other peoples of the world, He will at some future time be the One (sole) ה׳, as it is said, (Zephaniah 3:9) “For then I will turn to the peoples a pure language that they may all call upon the name of the Lord", and it is further said, (Zechariah 14:9) “In that day shall the Lord be One (אחד) and His name One" (cf. Sifrei Devarim 31:10).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
HEAR, O ISRAEL: THE ETERNAL OUR G-D, THE ETERNAL IS ONE. This too is a commandment that offers explanation. For, already contained in the commandment I am the Eternal thy G-d,211Above 5:6. is [the principle of] the Unity of G-d. As the Rabbis have said:212Mechilta, Bachodesh 5. “Rabbi Nathan says: From here there is a refutation to those heretics who say there are two powers governing the universe. For, when the Holy One, blessed be He, stood on Mount Sinai and proclaimed I am the Eternal thy G-d,211Above 5:6. who protested against Him?” But here he [Moses] came to explain this commandment [I am the Eternal …] and mentioned it after the Ten Commandments because it is the root of faith, and whoever does not acknowledge it denies the essential principle [of the religion] as if he worships idols. “The Eternal our G-d, the Eternal is One. This means: the Eternal, Who is [now, only] our G-d and not the G-d of the [other] nations, will eventually be acknowledged as the One [and only] Eternal, as it is said, In that day shall the Eternal be One, and His Name One.”213Zechariah 14:9. This is Rashi’s language. Now you must contemplate [the fact] that Scripture changed [the normal usage] here by saying the Eternal ‘our’ G-d and did not state “thy” G-d as it says everywhere else: Hear, O Israel: thou art to pass over the Jordan this day etc. Know therefore this day, that the Eternal ‘thy’ G-d etc.;214Further, 9:1-3. Hear, O Israel, ye draw nigh this day unto battle etc. for the Eternal ‘your’ G-d is He that goeth with you.215Ibid., 20:3-4. And so also in all sections where [Moses] spoke to Israel he mentioned “the Eternal your G-d” or “the Eternal thy G-d,” and even here [in this very section] he said, And thou shalt love the Eternal ‘thy’ G-d.216Verse 5. However, in this declaration of the Unity [of G-d] Moses said, the Eternal ‘our’ G-d because He had done great and awesome things217Further, 10:21. with Moses to make Himself a glorious Name218Isaiah 63:14. [therefore Moses said “our G-d,” for had he said “your G-d,” he might have appeared to exclude himself from this declaration of Unity].219Bei’ur Ha’lvush to Ricanti. See my Hebrew commentary p. 371. Now the letter daleth in the word echad (one) is written [in the Torah] large in order to allude to that which is written, He divided the water before them, to make Himself an everlasting Name.220Isaiah 63:12. And therefore the Rabbis instituted221Pesachim 56 a. in the reading of the Sh’ma222The first word of the section beginning with the verse before us. The word S’hma is used as the title for the group of three portions from Scripture (Deuteronomy 6:4-9; 11:13-21; Numbers 15:37-41) which we must recite twice daily, in the morning and in the evening. See “The Commandments,” Vol. I, pp. 15-16. “Blessed be His Name Whose Glorious Kingdom is for ever and ever” and they further said [there]:221Pesachim 56 a. “This may be compared to a lord’s daughter who smelled the [sweet] odor of some pudding etc.,”223“If she were to express her desire for it she would be embarrassed; if she were to remain silent she would find it painful. So her servants began bringing it to her quietly.” The parable explains why the Sages instituted this sacred prayer of praise — “Blessed be His Name Whose glorious Kingdom etc.” is to be recited as part of Sh’ma, but should be done quietly (Pesachim 56 a). for Moses stated it in the Torah by an allusion.224In the letter daleth [of the word echad — “one”] which is written large (Bachya). And then he reverted [to the general usage] and stated, And ‘thou’ shalt love the Eternal ‘thy’ G-d216Verse 5. like the expression found in [the other] sections of Deuteronomy.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
שמע ישראל, listen Israel with your mind open;
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
שמע ישראל ה׳ אלוקינו ה׳ אחד. "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our G'd, The Lord is One." Why did the Torah repeat itself instead of writing ה׳ אלקינו אחד, "the Lord our G'd is One?" The reason is that the Torah [or rather Israel in its declaration of faith, Ed.] referred to two aspects of G'd. 1) He is our G'd; 2) He is One, i.e. unique. This means that we accept G'd as our exclusive G'd even assuming there were more than one G'd in the world. We accept Him as the Tetragram with all that this implies regarding His various attributes. Furthermore, we express our conviction that He is indeed the only G'd, there is no other independent power in the universe. This by itself would be sufficient reason to serve Him even if He did not represent all the virtues we ascribe to Him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashbam on Deuteronomy
ה' אלוקימו, Hashem alone is elokeynu, there is no other kind of divinity which is a partner to Him. We find a similar formulation in Chronicles II 3,10 ואנחנו ה' אלוקינו ולא עזבנוהו, meaning: “although you have golden calves, as far as we are concerned we believe only in Hashem who is our only G’d, and we have not abandoned Him as did Jerobam.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
שמע ישראל ה' אלוקינו ה' אחד, “Hear, O, Israel, Hashem is our G’d, Hashem is One.” Nachmanides agonizes over why, suddenly, Moses has seen fit to describe Hashem as “ours,” (ending נו) instead of as “yours,” (ending כם) as he did all the time while admonishing the people. Even in this very paragraph Moses again refers to Hashem as your Hashem, אלוקיך in the very next verse. He concludes that our verse is special, as Moses includes himself as the means by which Hashem had demonstrated His uniqueness, as He had not performed nearly as many miracles in all of history as he had performed by means of Moses. Having made that point, Moses reverts to his usual manner of referring to Hashem as the G’d of the people whom he addresses.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Adonoy Who is presently our God, etc. Otherwise it should say, “Listen, Yisroel! Adonoy is one.” Rather, the verse means: Listen, Yisroel! Now He is only [recognized as] our God, but the time will come, etc. In other words, all the idolaters will acknowledge that He is One in heaven and on earth, and in all four directions. And this is the Oneness that our sages derive from this verse, as Scripture says (Zechariah 14:9), “On that day Adonoy will be King...Adonoy will be One, etc.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 4. שמע. Gleich der erste Satz des von Mosche aus seiner Wiederholung des Gesetzes für die Geleitung des Volkes in die Vereinzelung (siehe 21, 5) niedergeschriebenen Gesetzkompendiums, ist der Satz, der bis auf den heutigen Tag jedem Juden, und befände er sich in der versprengtesten Vereinsamung, sein jüdisches Bewusstsein wach erhält; der Satz, den das zum Bewusstsein erwachende jüdische Kind zuerst erlernt und welcher der letzte ist, den die Genossen dem jüdischen Menschen noch als Scheidegruß in das Jenseits nachrufen; der Satz, den die Juden als die Gottesstandarte für seine Wiedereroberung der Menschheit durch die Welt getragen und tragen; der Satz, den der in Entfremdung versinkende Sohn Jisraels zuletzt abwirft: der Satz von dem jüdischen Gotteinheitsbewusstsein, und ihm schließen sich als Konsequenz aus diesem Bewusstsein Sätze an, die, wo auch immer der Jude seine Lebensluft atmet, seine Kinder erzieht, sein häusliches und öffentliches Leben lebt, wo er sich niederlegt und aufsteht, seine Hand zur Tat, seinen Geist zum Gedanken rüstet, sein Haus baut, seine Tore stellt, ihm die Aufgabe seines Lebens, die Ziele seiner Erziehung, die Zwecke seines häuslichen und öffentlichen Strebens, die Grundsätze seines Handelns, die Axiome seines Denkens, die Weihe seines ganzen häuslichen und Gemeindelebens zum Bewusstsein bringen, und die er sich daher täglich früh und spät zu wiederholen hat.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy
שמע ישראל ה' אלוקינו ה' אחד, “Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our G–d, the Lord alone.” This verse would not be complete unless G–d’s name had appeared in it three times. If the Torah had only written: שמע ישראל ה' אחד, “Hear Israel, the Lord is one,” every other nation in the world would have claimed that their national deity was also unique for them. By adding the word: אלוקינו, “our G–d,” every reader would know that the subject is the G–d of Israel. If we would only say: “the Lord our G–d is one,” the impression would be left that He is one of a number of deities. The correct translation of the way Moses described G–d in our verse is: “the Lord Who is our Master is unique as a Master, and there is none beside Him.” When reciting this line in our prayers it is necessary to introduce this prayer with the words: א-ל מלך נאמן, “G–d who is a true king.” The reason that the authors of the prayer book have seen fit to add these three words is that by adding them the three paragraphs of this prayer including the line ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו, “blessed be the glory of His Kingdom,” total 248 words, a number which equals the 248 limbs in our bodies. This is hinted at by Solomon in Proverbs 4,4: שמר מצותי וחיה “Keep My commandments and you will live.” G–d is portrayed as saying that if you (Israel) keep My commandments, I will keep you alive.” Rabbi Shimon ben Chalafta explained this concept by means of a parable: a king possessed a vineyard in the central part of the land of Israel, whereas his residence was in the northern part of the country. Another king possessed a vineyard in the northern part of Israel, whereas his residence was in the central part of the country. Each king had to travel at least once a year from his residence to his vineyard to make sure the vineyard was being tended properly. Eventually, these two kings met one another and each complained to the other about the inconvenience of having to visit his vineyard every year. They made an agreement that each king would take care of the other’s vineyard, an arrangement that saved each of them a lot of time and inconvenience.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
שמע ישראל, “Hear O Israel!” we have an aggadic text according to which the letter ע in the word שמע is supposed to be “hanging”, i.e. not written directly on the line with the other letters in that word. The reason for this is supposed to be that G-d created the universe by using this letter. What is meant by this? Israel is one amongst 70 nations, the number of nations are one seventieth of the number of beasts that populate the earth. The number of fourlegged red blooded beasts on earth are one seventieth of the number of species of birds. The species of birds amount to one seventieth of the species of fish, which in turn are one seventieth of the number of different malignant forces, evil spirits, which in turn are one seventieth of the number of angels in heaven. The Lord G-d, presides over all of these creatures as the sole ruler. This is what the liturgist referred to when in his poem entitled ראשית. (No source provided)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
'ה, He is the One Who is responsible for the existence of a physical universe and our globe, the only part of it on which physical life exists.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashbam on Deuteronomy
ה' אחד. He alone, and Him we will serve without resorting to any man-made intermediary such as charms, etc.” (see our commentary on 5,6)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
In other words, the thrust of this declaration of our accepting the rule of Heaven is that either of the two aspects of G'd, i.e. אלוקינו or אחד is sufficient by itself to establish our relationship with Him. If the Torah had not phrased our declaration of accepting His rule by repeating the word י־ה־ו־ה but had written ה׳ אלוקינו אחד, the implication would have been that the reason we accept G'd is that there is no alternative to Him, He being the only One. In such an event one cannot claim credit for serving the one and only master. By expressing this declaration in the manner recorded in the Torah, Israel makes plain that our acceptance of Him is not one that is due to a lack of choice. We have additional reasons for accepting Him, over and above the fact that He is indeed the only Master.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Nicht auf שמיעה, auf ראיה, auf eigener, von unserer ganzen Gesamtheit gemeinsam geschöpfter Sinneserfahrung beruht unser Wissen von Gott, ׳אתה הראת לדעת כי ה הוא האלהים אין עוד konnte Mosche (Kap. 4, 35) zu seinem Volke sprechen. Dieses Hineinschreiten und Sichoffenbaren Gottes in die irdische Gegenwart hat Gott aber nur einmal bei grundlegender Schöpfung seines Volkes getan, auf dass es von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht, von Gesamtheit an Gesamtheit bezeugt und durch Überlieferung die unanfechtbare Basis bleibe, auf welcher in alle Ewigkeit hin jeder Israelssohn all sein Denken und Handeln aufzubauen habe. Fortan heißt es nicht ראה ישראל, sondern שמע ישראל. Nicht aus den Erscheinungen in Natur und Geschichte seiner Erlebnisse hat ein jeder von uns sich erst die Frage über Sein und Nichtsein Gottes denkend zu erschließen. Weit über die aus solchen spekulativen Folgerungen zu schöpfenden Überzeugungen hinaus hat Gott sein Dasein, ja sein Hiersein mitten in aller irdischen Gegenwart der Gesamtheit unserer Väter durch allen Zweifel niederschlagende gemeinsame sinnlich wahrgenommene Erfahrungen zur Weiterbezeugung an ihre Kinder bekundet. Sie haben in Natur und Geschichte Gott gesehen, als Er ihre Fessel in Ägypten brach und sie durch die Wüste in das Land der Verheißung brachte. Sie haben Gott gehört, als Er ihnen das Wort seines Gesetzes am Sinai erteilte. Auf diesem von unserer nationalen Gesamtheit bekundeten Zeugnis beruht unser Wissen von Gott. Nicht aus Natur und Geschichte haben wir uns einen Glauben an Gott schließend zu vermitteln, sondern mit dem uns gegebenen Wissen von Gott uns umzuschauen in Natur und Geschichte und an der Hand dieses "Wissens" ein Verständnis der Erscheinungen der Natur und der Ereignisse der Geschichte anzustreben. Und wenn dann unserem, von Gott für sein Schauen in der Natur geweckten Auge, für sein Vernehmen in der Geschichte geöffnetem Ohre, Kleinstes und Größtes in der Natur als Sein Werk, Kleinstes und Größtes in der Geschichte als Sein Walten sich ausspricht: dann werden wir in der Natur- und Geschichtswelt unserer Gegenwart noch das Walten des Gottes unserer Väter schauen und vernehmen, werden wie die Väter mit Gott durch die Welt unseres Hierseins wandeln und von den jüdischen Geistern und Herzen wird es ewig heißen: sie haben, Gott, deine Gänge geschaut, die Gänge meines Gottes, meines Königs im Heiligen! — ראו הליכותיך אלהים הליכות אלי מלכי בקדש (Ps. 68, 25).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
'שמע ישראל וגו, you are to listen in order to understand that G-d in respect to the aggadah quoted He is One, and no one preceded Him. He will remain thus, as He is eternal, the same G-d that existed even prior to the dawn of the universe. In all respects He is אחד, one, i.e. unique, not part of a twosome or threesome. No such self sufficient Being exists in His universe. Neither is there ever going to be a Being comparable to Him. A different interpretation of this verse: all the nations have claimed this Being as their household god. Now that theJewish people have claimed Him as theirs, it has become known throughout the world that He is our G-d, seeing that He communicates with us directly. If the Torah instead of writing as it did, had only written: ה' אלוקינו אחד, “the Lord our G-d is unique,” this uniqueness would have been perceived as restricted to His nation Israel, just like they each worship their own national deity. They would have said so even more if the Torah had only written: שמע ישראל אלוקינו אחד, “hear Israel our G-d is One.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
אלוקינו, He is the choicest of all the abstract forces assigned to supervise the conduct of human beings, and even inert creatures. From Him we yearn for assistance in helping us to achieve our purpose on earth. We do not turn to any intermediary. He alone is fit to have prayers addressed to.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Darum: שמע" ישראל". —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ה' אחד; seeing that He created all phenomena in this universe, celestial or terrestrial out of a total void, it is logically impossible for there to be another phenomenon representing an existence independent of Him. It also makes him basically different, unique, for all things created by Him are by definition potentially terminal, transient existences. He is absolutely unique in the world based on four basic raw materials, water, fire, earth, air. This idea appears to be hinted at in the letter ד=4 in the word אחד which is written larger than usual and the letter ע in the word שמע which is also written in larger than normal script, suggesting that we should use our eyes to take note of these concepts, the “testimony, עד” that this is so. This is why our sages said that we must draw out the word אחד when reciting it so as to give us time to reflect on the full meaning of the verse.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Es ist aber das von unserer Gesamtsinneswahrnehmung getragene Wissen von Gott, das oben Kap. 4, 35 in: אתה הראת לדעת כי ה׳ הוא האלהים אין עוד מלבדו und V. 39: וידעת היום והשבת אל לבבך כי ה׳ הוא האלחים בשמים ממעל ועל הארץ מתחת אין עוד ausgesprochen ist, hier in das einzige Prädikat: אחד zusammengefasst. Es ist nämlich das hier als die allererste Grundwahrheit unseres Wissens zur ewigen Beherzigung niedergelegte אחדות nichts anderes als die positivste Verneinung alles polytheistischen antiken und modernen Meinens und Wähnens. Inmitten einer in der größten gegensätzlichen Mannigfaltigkeit der Erscheinungen sich darstellenden Welt der Natur, der Geschichte und des eigenen Menscheninnern, einer gegensätzlichen Mannigfaltigkeit, die, wie nichts anderes sonst, den polytheistischen Irrtum erzeugte — und erzeugt, spricht dies אחד die Wahrheit aus: dieses ganze gegensätzliche All, mit Himmel und Erde, mit Universum und Individuen, mit sich suchenden und fliehenden, tragenden und bewältigenden, bauenden und zerstörenden Kräften und Stoffen, mit alle dem daraus sich erzeugenden Wechsel von Tag und Nacht, von Werden und Vergehen, von Blühen und Welken, von Leben und Sterben, von Haben, und Verlieren, von Genießen und Darben, von Steigen und Fallen, von Lieben und Hassen, von Freude und von Leid, mit all den Gegensätzen, von Freiheit und Notwendigkeit, von Geist und Sinnlichkeit, von Himmlischem und Irdischem, aus welchen das Menschenwesen selbst sich gewoben fühle — Ein Einziger, Gott der eine Einzige ist es, der alle diese Gegensätze geschaffen und hält, alle diese Gegensätze geordnet und leitet, der all die Gegensätze um uns und all die Gegensätze in uns gebildet, von dem stammt unsere Freude und unser Leid, von dem stammt unser Geist und unser Leib, der unseren Leib gebildet und mit dem Geiste von Seinem Geiste uns Persönlichkeit von Seiner Person und Freiheit von Seiner Freiheit verliehen. —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Polytheistischen Denkern, die die ganze gegensätzliche Welt der Erscheinungen subjektiv von deren Beziehung zum Menschen aus betrachteten, gruppierte sich die ganze Mannigfaltigkeit in zwei Gegensätze, in solche, die dem Wünschen und Verlangen des Menschen zusagen, und solche, die ihm entgegenstehen, und die ganze Mannigfaltigkeit der übrigen Götterwelt schwand ihnen zu zwei hohen Göttergewalten, die um die Herrschaft über die Welt und den Menschen streiten und aus deren unversöhnlichem Kampf eben die ganze gegensätzliche Welt der Erscheinungen in der Außenwelt und dem Menscheninnern resultieren. Es gab ihnen eine gute Macht, welcher das Licht und Leben und das Gute eignete, und eine böse Macht, die ihnen der Gott der Nacht und des Todes und des Bösen bedeutete. Es ist dies die dualistische Weltanschauung des alten Parsismus, an welchen Jesaias 45, 6 das Wort zu richten hatte: dass man es vom Sonnenaufgang wisse und vom Untergange, dass nichts ist ohne Mich, Ich, Gott, und sonst keiner, bilde Licht und schaffe Finsternis, gestalte Frieden und schaffe Unglück, Ich, Gott, gestalte alles dies, יוצר אור ובורא חשך עשה שלום וברא רע אני ה׳ עשה כל אלה.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die volle jüdische Wahrheit aber, wie sie unser שמע-Ausspruch zur Erkenntnis bringt, spricht die Gotteinheit nicht nur dahin aus, dass das, was der polytheistischen Welt sich als das Machtgebiet zweier gegensätzlichen Gottheiten darstellt, nur die beiden Waltungsseiten Gottes, des einen Einzigen sind, dessen Liebe jeden kommenden Atemzug gibt, und dessen Recht jeden gegebenen Atemzug überwacht; sondern, dass Seine Waltung sich nur unserer Kurzsichtigkeit in dieser zweiseitigen Auffassung darbietet, in Wahrheit aber seine Waltung selbst nur einheitlich eins, seine versagende Gerechtigkeit selbst nur gewährende Liebe ist, nicht nur: ה׳ אלהינו אחד, sondern: ה׳ אלהינו ה׳ אחד, selbst als אלהים ist Er ׳ה! —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Auch הז׳׳ל haben das אחרות nur als die Wahrheit von der Gotteinzigkeit gelehrt. So in רבות z. St. אמר הקב׳׳ה לישראל בני כל מה שבראתי בראתי זוגות שמים וארץ זונות חמה ולבנה זוגות אדם וחוה זוגות העולם הזה והעולם הבא זוגות אבל כבודי אחד ומיוחד בעולם מנין ממה שקרינו בענין שמע ישראל ה׳ אלהינו ה׳ אחד. Und in אלה הדברים זוטא (siehe Jalkut z. St.): מי שאמר והיה העולם אינו כן האכיל אותנו אין לנו ׳אלא הוא הרעיב אותנו אין לנו אלא הוא ה׳ אלהינו ה׳ אחד וכן איוב אומר ה׳ נתן ה לקח יהי שם ה׳ מבורך. Die mit שמע immer neu zu befestigende Gotteserkenntnis ist unseren Weisen damit gelöst, sobald wir mit ihm die Huldigung Seiner Alleinherrschaft im ganzen Weltall, im Himmel und auf Erden beherzigt: כיון דאמליכתיה למעלה ולמטה ולארבע רוחות שמים תו לא צריכת (Berachot 13, 2), und קבלת עול מלכות שמים: die Unterstellung unseres ganzen Selbst mit unserer ganzen Welt unter die alleinige Gottesherrschaft bezeichnen sie als den Inhalt des שמע-Ausspruchs (daselbst 15 a u. f.).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wenn aber spekulative Denker das ד׳ אחד des שמע zugleich als Aufschluss über die Wesenheit Gottes, über die Art seines Seins auffassen zu dürfen vermeinen und, indem sie das Prädikat des "Einzigen" in die Idee des Einigen verwandeln, damit eine transcendentale Leiter zu einem Einblick in das Wesen Gottes finden möchten: so haben sie darin an den nationalen Weisen unseres Volkes, soweit wir wissen, keine Vorgänger und verfolgen überhaupt ein Streben, welches das ׳אחדות ד, diese Grundbasis all unseres Denkens, unfruchtbar fürs Leben sein lässt und nach unserem Dafürhalten sehr die Schranken außer Augen verliert, die der menschlichen Erkenntnis überhaupt gesetzt sind. —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Es ist אחד mit großem ד geschrieben, wohl um es vor Verwechselung mit welches אחר lauten würde, zu schützen, ebenso wie dem gegenüber כי לא תשתחוה לאל אחר (Schmot 34, 14) mit großem ר geschrieben ist, um es nicht mit אחד zu verwechseln. Das ר des polytheistischen Gedankens ist gefügig rund. Das ד der jüdischen Wahrheit zurückweisend eckig. Mit Verlust dieser kleinen Schärfe wird das אחר :אחד. Das Motiv zu dem großen ע in שמע ist nicht so ersichtlich. Vielleicht soll es in der Aussprache deutlich hervortreten, damit es nicht dem שמא, vielleicht, der Partikel des Zweifels im Chaldäischen ähnlich laute. Zusammen bildet es den Begriff עד, Zeugnis und Zeuge. Der Inhalt von שמע ישראל ist ein von Israel an Israel bezeugtes Zeugnis, und jeder, der es ausspricht, tritt damit als Gotteszeuge an sich und an die Welt heran. Vielleicht ist es nicht allzu gewagt, zu meinen: עין, das Auge, war עד, war Zeuge dessen, was שמע ישראל aussagt. שמע tradiert: אתה הראת לדעת.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Abarbanel on Torah
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ואהבת AND THOU SHALT LOVE [THE LORD] — Fulfil His commands out of love, for one who acts out of love is not like him (is on a higher plane than one) who acts out of fear. He who serves his master out of fear, if he (the master) troubles him overmuch, leaves him and goes away (Sifrei Devarim 32:1).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
WITH ALL THY HEART. In the opinion of the Midrash225Sifre, Va’ethchanan 32; Berachoth 54 a: “With all thy heart — with both your impulses, the good impulse and the evil impulse.” the heart mentioned here is the power of desire, similar to the expressions: Thou hast given him his heart’s desire;226Psalms 21:3. lust not after her beauty in thy heart.227Proverbs 6:25. If so, with all thy soul denotes the intellectual [capacity rather than the sensual capacity of the] soul. Similarly, yet the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life228I Samuel 25:29. [refers to the rational soul which is immortal]. And according to our Rabbis, who in the Talmud229Berachoth 54 a: “And with all thy soul — even if He take away thy soul,” i.e., even at the sacrifice of your life. derived from this [phrase] that one must submit to death and not violate [the Law, the expanded expression] “with all thy soul” is supplementary,230For, since thy soul by itself indicates that you must suffer martyrdom rather than deny the Law, the question arises, what is signified by the additional word all [‘all’ thy soul], since you cannot speak of half a life? Ramban will offer two answers. for since he said with ‘all’ thy heart … and with ‘all’ thy might [where the intent is to exclude the serving of G-d with only part of the heart’s capacity, or with only part of one’s might or belongings], he also said with ‘all’ thy soul [meaning “your very life,” despite the obvious fact that the command to give “all” rather than “part” of his life is incongruous]. The meaning thereof is that you love Him as your very life, giving up your life with love [for His sake whenever the Law requires you to do so].231See Vol. II, pp. 301-302. Or [another explanation of the word all may be] that suffering or [the loss of body] organs are referred to as “part of the soul,” while martyrdom [death] is termed with ‘all’ thy soul. And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra commented: “thy soul means the desire, like: enough ‘k’nafshecha’ (at thine own) pleasure;232Further, 23:25. the full soul loatheth a honey-comb;233Proverbs 27:7. deliver me not over ‘b’nefesh’ (unto the desire of) mine adversaries.234Psalms 27:12. With all thy heart refers to knowledge, this being a surname for the rational spirit since [the heart] is its first resting place, and similarly it is stated, The wise in heart will receive commandments. ”235Proverbs 10:8. Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra’s interpretation of the expression with all thy heart appears likely from that which he stated, And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be upon thy heart.236Verse 6. This shows that with all thy ‘heart’ refers to the rational soul, for in that case it is possible to say that these words shall be upon your “heart” meaning your rational soul. But if we are to interpret with all thy ‘heart’ as referring to the desires, as explained earlier, then how can it be said that these words shall be upon your “heart” or your desires?
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ואהבת, you will then enjoy doing things which are pleasing to Him when you understand that there is nothing in this world which is more worth doing. [the word ואהבת is not perceived a commandment by the author; in fact it is questionable if loving someone could be the subject of a commandment altogether. Ed.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
ואהבת את ה׳ אלוקיך, "And you shall love the Lord your G'd, etc." The conjunctive letter ו means that not only is there a commandment to accept the authority of the Kingdom of G'd but there is an additional commandment to love G'd. The sequence of the verses also teaches that we must not make the mistake of believing that love of G'd is possible without an initial dose of fear of the Lord. The Zohar volume three page 56 spells this out. The letter ו then means that after we have achieved a degree of fear of the Lord we will be able to develop love for Him. The reason the Torah uses the word את which implies joining something, is to teach us that the means to develop דבקות ה׳, an affinity for G'd, is by loving G'd in addition to fearing Him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashbam on Deuteronomy
ובכל נפשך, according to the plain meaning of the text “even if it will cost your life.” It must mean this: seeing that the Torah had already covered all the other bases when it wrote בכל ללבך, “with all your heart,” the meaning is that while alive you are to love G’d with all your heart, if your faith and love for G’d is put to the test of your having to choose it over your very survival, you must choose the former.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
בכל לבבך, “with all your heart.” Nachmanides, in the footsteps of the Midrash, understands the word “heart” here as representing the source of all our desires, as for instance, in Psalms 21,3 תאות לבו נתת לו, “You have granted him the desire of his heart.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
ואהבת את ה' אלו-היך, “You shall love the Lord your G’d.” Seeing that we have no other G’d than Hashem we are bound to love Him. The point of “loving G’d” is to perform His commandments out of a sense of love for Him. If someone serves the Lord out of fear, his service is not of the best variety. The way this love for G’d expresses itself is by our studying the laws of the Torah and by obtaining a better understanding of what G’d expects from us through such study. As a result of such study we will enjoy having gained deeper insights of what the Lord wants from us. To tell us that this is the purpose of loving G’d, the Torah immediately continues with —
והיו הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום על לבבך, “these matters which I have commanded you this day will be upon your heart.” The verse is the practical manifestation of the result of your loving the Lord. The Sifri Vaetchanan 33 explains the subject of man loving G’d in a similar manner when the author writes that the key to this is found in the verse והיו הדברים האלה. The words ואהבת את ה' אלו-היך are an instruction to display love vis-a-vis G’d as one would vis-a-vis G’d’s creatures. This is what Avraham did and why G’d referred to him as אברהם אוהבי “Avraham who loves Me” in Isaiah 40, 8.
Our sages, in elaborating on this theme, defined someone as loving G’d if by his conduct he brings people closer to G’d and thereby helps them secure their claim to the hereafter. This is the reason why the sages cited Avraham as their model for such love.
Do not argue that seeing that the emotion described as חשק is perceived to be a stronger emotion than that of אהבה, love, why did the Torah not instruct us to וחשקת את ה' אלו-היך, “to display fondness of the Lord your G’d?” The answer to this question is that אהבה, “love”, is something that comes and goes, an emotion which manifests itself on occasion but does not manifest itself on other occasions. If someone loves a certain kind of food, he will experience this emotion when such food is placed before him and he eats it. He does not however, go around all day long “loving” that dish. When someone is in the grip of the emotion we call חשק an inordinate desire, [such as that of Shechem for Yaakov’s daughter Dinah, Ed.] this emotion is ever-present in his mind even if the object of his desire is out of sight and earshot. He will dream about the object he is so fond of.
Seeing that we have been commanded to love the Lord with both our hearts לבבך, i.e. both the urges within us, (Berachot 62) as well as with all our soul and all our material assets, i.e. we must involve emotions which we cannot suppress in this love of G’d in order to fulfill the commandment properly. The Torah’s point in using this term ואהבת is to make clear that our love for G’d must always win out in a conflict with our other emotions. The other urges cannot be ignored as one cannot live without them. For instance, unless one has an urge to stay alive one will likely become the victim of death in its many forms in short order. Similarly, unless one has an active urge to acquire some material goods one will starve to death not having the wherewithal to pay for one’s food, clothing and shelter. The very relativity of the emotion אהבה then is what enables us to fulfill this commandment. Had the Torah commanded us to relate to G’d with the emotion חשק, this would involve our abandoning all other emotions in order to devote ourselves exclusively to the emotion of being fond of the Lord. We would have had to totally suppress even the emotions without which life on terrestrial earth is impossible. The end-result of relating to G’d in such a manner would effectively have made it impossible to fulfill any of the other commandments in the Torah as they all presuppose the activation of a whole range of human emotions.
The definition of the emotion חשק implies דבקות, an inseparable attachment to the object of one’s חשק such as described in Psalms 91,14 כי בי חשק ואפלטהו. The point made in that psalm is that if only the Jewish people will display sufficient חשק, affinity to G’d, He will personally deliver them instead of only by means of an angel (compare Alshich). When one attains that level of affinity to G‘d one qualifies for what is commonly known as מיתת נשיקה, a death by kiss from G’d, i.e. a demonstration by G’d of His affinity to the person leaving earth.
We find that even in His relationship to the entire Jewish people G’d speaks of such חשק, such an intense feeling of fondness for the Jewish people, when He says in Deut. 7,7 לא מרבכם מכל העמים חשק ה' בכם, “not because you are the most numerous of all the nations did the Lord entertain such a strong fondness for you.“ This verse clearly spelled out that G’d’s closeness, affinity to us, surpasses His affinity to any other nation. Our sages derived from there also that wherever the Jewish people are exiled, G’d, in the form of part of the Shechinah, is also present (Megillah 29).
והיו הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום על לבבך, “these matters which I have commanded you this day will be upon your heart.” The verse is the practical manifestation of the result of your loving the Lord. The Sifri Vaetchanan 33 explains the subject of man loving G’d in a similar manner when the author writes that the key to this is found in the verse והיו הדברים האלה. The words ואהבת את ה' אלו-היך are an instruction to display love vis-a-vis G’d as one would vis-a-vis G’d’s creatures. This is what Avraham did and why G’d referred to him as אברהם אוהבי “Avraham who loves Me” in Isaiah 40, 8.
Our sages, in elaborating on this theme, defined someone as loving G’d if by his conduct he brings people closer to G’d and thereby helps them secure their claim to the hereafter. This is the reason why the sages cited Avraham as their model for such love.
Do not argue that seeing that the emotion described as חשק is perceived to be a stronger emotion than that of אהבה, love, why did the Torah not instruct us to וחשקת את ה' אלו-היך, “to display fondness of the Lord your G’d?” The answer to this question is that אהבה, “love”, is something that comes and goes, an emotion which manifests itself on occasion but does not manifest itself on other occasions. If someone loves a certain kind of food, he will experience this emotion when such food is placed before him and he eats it. He does not however, go around all day long “loving” that dish. When someone is in the grip of the emotion we call חשק an inordinate desire, [such as that of Shechem for Yaakov’s daughter Dinah, Ed.] this emotion is ever-present in his mind even if the object of his desire is out of sight and earshot. He will dream about the object he is so fond of.
Seeing that we have been commanded to love the Lord with both our hearts לבבך, i.e. both the urges within us, (Berachot 62) as well as with all our soul and all our material assets, i.e. we must involve emotions which we cannot suppress in this love of G’d in order to fulfill the commandment properly. The Torah’s point in using this term ואהבת is to make clear that our love for G’d must always win out in a conflict with our other emotions. The other urges cannot be ignored as one cannot live without them. For instance, unless one has an urge to stay alive one will likely become the victim of death in its many forms in short order. Similarly, unless one has an active urge to acquire some material goods one will starve to death not having the wherewithal to pay for one’s food, clothing and shelter. The very relativity of the emotion אהבה then is what enables us to fulfill this commandment. Had the Torah commanded us to relate to G’d with the emotion חשק, this would involve our abandoning all other emotions in order to devote ourselves exclusively to the emotion of being fond of the Lord. We would have had to totally suppress even the emotions without which life on terrestrial earth is impossible. The end-result of relating to G’d in such a manner would effectively have made it impossible to fulfill any of the other commandments in the Torah as they all presuppose the activation of a whole range of human emotions.
The definition of the emotion חשק implies דבקות, an inseparable attachment to the object of one’s חשק such as described in Psalms 91,14 כי בי חשק ואפלטהו. The point made in that psalm is that if only the Jewish people will display sufficient חשק, affinity to G’d, He will personally deliver them instead of only by means of an angel (compare Alshich). When one attains that level of affinity to G‘d one qualifies for what is commonly known as מיתת נשיקה, a death by kiss from G’d, i.e. a demonstration by G’d of His affinity to the person leaving earth.
We find that even in His relationship to the entire Jewish people G’d speaks of such חשק, such an intense feeling of fondness for the Jewish people, when He says in Deut. 7,7 לא מרבכם מכל העמים חשק ה' בכם, “not because you are the most numerous of all the nations did the Lord entertain such a strong fondness for you.“ This verse clearly spelled out that G’d’s closeness, affinity to us, surpasses His affinity to any other nation. Our sages derived from there also that wherever the Jewish people are exiled, G’d, in the form of part of the Shechinah, is also present (Megillah 29).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
You are to obey His words because of your love [for Him], etc. [Re”m says:] I do not understand. For here Rashi explains, “You are to love — You are to obey His words (commands) because of your love [for Him], etc.” This apparently refers to all the mitzvos. And afterwards Rashi explains, “With all your soul — even if He were to take your soul.” This implies to give up one’s life rather than transgress [any mitzvah]. Yet in [Maseches] Sanhedrin (74a) it says that “With all your soul” means, “even if He were to take your soul.” And Rashi explains there: The verse, “You are to love Adonoy, your God,” means that you should not exchange Him for idolatry. Therefore it says “with all your soul,” meaning that your love for Him should be more dear to you than anything else. This implies that the verse is referring only to idolatry, but regarding other mitzvos one should rather transgress rather than give up his life! Re”m leaves this question unresolved. (See also the Kitzur Mizrachi and Gur Aryeh).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 5. ואהבת ist die unmittelbare Konsequenz aus ד׳ אחד: die Einheit des Lebens aus der Einheit Gottes. אהב: wie bereits wiederholt bemerkt, bedeuten die פ׳׳א-Wurzeln den Begriff der beiden letzten Buchstaben individualisiert, entweder reflexiv wie אמר: sich austauschen, oder als Terminativ wie אכל: vernichten zur Selbstergänzung. In אהב kommen beide Bedeutungen zusammen. הב: geben, bringen; אהב: sich hingeben und: zu sich bringen. Es ist die Gesinnung, die durch gänzliche Selbsthingebung die innigste Annäherung des andern erstrebt, d. i. Liebe, die innigste Vereinigung zweier Wesen, die sich hingibt und den andern ans Herz drückt. יאהבת את ד׳ אלהיך בכל לבכך ובכל נפשך ובכל מאדך heißt somit: Suche die Gottesnähe mir Dahingebung deines ganzen Herzens, deiner ganzen Seele und deines ganzen Vermögens. Alles, was du denkst und sinnst, alles, was du strebst und willst, und alles, was du hast, sei dir nur Mittel, habe nur Wert für dich, um damit die Gottesnähe zu gewinnen, um damit Gott dir nahe zu bringen, nicht umgekehrt; suche nicht Gott, um, was du denkst und willst und hast oder haben möchtest, zu gewinnen und zu erhalten. Die Nähe Gottes sei dir das höchste Gut, das Gut an sich. Wie David die Gottesliebe ausdrückt: ואני קרבת אלהים לי טוב (Ps.73, 28); מי לי בשמים ועמך לא חפצתי, בארץ כלה שארי ולבבי צור לבבי וחלקי אלחים לעולם (daselbst 25, 26).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
בכל לבבך, “with all your heart;” according to Rashi, the reason that the word is written with two successive letters ב is that G-d wishes to be loved even by our “evil urge,” not only by our urge to do good. After all, we each only have one heart so it should have been spelled .לבך
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
בכל לבבך [THOU SHALT LOVE THE LORD] WITH ALL THY HEART — The form of the noun with two ב instead of the usual form לבך suggests: Love Him with thy two inclinations (the יצר הטוב and the יצר הרע) (Sifrei Devarim 32:3; Berakhot 54a). Another explanation of בכל לבבך, with all thy heart, is that thy heart should not be at variance (i.e. divided, not whole) with the Omnipresent God (Sifrei Devarim 32:4).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
בכל נפשך, “with all your soul.” This refers to the source of man’s intelligence, his brain, the analytical part of man, as opposed to the emotional part whose source is in the heart.
As to our sages, who interpret the word more as the physical life force of man, when they understand Moses as exhorting the people to even sacrifice their physical life in the service of Hashem when the occasion demands it. (Rashi based on Sifri) They derive this from the wordבכל “with the whole, etc.” which is meant to add an additional dimension to the maximal imperative demanded by Moses in our relationship to Hashem. It is clear that the word בכל cannot mean that we should not only love Hashem with “half” our soul. The word must be intended to add an additional dimension to our love. Possibly, the word is inserted for stylistic reasons, seeing that it is used in connection with לבבך as well as with מאדך. Or, in order to make this more acceptable from a linguistic aspect, enduring pains, or losing limbs, is considered something less than losing one’s whole life, so that loving G’d with one’s whole soul must mean that one is prepared to give up one’s whole life for Him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
בכל לבבך, “with your entire heart.” The heart is perceived as the seat of the soul and man’s wisdom, seeing it is the first organ of man to be created and the last one to cease functioning when man dies. The meaning of the words: “love the Lord your G’d with all your heart,” may therefore be equivalent to “love the Lord your G’d until your dying breath.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
With your two inclinations. Rashi is answering the question: Why is the letter beis written twice in the word לבבך (your heart)? Rashi explains: With your two inclinations.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Moreover, once we love G'd we can achieve the level of closeness to G'd which enables Him to be מיחד שמו עלינו, to freely associate His name with us, such as when G'd described Himself to Jacob in Genesis 28,13 as "the G'd of Abraham and the G'd of Isaac". Or, you find that the prophet Isaiah 41,9 quotes G'd as describing Israel as "the seed of Abraham who loved Me." Our verse hints that anyone who is beloved of G'd will experience that He associates His name with such a person. The word י־ה־ו־ה in our verse therefore is to be read both as referring to what precedes it as well as to what follows it.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND WITH ALL ‘M’ODECHA.’ The meaning thereof is “very exceedingly,”237Literally: “very very much,” from the word m’od — muchness, abundance. the purport being “love Him mightily.” And in the opinion of our Rabbis238Berachoth 54 a. it means “with all your wealth,” for the property of a person is called m’od (muchness, abundance) because it is described in terms of great quantity, just as it is called hamon (abundance, multitude): Better is a little that the righteous hath than the ‘hamon’ (abundance) of many wicked;239Psalms 37:16. behold, they are as all ‘hamon’ (multitude of) Israel.240II Kings 7:13. It is also called chayil (wealth): They carry upon the shoulders of young asses ‘cheileihem’ (their riches);241Isaiah 30:6. I will give ‘cheilcha’ (thy substance) and all thy treasures for a spoil;242Jeremiah 17:3. ‘eth hachayil hazeh’ (this wealth).243Further, 8:17. The verse here is thus stating, “[Love Him] with all the abundance of your wealth.” Similarly, it is stated, And like unto him [King Josiah] was there no king before him, that turned to the Eternal with all his heart, and with all his soul and with all ‘m’odo’ (his wealth),244II Kings 23:25. because they volunteered in the removal of the idols and the observance of the Passover-offering.
The purport of “the love [of G-d]” has been explained by our Rabbis, the most explicit of their statements is what they said in the Sifre:245Sifre, Eikev 41. “Perhaps you will say ‘I will study Torah in order that I be called wise, in order that I lead an academy, in order that I live long, or in order that I merit the World to Come.’246See Vol. II, p. 227, Note 346. Therefore, Scripture says, to love the Eternal your G-d etc.”247Further, 11:13. “But whatever you do, do it out of love for G-d,” (Sifre) and ultimately the honor will certainly come (Rashi ibid.). Now the reason why Moses constantly says to them: that it may be well with thee,248Further, Verse 1° and that thou mayest prolong thy days,249Above, 4:40. that ye may live, and go in and possess the Land250Ibid., Verse 1. [when in the light of the exhortation that we are to do the right thing only for the sake of the love of G-d], is that he admonishes them through reproofs to fear G-d, saying that if they will sin they will not possess the Land, or they will not prolong their days upon it. Or [another explanation] may be that the pious person must both love and fear G-d, and the Rabbis have said:251Yerushalmi, Berachoth IX, 8. “Observe [His law] out of love, and observe it out of fear. Observe it out of love, for a lover does not despise, and observe it out of fear for if you come to reject [His authority], you will not do it.” This has already been explained in the words of the Sages.252See in Rambam’s commentary to Mishnayoth, Aboth 1:3.
The purport of “the love [of G-d]” has been explained by our Rabbis, the most explicit of their statements is what they said in the Sifre:245Sifre, Eikev 41. “Perhaps you will say ‘I will study Torah in order that I be called wise, in order that I lead an academy, in order that I live long, or in order that I merit the World to Come.’246See Vol. II, p. 227, Note 346. Therefore, Scripture says, to love the Eternal your G-d etc.”247Further, 11:13. “But whatever you do, do it out of love for G-d,” (Sifre) and ultimately the honor will certainly come (Rashi ibid.). Now the reason why Moses constantly says to them: that it may be well with thee,248Further, Verse 1° and that thou mayest prolong thy days,249Above, 4:40. that ye may live, and go in and possess the Land250Ibid., Verse 1. [when in the light of the exhortation that we are to do the right thing only for the sake of the love of G-d], is that he admonishes them through reproofs to fear G-d, saying that if they will sin they will not possess the Land, or they will not prolong their days upon it. Or [another explanation] may be that the pious person must both love and fear G-d, and the Rabbis have said:251Yerushalmi, Berachoth IX, 8. “Observe [His law] out of love, and observe it out of fear. Observe it out of love, for a lover does not despise, and observe it out of fear for if you come to reject [His authority], you will not do it.” This has already been explained in the words of the Sages.252See in Rambam’s commentary to Mishnayoth, Aboth 1:3.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
In שמע ישראל heißt ׳אלהינו :ה, es ist Gott, wie er sich unserer Gesamtheit als Gott bekundet. ואהבת wendet sich an jeden einzelnen und zeigt ihm Gott als "seinen" Gott, ה׳ אלהיך, wie Er speziell ihn in allen seinen Lebensläufen trägt und in allen seinen Lebenstaten leiten will. Jeder Mensch ist ein besonderes Augenmerk der göttlichen Liebe und Leitung, und eben als "deinen" Gott hast du Gott zu denken, alles, was er "dir" war und ist und sein will, wenn dich die Liebe zu ihm wahrhaft fassen soll.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ובכל מאדך. The word מאד always describes an intensity, extremity. Moses asks us to love G-d with the utmost intensity we are capable of.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ובכל נפשך AND WITH ALL THY SOUL — even though He take thy soul (even though you have to suffer martyrdom to show your love of God) (Sifrei Devarim 32:5; Berakhot 54a, Berakhot 61b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
בכל מאדך, “with all your resources.” Nachmanides explains the word as if the Torah had written מאד מאד, “very very much,” i.e. “love Him exceedingly much.”
According to our sages the dimension of love for G’d mentioned here is the one that is expressed in terms of one expending money or its equivalent to demonstrate that love. The reason why ממון, money or tangible assets are referred to as מאד, is because it is viewed in terms of something one amasses, i.e. המון, “a great quantity of something,” is closely related to the word ממון. Compare the proverb, Psalms 37,16 טוב מעט לצדיק מהמון רשעים רבים, “better the little that belongs to a righteous person than the great abundance of the wicked.” Moses demands that we love the Lord with the great abundance at our disposal. As to the very nature of “loving” the invisible and incorporeal G’d, our sages define it negatively i.e. what is not love of G’d. You are not to study Torah in order to make a name for yourself as a great scholar, or in order to qualify for long life both in this world and in the world to come; but you should do so because of who the author of the Torah is, i.e. לשמה, in admiration of His great name. (Nedarim 62) This, of course, raises the question of why Moses said למען ייטב לך ולמען תאריך ימים על הארץ, “in order that you will be well off and in order that you will enjoy many years on earth. etc., etc.” These words are not to be understood as an encouragement to perform the Torah for the sake of reward, but to inspire a degree of fear, seeing that such reward implies that if one does not qualify for it one qualifies for being deprived of what we nowadays would term “quality of life.” Alternately, the message in Moses’ words is that the pious must be oriented in two directions when performing the commandments; 1) love, 2) fear, awe. He must be conscious of love for him by His Creator, and requite that love, and at the same time he must be in trepidation not to anger his Creator by treating His commandments with disdain by neglecting them.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
ובכל נפשך, “and with all your soul,” i.e. with the soul which demonstrates all the various desires of man.
ובכל מאדך, “and with all your material assets.” The word מאדך is derived from מאד, i.e. ‘love him as much as it is physically possible.” In short, “do not love your material assets better than the commandments of the Torah.” One should not begrudge spending money liberally for the performance of the commandments. Cost should not be the factor governing if one buys an etrog and lulav or not. We have the example of Rabbi Gamliel who once spent 1000 zuz (certain coins) in order to acquire the four species (Sukkah 41).
Our sages stipulated as a rule of thumb that one is allowed to spend up to one third of one’s (liquid) assets in order to perform the commandment in the most impressive fashion. The Talmud in Baba Kama 9 discusses the wording of the above rule of thumb wanting to know if one has to sell one’s house in order to live up to this requirement. The sages point out that if that were so a person might be called upon to perform 3 commandments each one requiring him to pay as much as one third of his total assets. As a result of listening to the sages such a person might become dependent on public charity. The sages therefore agreed that the meaning of paying up to one third of one’s assets for the performance of a commandment in this fashion was not meant literally, but meant that a person should be prepared to overpay up to one third of the going price in order to have a chance to perform the commandment in question. If an average etrog costs 15 dollars, a person should be prepared to pay up to 20 dollars to acquire a specimen of a superior degree of perfection. The sages base all this on the verse זה א-לי ואנוהו, “this is my G’d and I will beautify Him” (Exodus 15,2). They explain that the way to fulfill this promise is by having a nice talit, a beautifully written Torah-scroll, a perfect specimen of lulav, etc. The rule of not overpaying more than one third of the price for a regular lulav is accepted by the sages.
The Talmud Berachot 54 states that the way to serve the Lord with “all your heart” is to do so by employing both the evil urge as well as the good urge in G’d’s service. The way to serve the Lord “with all your soul” is that on occasion one may have to serve the Lord by laying down one’s life or Him. The way to fulfill the third part of the commandment, i.e. to serve the Lord with all one’s fortune is applicable only if one does have a fortune. [I understand this to mean that one need not go into debt to fulfill certain commandments. Ed.].
Rashi explains that the reason that the instruction to love G’d with all our material wealth is placed last is that there are people who find it harder to part with their money than to part with their lives, i.e. they consider life as a pauper not worth living. When people of such a disposition sacrifice their wealth for the love of G’d they have loved Him even better than if they had laid down their lives for Him.
An alternative way of understanding the words בכל מאדך, is that the Torah refers to the מדות, attributes, by means of which G’d measures us, tests us. We are to display our love for G’d by the way in which we react to the attributes of His He saw fit to apply to us. This is also what David had in mind when he said (Psalms 101,1) חסד ומשפט אשירה, “I will sing kindness or justice;” he meant if G’d measures me with the yardstick of kindness, חסד, I will acknowledge it by song; if He measures me by the yardstick of justice, משפט, I will still acknowledge it by song.” In a similar vein David wrote כוס ישועות אשא ובשם ה’ אקרא, “I will raise the cup of salvations and call out the name of the Lord;” at the same time צרה ויגון אמצא ובשם ה’ אקרא, “if I should find trouble and sorrow I will still proclaim the name of the Lord.” Some commentators see in these three levels of love for G’d the Torah’s way of reflecting the different levels of love for G’d displayed by the three patriarchs Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov. Avraham displayed love for G’d with all his heart attracting many people to the service of the Lord, i.e. serving the Lord with heir hearts. Yitzchak displayed the second dimension of love for G’d, i.e. בכל נפשך, seeing he offered his own life on the altar of G’d. Yaakov is an example of the third dimension of loving G’d seeing he vowed to give 2 tithes to G’d of all he would acquire, i.e. he loved G’d with all his possessions.
ובכל מאדך, “and with all your material assets.” The word מאדך is derived from מאד, i.e. ‘love him as much as it is physically possible.” In short, “do not love your material assets better than the commandments of the Torah.” One should not begrudge spending money liberally for the performance of the commandments. Cost should not be the factor governing if one buys an etrog and lulav or not. We have the example of Rabbi Gamliel who once spent 1000 zuz (certain coins) in order to acquire the four species (Sukkah 41).
Our sages stipulated as a rule of thumb that one is allowed to spend up to one third of one’s (liquid) assets in order to perform the commandment in the most impressive fashion. The Talmud in Baba Kama 9 discusses the wording of the above rule of thumb wanting to know if one has to sell one’s house in order to live up to this requirement. The sages point out that if that were so a person might be called upon to perform 3 commandments each one requiring him to pay as much as one third of his total assets. As a result of listening to the sages such a person might become dependent on public charity. The sages therefore agreed that the meaning of paying up to one third of one’s assets for the performance of a commandment in this fashion was not meant literally, but meant that a person should be prepared to overpay up to one third of the going price in order to have a chance to perform the commandment in question. If an average etrog costs 15 dollars, a person should be prepared to pay up to 20 dollars to acquire a specimen of a superior degree of perfection. The sages base all this on the verse זה א-לי ואנוהו, “this is my G’d and I will beautify Him” (Exodus 15,2). They explain that the way to fulfill this promise is by having a nice talit, a beautifully written Torah-scroll, a perfect specimen of lulav, etc. The rule of not overpaying more than one third of the price for a regular lulav is accepted by the sages.
The Talmud Berachot 54 states that the way to serve the Lord with “all your heart” is to do so by employing both the evil urge as well as the good urge in G’d’s service. The way to serve the Lord “with all your soul” is that on occasion one may have to serve the Lord by laying down one’s life or Him. The way to fulfill the third part of the commandment, i.e. to serve the Lord with all one’s fortune is applicable only if one does have a fortune. [I understand this to mean that one need not go into debt to fulfill certain commandments. Ed.].
Rashi explains that the reason that the instruction to love G’d with all our material wealth is placed last is that there are people who find it harder to part with their money than to part with their lives, i.e. they consider life as a pauper not worth living. When people of such a disposition sacrifice their wealth for the love of G’d they have loved Him even better than if they had laid down their lives for Him.
An alternative way of understanding the words בכל מאדך, is that the Torah refers to the מדות, attributes, by means of which G’d measures us, tests us. We are to display our love for G’d by the way in which we react to the attributes of His He saw fit to apply to us. This is also what David had in mind when he said (Psalms 101,1) חסד ומשפט אשירה, “I will sing kindness or justice;” he meant if G’d measures me with the yardstick of kindness, חסד, I will acknowledge it by song; if He measures me by the yardstick of justice, משפט, I will still acknowledge it by song.” In a similar vein David wrote כוס ישועות אשא ובשם ה’ אקרא, “I will raise the cup of salvations and call out the name of the Lord;” at the same time צרה ויגון אמצא ובשם ה’ אקרא, “if I should find trouble and sorrow I will still proclaim the name of the Lord.” Some commentators see in these three levels of love for G’d the Torah’s way of reflecting the different levels of love for G’d displayed by the three patriarchs Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov. Avraham displayed love for G’d with all his heart attracting many people to the service of the Lord, i.e. serving the Lord with heir hearts. Yitzchak displayed the second dimension of love for G’d, i.e. בכל נפשך, seeing he offered his own life on the altar of G’d. Yaakov is an example of the third dimension of loving G’d seeing he vowed to give 2 tithes to G’d of all he would acquire, i.e. he loved G’d with all his possessions.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Another interpretation “with all your heart” — your heart should not be fragmented, etc. The first interpretation is problematic, for is the heart actually a person’s inclination that the verse could say [about the heart], “with your two inclinations”? Therefore Rashi says, “Another interpretation, etc.” Yet the second interpretation is problematic, for why does it say לבבך (with the letter beis written twice)? It should say instead לבך. Therefore, the first interpretation is also needed.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
This verse is also designed to encourage the heart of the Israelite to love G'd, similar to what we have been taught by Yalkut Shimoni at the end of Parshat Noach where the author explains the verse ישב תהלות ישראל (Psalms 22,4) that the only one of all the praises offered to Him, He chose only the ones offered by Israel. Only after Israel had offered this form of praise did G'd assume His seat on His throne in the celestial regions. This is alluded to by the words ואהבת את ה׳ אלוקיך, as long as G'd has not become "your G'd," He is not prepared to reign as G'd at all. When a Jew is conscious of this he is bound to develop feelings of love for G'd.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
לבב בכל לבבך: das ganze innere Sinnen (siehe Bereschit S. 292) נפש die lebende und strebende Individualität (daselbst S. 22). מאד: die ganze Summe von Mitteln und Kräften, das "Vermögen" (daselbst S. 35). Der jüdischen Wahrheit ist es nicht wahr, dass Gott nur mit dem Geiste und der Gesinnung verehrt sein will. בכל לבבך ובכל נפשך ובכל מאדך lautet unsere Anforderung. Unsere Verehrung im Geiste und der Gesinnung, unsere Liebe, haben wir durch Einsetzung unseres ganzen auch leiblichen Seins und Wollens und unseres Vermögens zu betätigen. Eine Liebe, die nicht einmal das kleinste physische Verlangen zum Opfer zu bringen vermag, ist eitel Schaum und Traum. Ja, der rechten Liebe ist es Bedürfnis, sich im Opfer teuerster Verlangen zu betätigen. Der Nachdruck unseres Satzes liegt aber auf dem כל. Ist ד׳ אלהינו ד׳ אחד, stammt alles, was wir sind und wollen und haben, unser Geist, unser Leib und unser Vermögen von der einen gebenden und nehmenden Liebe des einzig Einen, und nur von Ihm, so sind wir ja mit jeder Seite unseres Wesens und jeder Fuge einer jeden Seite sein, sein בכל לבב ובכל נפש ובכל מאד, sein mit allem, was wir sinnen und wollen und haben; jeder Gedanke, jede Empfindung, jede Kraft und jedes Gut ist ein Band, das uns mit ihm verknüpft, das wir als Pfand seiner Liebe besitzen und als Opfer unserer Liebe ihm weihen — das Bewusstsein der Gotteinheit eint auch unser ganzes Wesen mit aller Mannigfaltigkeit der scheinbaren Gegensätzlichkeit in Geist und Leib und Geschickesbeziehungen zu einer einzigen Einheit des Seins und Wollens; wir sind immer und mit allem dieselben, haben immer und mit allem dasselbe Ziel, dieselbe Aufgabe, dasselbe einzige Verlangen: in der ganzen Mannigfaltigkeit unseres Lebens unsern Gott zu "lieben", nicht unsere, sondern Seine Wünsche zu erfüllen, Seiner Nähe würdig zu bleiben, Seiner Nähe uns immer würdiger zu machen. Gott, dem einzig Einen, gibt der Mensch sich einheitlich hin, und diese Hingebung an den einzig Einen macht ihn selbst harmonisch Eins. —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ובכל מאדך AND WITH ALL THY MIGHT, i.e. with all thy property. You have people whose property is dearer to them than their bodies (life), and it is on this account that there is added, “and with all thy property" (Sifrei Devarim 32:6). — Another explanation of ובכל מאדך is: — Thou shalt love Him whatever measure (מדה) it may be that He metes out to thee, whether it be the measure of good or the measure of calamity. Thus also did David say, (Psalms 116:13 and 3) "If I lift up the cup of salvation, [I will call upon the name of the Lord]; If I find trouble and sorrow, [I will call upon the name of the Lord]”.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
There are men whose wealth, etc. Otherwise, Scripture should write only one of them [either heart or soul], and we would derive the other from it. Why are both needed? Rather, there are men, etc. Both are stated so as not to leave room for the evil inclination. Likewise it is explained in Maseches Yuma 82a, and in Maseches Sanhedrin 74a (Maharan).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Perhaps our verse intends to arouse in us three distinct kinds of love for G'd which G'd's creatures are familiar with. They are: 1) Loving Him for His goodness (spiritually speaking); 2) Loving Him for the pleasant sensation this affords us; 3) Loving Him because He is so useful to us. The words ואהבת את השם speak of love for what is good, G'd Himself being described as "good" in Psalms 145,9 טוב ה׳ לכל. The mystical dimension of loving G'd for the pleasant sensations He affords us is referred to in Psalms 34,9: "taste and see how good the Lord is;" The Psalmist means that amongst all the pleasant sensations a creature may experience none is comparable to contemplation of the goodness of G'd and of His name. The proof for this is Song of Songs 5,6 נפשי יצאה בדברו, "my soul departed when He spoke." When the pious die a death which is totally painless, such as the death by a kiss of G'd experienced by Moses and Aaron, this is the most pleasant sensation imaginable. So far we have heard that the word י־ה־ו־ה alludes to both spiritual goodness and the most sublime sensation a creature is capable of experiencing at the hand of G'd. The love of the useful which G'd represents is alluded to in the word אלוקיך, as we have defined this already in connection with Psalms 22,4. We have learned in Shabbat 30 that the last words in Kohelet 12 כי זה כל האדם "for this is what man is all about" refer to the whole world being created only for the sake of man observing G'd's commandments on earth. Loving G'd and fulfilling His commandments then is love of a most useful kind.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Daher das Wort der Weisen (Berachot 57 a): חייב אדם לברך על הרעה כשם שמברך על הטובה שנאמר ואהבת את ה׳ אלהיך בכל לבבך ובכל נפשך ובכל מאודך בכל לבכך בשני יצריך ביצר טוב וביצר רע בכל נפשך אפילו הוא נוטל את נפשך ובכל מאודך בכל ממונד דבר אחר בכל מדה ומדה שהוא מודד לך הוי מודה לו, d.h. es hat der Mensch über das Leidvolle ebenso Gott in ברכה Huldigung zu geloben, wie er über das Freudvolle ebenso Gott in ברכה Huldigung gelobt; denn es heißt: liebe Gott, deinen Gott, mit deinem ganzen Herzen, und mit deiner ganzen Seele, und deinem ganzen Vermögen. Mit deinem ganzen Herzen: mit deinen beiden Neigungen, mit der Neigung zum Guten und mit der Neigung zum Bösen. Mit deiner ganzen Seele: selbst wenn er dir deine Seele nimmt. Mit deinem ganzen Vermögen: mit all deinem Eigentum. Oder: mit jedem Maß, das Er dir zumisst, danke Ihm.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Another interpretation ... with what ever measure, etc. The first interpretation is problematic, for it should have said ממונך (your wealth). Therefore Rashi explains, “Another interpretation, etc.” Yet the second interpretation is problematic, for it should have said מדך (your measure). Therefore the first interpretation is also needed.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
בכל לבבך, ובכל נפשך, ובכל מאדך, "with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your material resources." Our sages in the Sifri offer their explanations on this verse and you are advised to read what they wrote. I believe that G'd wrote this verse in order to remove unworthy thoughts from the hearts of those who love G'd. We are taught in Moed Katan 28 that the following three phenomena (blessings) are not granted on the basis of merit: 1) children; 2) life itself (its length, or good health); 3) the quality of one's livelihood. All these three are subject to מזל, natural causes rather than to individual merit. [including genetical as well as horoscopic and environmental factors. Ed.] It is a fact that these are the very three phenomena (blessings) man is most concerned with in this life. If a person lacks even a single one of these three blessings he is considered as good as dead. Seeing that we are told that not one of these three blessings is attainable through one's piety and service of the Lord, this is apt to estrange a person from G'd rather than to make him love G'd. Such a feeling is likely to be reinforced if a person who serves the Lord sincerely finds himself deprived of two of these blessings, i.e. he has no children and no dependable livelihood. No matter how much he may wish to love G'd, his own heart will prevent him from doing so.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Gott lieben בכל לבבך, d. i. ביצר טוב וביצר רע, ist die bedeutsamste und folgenreichste Konsequenz aus dem Gotteinheitbewusstsein. Der Reiz, den das Schlechte, Gemeine, Unedle, Sinnliche für uns hat, woraus der יצר הרע entspringt, ist uns von demselben Gott, dem einzig Einen, wie der Reiz, den das Gute, Edle, sittlich Geistige für uns hat, der den יצר הטוב erzeugt; es ist eine und dieselbe Liebe des einzig Einen, die uns jenen wie diesen in unsere Anlage gewebt, und es ist nicht eben die liebesärmere Äußerung seiner Liebe, die uns auch mit Empfänglichkeit für die Reize des Schlechten ausgestattet, ja der höchste Kuss seiner Liebe liegt in diesem Reiz des Bösen für uns; unser ganzer Adel, die ganze Hoheit unserer sittlichen Würde liegt in diesem Reiz. Ohne diesen Reiz wären wir nicht: Mensch, gäbe es keine Sittlichkeit, keine Tugend, wäre alles an uns nur tiergleich physisches Wollen und Vollbringen. Denn was wir Instinkt beim Tiere nennen, ist nichts als die Einseitigkeit des Tierwesens. Für das Tier hat nur dasjenige Reiz, was seiner Bestimmung gemäß ist, alles andere lässt es kalt oder widersteht ihm. Daraus die Mächtigkeit, und die Unveränderlichkeit der tierischen Lebensäußerungen. Hätte das sinnlich Gemeine und Schlechte keinen Reiz für uns, ließe es uns kalt oder widerstünde uns mit unsere Natur abstoßender Gegensätzlichkeit, und reizte das Gute uns mit unwiderstehlich verlockender Gewalt; wäre mit dem Guten nicht auch Entsagung und Selbstüberwindung verknüpft: freilich übten wir nichts Böses, aber auch Gutes nicht; das Gute, das wir übten, wäre nicht unser Werk, wäre überhaupt nicht sittlich freie Menschentat, wir folgten überall nur einer physischen Nötigung unserer Natur, die widerstandslos von dem auf sie wirkenden Reize bestimmt würde, und mit dem Wegfall des יצר הרע wäre unsere ganze sittliche Würde begraben (siehe Bereschit S. 62. 85. 109 u. 136). Ja, in Wahrheit ist ja keine unserer Anlagen an sich gut oder bös. Alle, die sinnlichste unter den sinnlichen, wie die geistigste unter den geistigen, werden gut oder schlecht, je nachdem wir sie innerhalb der von Gott, dem einzig Einen, für jede gezogenen Schranken und für jede gewiesenen Ziele verwenden, oder, die Schranken überschreitend, die Ziele vernachlässigend oder mit anderen von Gott nicht gestellten Zielen vertauschend, missbrauchen. Gott mit unserem ganzen Herzen, mit יצר טוב und יצר רע lieben, heißt also: unser ganzes Sinnen mit allen Neigungen und Richtungen, mit allen Anlagen und Strebungen ausnahmslos der Erfüllung des göttlichen Willens geweiht halten und ein jedes also im Dienste Gottes des einzig Einen verwenden, dass dessen Beherrschung und Verwendung uns in Gewinnung Seiner Nähe weiter führt.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
The Torah (our verse) therefore had to command such a person of the need to love G'd with his heart even if G'd, i.e. nature, deprived him of the three most cherished aspirations of every normal human being. The words בכל לבבך urge you to love G'd even though you have not been granted children. We find love and children mentioned in the same breath when G'd said to Abraham to offer "your son whom you love" in Genesis 22,2. This is the kind of love which permeates a person's heart and is the apex of all his desires. The words ובכל נפשך are intended to exhort you to love G'd even though you may lack good health. The words ובכל מאדך are a reference to your livelihood. You are commanded to love G'd even though you have to struggle economically. If G'd, i.e. nature, has not seen fit to provide you with even one of these three blessings which most of us consider essential to make life worth living and you still love G'd, you i.e. Israel, have demonstrated that you feel that your relationship to G'd is more important to you than having even ten children, etc., and that you consider G'd's "table" as superior to your table in this world as we have been taught in Avot 6,5 [slightly different version. The text there is: "for your table is higher than their table, i.e. the "table" of earthly rulers, Ed]. Similarly, the "life" which G'd grants you is superior to mere physical life or good health on this earth. Moreover, the righteous are called alive after they have experienced the death of their bodies. We have this on the authority of Berachot 18 quoting Samuel II 23,20 ובניהו בן איש חי, that Benayahu was the son of a "living" man, that the "dead" are called alive after their physical death.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Sofort ist in diesem: Gott mit unserem ganzen Herzen lieben, auch die Voraussetzung gegeben, in jedem Augenblick freudig bereit zu sein, die teuersten Neigungen und Wünsche unseres Herzens um der Liebe Gottes willen aufzugeben, sobald sie mit dem Willen Gottes nicht in Einklang sind, sowie die Versagung unserer teuersten Wünsche und liebgewordenen Neigungen mit heiterem Sinne zu ertragen, in dem tiefen Bewusstsein, dass dieselbe Liebe des einzig Einen sich in der Versagung uns bekundet, die wir in der Gewährung zu verehren gehabt hätten.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
We may also approach this verse from the following angle. The Torah is at pains to describe the extent to which a Jew has to love G'd. Love is measured by the way a person relates to achieving the three blessings we have mentioned. Supposing a person was about to die prematurely, was poor and had no children and a prophet were to come and to promise him that he would become perfectly healthy, that his wife was pregnant and would have a healthy child and that he was about to come into a great fortune. Such a person would suddenly be overcome with a tremendous amount of love for his Creator. His heart would overflow with feelings of love and gratitude for the G'd who has thus blessed him. G'd commands every Jew to love Him constantly as if he had just received the good news we have described in our parable. The words: "you shall love the Lord your G'd with all your heart" mean as if He had suddenly provided you with everything you had lacked in life so far. The Torah deliberately used the word בכל to correspond to our parable, i.e. that He granted you children, the most important of your aspirations. The words ובכל נפשך describe the degree of love you would have for G'd if He just announced that whereas you had expected to die you had been granted good health. The words ובכל מאדך describe your feelings of love for G'd if He had just announced that you had become wealthy after having been a pauper all your life.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
אפילו נוטל את נפשך :בכל נפשך. Gott mit unserem ganzen lebendigen Wesen, allen geistigen und leiblichen Seiten unserer Persönlichkeit, mit jedem Momente unseres Daseins lieben, heißt ja wiederum nichts anderes, als mit unserem ganzen Sein nur die in Erfüllung Seines Willens zu gewinnende Gottesnähe anstreben, unser ganzes Dasein nur in dem Nahesein Gottes schätzen, und dieses Gott Nahebleiben nicht zu teuer durch Dahingebung unseres ganzen hieniedigen Seins erkauft glauben. Der Gott בכל נפשו Liebende verlebt jeden Atemzug im Liebesdienste seines Gottes und lässt lieber vom Leben, als dass er die Treue bricht, אפילו נוטל את נפשך. Es ist Rabbi Akiba, der die Erläuterung des בכל נפשך durch אפילו נוטל את נפשך (Berachot 61 b) gelehrt. Und was er sein Lebelang gelehrt, das mit dem letzten Atemzuge zu besiegeln, ward er von seinem Gotte gewürdigt. Es hatte die Fremdherrschaft das Studium und die Verbreitung der jüdischen Gesetzeslehre bei Todesstrafe verboten; gleichwohl ließ sich R. Akiba in seinem Lehramt nicht stören. In öffentlichen Versammlungen lehrte er das Gesetz. Ihn fand Papus also und richtete an ihn die Frage: Akiba, fürchtest du denn die Regierung nicht? Will dir ein Gleichnis erzählen, war R. Akibas Erwiderung: Ein Fuchs spazierte am Flusse und sah die Fische von Stelle zu Stelle sich flüchten. Vor wem flieht ihr denn? "Vor den Netzen der Menschen." Kommt doch aufs Land. Dann wohnen wir, ich und ihr, beisammen wie unsere Väter einst zusammengelebt. "Bist du der, den man den Klügsten unter den Tieren nennt? Klug bist du nicht. Hier in unserem Lebenselemente haben wir uns zu fürchten, wie viel mehr erst außer unserem Lebenselement." So auch wir, Papus. Jetzt, wo wir uns mit der Gotteslehre beschäftigen, von der es heißt: sie ist dein Leben und die Dauer deiner Tage, ergeht es uns so, wie erst, wenn wir von ihr ließen! Es dauerte nicht lange, ward Akiba ergriffen und gefangen gesetzt. Aber auch Papus, trotz seiner Konnivenz, hatte die Gunst der Regierung verscherzt und befand sich bei ihm im Kerker. Heil dir, Akiba, seufzte Papus, der du um die Gotteslehre im Kerker bist. Wehe dem Papus, der um nichtige Dinge ergriffen worden! Die Zeit zum קריאת שמע war es, als R. Akiba zum Richtplatz geführt wurde. Mit eisernen Werkzeugen ward er gemartert. Er aber sprach ruhig die Gotteshuldigung des שמע. "Selbst jetzt noch?" fragten ihn die Jünger. "So lange ich lebte, sehnte ich mich nach Erfüllung des Satzes: בכל נפשך אפילו נוטל את נפשך und jetzt, wo mir die Gelegenheit wird, sollte ich ihn nicht erfüllenr war R. Akibas Entgegnung. Er sprach das אחד so lange, bis er die Seele aushauchte — (daselbst).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
When you consider man's love for G'd from an intellectual point of view, you will realise that it does not require all that much effort to want to cleave to one's Creator. In order to view the matter in its proper perspective let me illustrate the matter as follows: We will use a great man who is also blessed with great wealth as our example. This man decides to travel to a place far from home as he is aware of potential dangers which lurk in his home town and endanger both his wealth and his entire existence. This man decided to first convert all his belongings into a valuable gemstone worth millions. He sets out on his journey confident that in the place he selected as his destination both he and his assets will be perfectly safe. However, before he reaches this destination he runs out of food, is left penniless (seeing his wealth is tied up in a single jewel, useless at this point) and he is reduced to being a pauper. In spite of this, he does not lose hope as he is certain that in due course he will reach his destination with his wealth intact. The strategy for man suggested by our verse is similar to what we described in our parable. A man who has developed an affinity and love for his G'd has concentrated all his wealth in this relationship, despising all material benefits this world has to offer in favour of his relationship with G'd. The man in question has based his strategy on an awareness of potential dangers lurking in his hometown, i.e. the עולם הזה, life on this earth. He is so certain of arriving at his destination, i.e. עולם הבא with his spiritual wealth intact, that he does not mind at all that he has to experience some deprivations during his journey (through life on earth). He will find that his love for G'd is amply rewarded when he does arrive at his destination in the hereafter. He will find that the assets he accumulated in this world are worth more than children, good physical health and material wealth combined.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Für diese Hinopferung des Lebens, um Gottes Gesetz nicht zu übertreten, hat aber das Gesetz selbst durch seinen anderweitigen Ausspruch וחי בהם. (Wajikra 18, 5; — siehe daselbst) bestimmte Normen gegeben. Nur solchen, die Vernichtung des Gesetzes anstrebenden Gewalten gegenüber darf das Leben selbst nicht mit der leisesten Gesetzübertretung erkauft werden. Selbst wegen ערקתא דמסאנא, wegen unjüdischer Änderung eines Schuhriemens, lautet für solche Zeiten der Kanon: יהרג ואל יעבור. In normalen Zeiten sind es zunächst nur die Gesetze über עבודה זרה גלוי עריות ושפיכות דמים, vor deren Übertretung selbst die Erhaltung des Lebens zurücktreten muss. Anderen Gesetzen gegenüber erteilt das וחי בהם der Erhaltung des Lebens für eine treue hieniedige Pflichterfüllung einen solchen Wert, dass das bedrohte Leben selbst durch Übertretung einer Gesetzesvorschrift zu retten ist: יעבור ואל יהרג (siehe Wajikra daselbst.) — In Krankheitsfällen ist zu unterscheiden, ob es חולה שיש בו סכנה oder אין בו סכנה, ob es ein lebensbedrohlicher Zustand ist oder nicht, ferner ob der als Heilmittel zu gebrauchende Stoff דאוריתא oder דרבנן verboten ist, ob er כדרך הנאתו oder שלא בדרך הנאתו, ob er in seiner gewöhnlichen Genuss gewährenden Weise zur Anwendung kommt oder nicht (siehe J. D. 155, 3).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
בכל ממונך :ובכל מאודך. Die Gottesliebe mit allem Vermögen hat sich wiederum sowohl in Verwendung alles Vermögens im Dienste Gottes, als in Verzichtleistung auf jeden Erwerb und jeden Besitz, der nur durch Übertretung des göttlichen Gesetzes erlangt und erhalten werden könnte, zu zeigen, und zwar steht Geldopfern gegenüber das Gesetz ausnahmslos in unverletzlicher Geltung. Selbst das ganze Vermögen ist hinzugeben, wenn es nur durch Übertretung auch nur eines göttlichen Verbotes erhalten bleiben könnte. Erfüllungen von Geboten sind nicht mit so großen Opfern zu erkaufen (siehe J. D. 157 und O. Ch. 656).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die Erläuterung בכל מאודך durch: בכל מדה ומדה שהוא מודד לך הוי מודה לו dürfte, im Anklang an die Lautähnlichkeiten von מדר und מודה mit אמד, sich gleichwohl nicht sehr aus dem eigentlichen Bedeutungskreise des Wortes entfernen. Man hat nur die in כל liegende Totalität von dem Umfang auf die Zustände zu übertragen und בכל מאודך: mit jedem Vermögen zu verstehen, so ist ja damit die Anforderung ausgesprochen, Gott in jeder Vermögenslage, welche er uns auch zumessen möge, liebend zu huldigen. Ist ja מאור auch eigentlich nicht nur das Geldvermögen, sondern überhaupt der Kompler aller Mittel zu jeglichem Vollbringen, und umfasst somit alles, was die Waltung der göttlichen Liebe uns zumisst. Die Erläuterung von מאד durch מדד ist aber eine um so mehr berechtigte, da die Umwandlung eines Radikals der ע׳׳ע in א nicht ohne Beispiel ist. So ימאסו (Ps. 58, 8) für בזאו ,ימססו Jesaias 18, 2 für בזזו. Ja, es ist nicht unmöglich, dass מאוד überhaupt: Maß bedeutet, und בכל מאדך: mit dem ganzen Maß heißt, oder mit jedem Maß, das dir ist, woher dann מאוד als Partikel der Größe eine Oualität oder Quantität im höchsten Maße bedeutet. Ähnlich wie אנשי מרות (Bamidbar 13, 32), בית מדות (Jirmija 22, 14) sehr große Leute, sehr großes Haus bedeutet, auch איש מדה (Chron. I. 11. 23 u. 20. 6) ein übergroßer Mann.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
— What is the “love” that is here commanded? The next verse tells us: והיו הדברים האלה THESE WORDS [WHICH I COMMAND THEE] SHALL BE [UPON THINE HEART] — for thereby thou wilt arrive at a recognition of the Holy One, blessed be He, and wilt cleave to His ways (Sifrei Devarim 33:1).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
והיו הדברים האלה…על לבבך, "And these words…shall be upon your heart." In accordance with our commentary on the previous verse, we must view this verse as sort of a band-aid for a person who suffers from the dearth of one of the three basic values in this life described in Moed Katan 28. The Torah recommends that anyone who suffers from any of these three deprivations should take our commentary to heart. He should remember that these values (blessings) which he lacks are grossly overrated in the overall scheme of G'd's universe in which the life in the hereafter is the real objective.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
והיו הדברים האלה, “these things (concepts) shall be;” the idea of G’d’s Unity, the love for Him which Moses mentioned, shall all be deeply engraved on your heart. Alternatively, Moses refers to the commandments, all of which should be firmly engraved on our hearts.
אשר אנכי מצוך היום, “which I command to you this day, etc.” Sifri Vaetchanan 93 explains the reason that Moses adds the word היום, this day, as if he were commanding all the commandments on that day for the first time, to mean that the commandments should forever be something fresh in our minds. We should not relate to them as something deja vu, something which has lost its freshness and therefore its appeal. It should always be like some new decree the depth of which we have not yet explored. You should view them as if you had received them from Mount Sinai only this day.
אשר אנכי מצוך היום, “which I command to you this day, etc.” Sifri Vaetchanan 93 explains the reason that Moses adds the word היום, this day, as if he were commanding all the commandments on that day for the first time, to mean that the commandments should forever be something fresh in our minds. We should not relate to them as something deja vu, something which has lost its freshness and therefore its appeal. It should always be like some new decree the depth of which we have not yet explored. You should view them as if you had received them from Mount Sinai only this day.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
What is the form of love, etc. Otherwise, how is it possible to love something that one has never seen or comprehended? But by the means of these words (the commandments) being on your heart, through them you will recognize Hashem. For if the world were not created according to His will, then He would not have given us commandments. And because you will know that He is the Creator and He is the source of everything, you will love Him and desire to know Him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 6. הדברים האלה, diese הדברים האלה sind das Objekt, auf welches das וכתבתם וקשרתם ,ושננתם der folgenden Verse sich bezieht. Offenbar kann von וכתבתם וקשרתם nur der Wortlaut der hier in שמע und ואהבת niedergelegten Sätze das Objekt bilden. Andererseits lässt ושננתם und ודברת בם (nicht ודברת אותם — siehe V. 7) auf die ganze Gesetzeslehre als Gegenstand des Jugendunterrichts und der Gedankenäußerung der Erwachsenen schließen. In der Tat umfasst daher: הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום beides. Es sind die Worte: ׳ואהבת וגו׳ וגו׳ ,שמע וגו, und es ist der damit gegebene Gesamtinhalt der göttlichen Gesetze. Ist doch das ganze Gesetz in Wahrheit nichts als die Offenbarung, wie wir בכל לבבך ובכל נפשך ובכל מאדך die Gottesliebe zu betätigen haben. תורות, die Geist und Herz von Wahn und Leidenschaft freimachenden, mit Wahrheit und Gesinnungsadel befruchtenden Lehren,-lehren die ׳אהבת ה חקים ;בכל לב, die die Entfaltung unseres leiblich sinnlichen Wesens innerhalb der von Gott gezogenen Sittlichkeitsschranken umgrenzenden und weihenden Gesetze, lehren die משפטים ;אהבת ה׳ בכל נפש und מצות, die unser soziales Leben auf den Prinzipien des Rechtes und der Pflicht aufbauenden Rechtsordnungen und Gebote, lehren die ׳אהבת ה עדות ;בכל מאד, die diese Wahrheiten und Aufgaben durch symbolische Bekenntnistaten vergegenwärtigenden Zeugnisse, und עבודה, die unsere Weihe an diesen ganzen, die Gottesnähe suchenden Lebensdienst begehenden symbolischen Opferhandlungen, nehmen unser ganzes Wesen in seiner Allseitigkeit in Anspruch und lehren die אהבת ה׳ בכל לב ובכל נפש ובכל מאד.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
והיו הדברים האלה, “and these words.....shall remain”seeing that Moses had said previously that we should love G-d, and he had not added any adjective describing the kind of love he had in mind, he adds additional dimensions, primarily the fact that this should be a steadfast, constant feeling of love for Him. If it is, we will doubtless get to know Him better. (Sifri)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
אשר אנכי מצוך היום [THESE WORDS] WHICH I COMMAND THEE THIS DAY — this day— they should not be in thine eyes as an antiquated דיוטגמא which no one minds, but as one newly given which everyone gladly welcomes (Sifrei Devarim 33:2; cf. our first Note on p. 248 in the Silbermann edition of Exodus). — The word דיוטגמא in this Midrash signifies: a royal command committed to writing.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Which no one takes seriously, etc. The term סופנה means, “importance.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Another lesson our verse wishes to teach the Israelite is that love is not something a person is able to force upon his will to carry out as he can subjugate his will to that of his king and carry out the king's orders. Love is something that is not subservient to willpower but to one's heart. As long as the heart itself does not feel an impulse which causes it to develop a liking for someone or something the owner (of this heart) cannot force it to respond to his urgings. In light of this our verse advises that if you keep all these afore-mentioned considerations "on your heart"-your heart will begin to develop a desire of a spiritual nature for affinity with G'd, and this will in turn develop into love for G'd. We ourselves, who are but spiritual orphans when compared to earlier generations, and who are certainly full of תאוה, burning desires for the sensual things in life, must develop a corresponding desire for closeness to G'd. It must surpass the intensity of our desire for transient values such as women, food, honour, etc.. Hail to us if we can develop such feelings.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
ספרי( שלא יהיו בעיניך כדיוטגמא ישנה שאין אדם סופגה :אשר אנכי מצוך היום), das göttliche Gesetz soll dir nie wie eine alte Verordnung werden, um die kein Mensch sich mehr kümmert. Neu wie das Tageslicht, das dich grüßt, neu wie der Atemzug, den du trinkst, neu soll dir das Gotteswort bleiben, jeden Tag dir "heute" geboten, jeden Tag von dir neu dir zu vergegenwärtigen, und sein Inhalt für die Lebensaufgaben eines jeden neuen Tages dir aufs neue zum Bewusstsein zu bringen. Es hat die Erfüllung unserer Lebensaufgabe keinen größeren Feind, als das "blasiert werden" in dieser Erfüllung und für dieselbe, als den Verlust der Frische der Erkenntnis und des Wollens.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
But rather like a newly given one which is read eagerly by all, etc. For this reason it is written, “today,” i.e., as if it was [first] said today. Otherwise, what is the meaning of “today”? Had not already forty years passed since it (and the entire Torah) was commanded to the Jewish People. Re”m writes likewise regarding the verse (7:11), “...today, to fulfill.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Another idea conveyed by our verse may refer to the three levels of love described here. The Torah acknowledges that the heart loves certain basic phenomena of this world. It is in order to desire food inasmuch as food is what sustains us, keeps us alive. However, we are not to love food with all our heart. This kind of intense love is to be reserved for our feelings vis-a-vis G'd. This is what the Torah meant when it demanded that we "love G'd with all your heart." Similar considerations apply to our love for material wealth or our love for a woman we want to marry. The intensity of such love-relationships is to be subordinate to the love relationship we are to develop vis-a vis G'd. The Torah is also aware that it is relatively harder to deny one's love (lust) for a woman than one's love for food, for instance. Even the righteous Joseph succeeded only with great difficulty in suppressing his urge to consummate his desire for the wife of Potiphar. The Torah therefore demands that in order to properly love G'd we must develop at least as intense a desire for affinity with G'd as we would develop for the woman of our choice.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
על לב .על לבבך, wo es sonst von Worten oder deren Inhalt vorkommt, drückt nicht nur ein Vorhandensein im Bewusstsein, sondern einen Einfluss, eine gewisse Macht aus, welche die, Worte über das Herz üben sollen. So דבר על לב. (Bereschit 34, 3 und 50, 21; Jes.40, 2; Richter 19, 3 u. s.); שם על לב (Jes.57, 1; Jirm. 12, 11; Daniel 1, 8 u.s). Die Anforderung ist daher hier, dass die hier als unsere Verpflichtung ausgesprochenen Worte uns gegenwärtig sein und bleibenden Einfluss auf unser Herz, somit auf unser Sinnen und Denken haben sollen. Wir sollen ihrer Macht unser Herz unterstellen, sollen unser Denken und Sinnen von ihnen beherrscht sein lassen. So auch ספרי z. St. צריך להשביע את יצרו: man muss seinen inneren Sinn in Eid und Pflicht nehmen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
The words "love your G'd with all your heart" mean that one must endeavour to become as enthused about loving G'd as one is about loving a woman. It is assumed that the average man feels drawn to any woman, especially if the woman in question is pretty. The word "with all" refers to the more intense desire one displays for a beautiful woman. In one's relationship to G'd one must apply the yardstick one applies to the love for a pretty woman; one has only fulfilled the Torah's commandment if one can honestly say that one loves Him more intensely than any woman. Only one's personal experience can really tell one if one has met the Torah's requirements in this regard. There are no objective yardsticks by which to measure if one has fulfilled one's duty. The reason the Torah adds the words: "with all your soul," is that according to the psychology revealed by Bamidbar Rabbah 10,2, עין רואה ולב חומד, "the eye merely observes but the heart desires." The author of that statement means that the eye by itself does not generate feelings of desire unless prompted by the heart (based on Numbers 15,39). When the Torah writes בכל נפשך, it urges your basic soul (your physical life-force) to provide this impetus to your heart to love G'd. Just as this physical life-force prompts the heart to desire that which is essential for the body's survival such as food and drink, so your physical life-force should prompt your heart to love G'd. Love for G'd should become as natural a phenomenon as love for things which ensure one's physical survival in this world. Both the love for a woman and the love for food and drink, though natural and each intense in its own way, have certain drawbacks which on occasion even cause the owner pain. When one has indulged one's desire for a woman or for food or drink there comes a time when no desire is felt for either of these attractions. This is not the case, however, when one has indulged one's greed for money, and other worldly possessions. It is in the nature of man to be insatiable in this regard. The Torah writes that you should love G'd בכל מאדך, with all your material assets, i.e. just as your love for material possessions is insatiable so your love for G'd should be insatiable; you should never feel that you have come close enough to G'd, etc. Do not impose voluntary limits on your love-relationship with G'd. But, here too, different people relate with different degrees of intensity to the amassing of wealth, some can do without it altogether. The Torah therefore has to write the word בכל, "with all" to tell us that the yardstick we must apply to the degree of love we develop for G'd is not one that corresponds to our individual greed for material possessions. It is not measured by how much we have amassed but by how much we would like to amass. Moreover, it must be equal to the greed displayed for material possessions by someone who is insatiable in that respect.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ושננתם AND THOU SHALT TEACH THEM DILIGENTLY — This word expresses the idea of being sharply impressed, the meaning being, that they should be impressed (familiar) in thy mouth, so that if a person asks you anything concerning them, you will not need to stammer (hesitate) about it, but tell him forthwith (Sifrei Devarim 34:1; Kiddushin 30a)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us to swear by His name when it is necessary to ratify something or to deny it. For there is aggrandizement, glory and exhalation through this. And that is His, may He be blessed, saying, "and by His name shall you swear" (Deuteronomy 10:20). And in the explanation, they said, "The Torah said, 'Swear,' and the Torah said, 'Do not swear' - meaning to say, just like it prohibits an oath for which there is no need, and it is a negative commandment; so too is there a commandment [to make] an oath when it is needed, and it is a positive commandment. And as a result, it is not permitted to swear by any of all the creatures, such as the angels or the stars, except by way of nullifying what is attached. This is like one who swears by the sun, but he means to say, the Master of the sun. And in this way, our nation swears by the name of our teacher, Moshe - how glorious is his name - as if the one swearing was swearing by the Master or by the One who sent him. But so long as the one who swears is not intending this, but is swearing by one of the creatures, to believe in it - that it has intrinsic truth, to the point that he swears by it - he has already transgressed and associated something else with the name of the Heavens. About this comes the explanation (Sukkah 45b), "Anyone who associates the name of the Heavens with something else is uprooted from the world." And this is matter that the verse, "and by His name shall you swear," intended - meaning that only about Him should you believe that there is truth by which it is appropriate to swear. And they already said at the beginning of Temurah (Temurah 3b), "From where [do we know] that we may swear to perform the commandments? As it is written, 'and by His name shall you swear.'" (See Parashat Ekev; Mishneh Torah, Oaths 11.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND THOU SHALT TEACH THEM DILIGENTLY UNTO THY CHILDREN etc. These clarified commandments have also been alluded to previously, for, since He enjoined in certain commandments, It shall be a perpetual statute throughout your generations;253Leviticus 3:17 — that ye shall eat neither fat nor blood. It is a sign between Me and the children of Israel forever;254Exodus 31:17. Reference is to the Sabbath. This is My covenant, which ye shall keep, between Me and you and thy seed after thee255Genesis 17:10. Reference is to circumcision. — we are thus [obviously] commanded [to see to it] that our children know the commandments, and how shall they know [the precepts] unless we teach them. Similarly, the commandment And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes256Verse 8. has already been stated257Exodus 13:9. and here he [further] explained and thou shalt bind them meaning that they be placed [upon the arm and head and secured tightly] through tying. It also alludes to the knot [in the strap] of the phylacteries that, according to the tradition received by our Rabbis, is a law declared to Moses on Sinai.258Menachoth 38 b. He added here the commandment of the Mezuzah259See Vol. II, p. 173, Note 437. — And thou shalt write them upon the door-posts of thy house, and upon thy gates260Verse 9. — which is not mentioned there. Perhaps this, too, is [merely] explained [here rather than being an entirely new commandment] since it has been suggested in the commandment, and it be a memorial between thine eyes, that the law of the Eternal may be in thy mouth.261Exodus 13:9. And since the Mezuzah is fastened to the upper third of the right-hand door-post, approximately at eye-level, it thus serves as a memorial of the law of G-d, for two portions of the Torah are written on its scroll of parchment. The meaning of the expression and upon thy gates260Verse 9. is “and upon the door-posts of the rest of your gates,” such as the gates of cities and countries, similar to within any of ‘thy gates’262Further, 17:2. [which means “any of ‘your cities’ “].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
Teach them through repetition and through sharp, intellectual evidence.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashbam on Deuteronomy
V'SHINANTAM. An expression of sharpening -- to explain them well, as in (Ps. 64:4), "They sharpened their tongues like swords."
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Saadia Gaon on Deuteronomy
ושננתם, you shall tell them at length.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ושננתם לבניך, “You are to teach them thoroughly to your children;” Nachmanides writes that this too is merely a spelling out of something that had been clearly implied ever since the first commandment was given to Avraham to circumcise himself and his male descendants, and the Torah added that this commandment would be valid throughout the ages (Genesis 17,10) as well as many commandments with the rider that they are לדורותיכם, valid, applicable throughout your generations. Unless the knowledge of these command-ments will to be taught to each new generation, how could such commandments be observed in later generations? Similarly, in the next verse we are told that some of these laws have to be embedded in the phylacteries or the doorposts of your houses (verse 9), although we have read this in Exodus 13,9 spelled out already. What is new here is only the manner in which the written record of these paragraphs is to be constructed, etc. There are further details, which were handed down to Moses verbally, such as the precise type of knot that is required to enable us to wear the phylacteries on the head, etc.
Moses here added the commandment of the mezuzah, something not mentioned in Exodus
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
ושננתם לבניך, “you will teach them diligently to your children.” The word שנון denotes something “sharp” like the blade of a sharp sword. The word occurs in connection with the tip of an arrow, i.e. חץ שנון, Proverbs 25,18. The idea behind this phraseology is that if your children will ask you about the meaning of these laws you should be able to answer them immediately, without stuttering.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
[The word שננתם] is an expression of sharpness, etc. This is the same term as in, “Sharp (שנונים) arrows of the mighty (Tehillim 120:4).” But it is not from the term משנה (teach), otherwise it should say ולמדתם (teach them) [as we find in the second paragraph of the Shema (Re”m)].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 7. שנן .ושננתם לבניך kommt sonst nicht als: lehren vor. Wir glauben jedoch, dass וכליותי אשתונן (Ps.73, 21) auch heißen dürfte: wenn mein Herz in Gärung gerät und ich mich dann durch meine Nieren belehren lasse. Sonst heißt שנן: schärfen. אם שנתי ברק חרבי (V. B. M. 32, 41), חציו שנונים (Jes.5, 28). Daher שן: Zahn. Es kommt aber schon als Charakteristik der Schärfe eines Wortes oder einer Rede vor. שננו כחרב לשונם (Ps.64, 4; ebenso 140, 4) und ein eindringliches Beispiel heißt: למשל לשנינה שנינה (Dewarim 28, 37 u. s) שנן ל־ heißt daher: etwas in kurzen, eindringlichen und sich leicht einprägenden Sätzen lehren. — דבר ב־ ,ודברת בם heißt nicht: etwas aussprechen, vielmehr bezeichnet ב־ bei דבר entweder die Person, an welche oder durch welche ein Wort gesprochen wird: אך במשה דבר ה׳ הלא גם בנו דבר (Bamidbar 12, 2) und sonst bei Propheten sehr häufig, oder den Gegenstand, auf welchen sich die Rede bezieht, von dem gesprochen wird: תשב באחיך תדבר (Ps. 50, 20) וידות יהונתן בדוד טוב (Sam. I. 19. 4), וישלח דוד וידבר באביגיל (daselbst 25, 39), נכבדות מדובר בך (Ps.87, 3), ביום שידבר בה (Hohel. 8, 8), ואדברה בעדתיך (Ps.119, 46). ודברת בם heißt daher nicht: und sprich sie aus, sondern: sprich über sie, erkläre sie, erläutere sie, und fassen wir beide Aufgaben zusammen: ושננתם ודברת בם, so ist für den Unterricht im Gesetze die Vorschrift gegeben: das Gesetz zuerst in kurzen, konzis gefassten Sätzen einzuprägen, und sie dann besprechend einzuprägen: תשב׳׳כ und תשב׳׳פ, und ebenso משנה und גמרא.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
לבניך [AND THOU SHALT TEACH THEM DILIGENTLY] UNTO THY CHILDREN — These are the disciples. Everywhere do we find that disciples are termed בנים, as it is said, (Deuteronomy 14:1) “Ye are children (בנים) of the Lord your God”; and it says, (2 Kings 2:3), “The sons of (בני) the prophets who were in Bethel”. So. too, do we find in the case of Hezekiah that he taught Torah to all Israel and termed them בנים, as it is said, (II Chronicles 29:11), “My sons (בני) be not now negligent". And even as disciples are termed בנים, “children", so the teacher is termed אב, "father", as it is said, (2 Kings 2:12) that Elisha referred to his teacher Elijah by the words, "My father, my father, the chariot of Israel, etc." (Sifrei Devarim 34:4).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
And you are to discuss them. For through this you will constantly remember them.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
[In this instance בניך] refers to the disciples, etc. If it actually means “sons,” then why is it necessary to say? For it is written previously (v. 2), “You and your son and your grandson,” but here it is written only, “your sons”! Rather, it must be referring to the disciples.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Damit dürfte sich denn auch der mnemotechnisch an den Gleichlaut von ושננתם mit ושניתם geknüpfte Satz erklären: מאי דבתיב ושננתם לבניך אל תקרי ושננתם אלא ושלשתם לעולם ישלש אדם שנותיו שליש במקרא שליש במשנה שליש בגמרא Kiduschin 30 a). Ursprünglich hatte das Gesetzesstudium zwei Teile, ושננתם: die konzis gefassten Sätze der תשב׳׳כ, und ודברת בם: die erläuternde Behandlung der תשב׳׳פ. Nachdem auch diese in den konzis gefassten Sätzen der Mischna niedergeschrieben worden, deren Erläuterung wiederum der mündlichen Lehre vorbehalten blieb, ist für uns das Gesetzesstudium dreiteilig geworden, und ist jetzt unsere Aufgabe, jedem dieser Teile, dem מקרא, der משנה und der גמרא den dritten Teil unserer für das Studium disponiblen Zeit zuzuwenden. Dort wird auch an den Ausdruck ושננתם die Forderung geknüpft, unsere Gesetzerkenntnis bis zur entschiedenen Klarheit durchdringen zu lassen, so dass die bei uns Belehrung Suchenden keinen im Zweifel schwankenden Aufschluss erhalten. ת׳׳ר ושננתם שיהו דברי תורה מחודדים בפיך שאם שאל לך אדם דבר אל תגמגם ותאמר לו אלא אמור לו מיד. Für unsere Überlieferung der Gesetzeslehre an unsere Kinder, für unser ושננתם לבניך dürfte daraus noch die Mahnung zu schöpfen sein, ihnen das Bewusstsein von ihrer Verpflichtung zu den göttlichen Gesetzen mit der ganzen Schärfe der ihnen zukommenden Entschiedenheit einzupflanzen, und dieselben durch keine, sogenannten Zeit- und Opportunitätsrücksichten Rechnung tragenden subjektiven Verklausulierungen abzuschwächen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ודברת בם AND THOU SHALT SPEAK OF THEM — i.e. that your principal topic of conversation should be only about them: make them the principal, and do not make them of secondary importance (Sifrei Devarim 34:6).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Your main discussions should be only about them, etc. Otherwise it should say ודברת אותם (speak them). Rather the word בם emphasizes to speak, “about them,” and not about other matters.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
עשה אותם עיקר ואל תעשם טפילה שלא יהא משאך ומתנך אלא בהם :ודברת בם שלא תערב בהם דברים אחרים שלא תאמר למדתי חכמת ישראל אלך ואלמוד חכמת (הכנענים )ספרי, sie, die Gesetzeslehre, soll den eigentlichen Gegenstand unserer geistigen Beschäftigung bilden, wir sollen sie weder nebensächlich, noch von dem Standpunkt einer anderen Wissenschaft und für dieselbe betreiben und ebenso wohl uns hüten, nichts auf dem Boden anderer Voraussetzungen erwachsenes Fremdartiges in das Gebiet unserer Wissenschaft hineinzutragen, sollen überhaupt die durch ihren göttlichen Ursprung von allen anderen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen spezifisch geschiedene höhere Dignität unserer Wissenschaft uns immer gegenwärtig halten und sie nicht, als bloß auf menschlicher Erkenntnisbasis beruhend, anderen menschlichen Wissenschaften nur paritätisch gleichstellen. Wir haben bereits zu Wajikra 18, 5 ausgeführt, wie in diesen Sätzen offenbar nicht ein völliges Ignorieren aller in anderen Kreisen gewonnenen und gepflegten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse gefordert werde, sie vielmehr eine Kenntnis derselben voraussetzen, uns aber den allein richtigen Standpunkt angeben, von dem aus eine Beschäftigung mit ihnen zum Heile gereichen können, und vor den Gefahren warnen, die ein Verkennen dieses Standpunktes unserem geistigen Erkenntnisleben bringen würde (siehe daselbst S. 368).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ובשכבך AND WHEN THOU LIEST DOWN — One might think that this means: even if one lies down (retires to bed) in the middle of the day, and that ובקומך AND WHEN THOU RISEST UP means: even if you rise up in the middle of the night! It, however, states בשבתך בביתך ובלכתך בדרך WHEN THOU SITTEST IN THY HOUSE AND WHEN THOU WALKEST BY THE WAY: The Torah is thus speaking of the usual way of living, and this therefore means, the usual time of lying down and the usual time of rising up (cf. Sifrei Devarim 36:9).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
It is therefore stated, “When you sit at home and when you journey”, etc. It seems to me that Rashi should be explained as follows: One should not say that, “When you go to sleep and when you rise,” should be taken literally — meaning even at midday or midnight. For it is written, “When you sit at home and when you journey on the road, and when you go to sleep and when you rise.” If so, a person should recite the Shema all day and all night. And if this is so, then it should say, “You are to discuss them day and night.” Rather, the Torah speaks of the usual way of life, etc. And then [it follows that], “When you go to sleep and when you rise,” is an explanation of, “When you sit at home and when you journey on the road.” The verse should be understood as: “When you sit at home, etc.” And [exactly] when? “At the time of sleeping and arising,” which is morning and evening. (Kitzur Mizrachi).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
׳בשבתך בביתך וגו. Die Erneuung des Gotteinheitbewusstseins (שמע) und der daraus hervorgehenden Einheit unserer Lebensaufgabe (ואהבת) die Unterstellung unseres Sinnens und Wollens unter diese Grundwahrheiten unserer Bestimmung, so wie unter deren von Gott in seinem Gesetze geoffenbarte Konsequenzen (והיו), und die dadurch unserer Kindererziehung und unserer eigenen Selbsterziehung in erster Linie gestellte Aufgabe des Unterrichts und der Selbstbeschäftigung mit diesen Grundwahrheiten und diesen Gesetzen (ושננתם ודברת בם), sollen wir überall und immer, zu Hause und auf Reisen betätigen, mit ihnen unsere Nachtruhe und unser Tagewerk beginnen. בשבתך בביתך ובשכבך ובקומך וכלכתך בדרך ובשכבך ובקומך dürfte nicht als Fortsetzung von בשבתך וגו׳ wir sollen mit שמע und דברי תורה uns niederlegen und aufstehen, wir mögen zu Hause oder auf Reisen sein.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Berachot 21 a differieren die Auffassungen, ob קריאת שמע, die Pflicht, das שמע abends und morgens zu lesen, דאוריתא oder דרבנן ist. Die rezipierte Halacha folgt der Annahme, dass קריאת שמע דאוריתא. Jedoch selbst nach dieser Auffassung ist der allgemeinsten Ansicht zufolge nur der erste Vers שמע ישראל usw. דאוריתא (daselbst 13 b). Nach ר׳ יונה zum רי׳׳ף würde, selbst wenn ק׳׳ש דרבנן, das בשכבך ובקומך immerhin strikte zu nehmen und von דברי תורה zu verstehen sein, wie אביי (daselbst 21 a) im Sinne der Ansicht, dass ק׳׳ש דרבנן, die Forderung ובשכבך ובקומך erläutert: ההוא בדברי תורה כתיב, und wäre selbst dann מדאוריתא die Pflicht, abends und morgens zur Zeit des Niederlegens und Aufstehens דברי תורה zu lesen, während, wenn ק׳׳ש דאוריתא, speziell das Lesen des שמע gefordert wäre (siehe ׳שאנת ארי 1 ).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Es will uns nun aber scheinen, als ob, selbst wenn der Halacha gemäss ק׳׳ש דאוריתא ist, gleichwohl mindestens ושננתם לבניך ודברת בם auch von דברי תורה im allgemeinen spricht. Ist doch darin, nach durchaus allgemeiner Auffassung, die Pflicht des Selbstunterrichts und des Unterrichts der Kinder enthalten (siehe Kiduschin 30 a; Raschi und ר׳׳ן zu Nedarim 8 a). Ja, Joma 19 b wird ודברת בם geradezu gleichzeitig von ק׳׳ש und דברי תורה verstanden. ת׳׳ר ודברת בם ,בם (פי׳ רש׳׳י יש לך להשמיע מה שאתה מוצא מפיך( ולא בתפלה )פי׳ רש׳׳י שהתפלה בלחש( ודברת בם, בם )פי׳ רש׳׳י בדברי .)שאר תולקו םידליה תחיש י׳׳שר ׳יפ( םירחא םירבדמ אלו רבדל תושר ךל שי )הרות Demgemäß dürfte sich unser Text also auffassen lassen: Er enthält ein zweifaches Gebot:
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
1) שמע ישראל וגו׳, d. i "höre, Israel," bringe dich zum Hören, sprichs zu deinen Ohren, oder mindestens zu deinem Verständnis, הקורא את שמע צריך שישמיע לאזנו שנאמר שמע ישראל וגו׳ הקורא את שמע ולא השמיע לאזנו יצא (Berachot 15 a u. b). Also: die Pflicht des שמע-Lesens, und zwar nur פסוק ראשון, so dass ׳ואהבת וגו nur die Konsequenz des in שמע zu beherzigenden Gotteinheitsbekenntnisses für die Einheit des Menschenseins und Wollens hinzufügt. ׳והיו הדברים האלה וגו setzt das קריאת שמע-Gebot erläuternd fort, und zwar bezieht sich dann הדברים האלה auf den Wortlaut des שמע-Satzes, von ihm wird gefordert, dass seine Worte während des שמע-Lesens על לבבך, mit Unterwerfung des inneren Sinnes unter ihren Inhalt beherzigt werden, והיו שלא יקרא למפרע הדברים האלה על לבבך עד כאן צריכה כונה und daher auch עד כאן בעמידה, auch wer auf der Wanderung das שמע liest, hat das eigentliche שמע, den ersten Vers (nach andern ראב׳׳ד ,עד על לבבך und בה׳ג im Gegensatz zu רי׳׳ף und רמב׳׳ם siehe ב׳׳ח 63 א׳׳ח) stehend zu lesen (Berachot 13 a u. b.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
2) ושננתם לבניך ודברת בם: die Pflicht des תורה-Lehrens und Lernens/i, und kann umsomehr das Objekt des hier gebotenen שנון und דבור über den bloßen Wortlaut des שמע-Satzes hinausgehend begriffen werden, da bereits durch ואהבת die unsere ganze Lebensaufgabe umspannende Konsequenz dieses Satzes angedeutet ist, deren Erkenntnis nur aus der Thora zu schöpfen ist. בשבתך בביתך ובלכתך בדרך ובשכבך ובקומך bezöge sich dann auf beide Pflichten, auf die Pflicht des קריאת שמע und des ל למוד דברי תורה, und spräche beide Pflichten als eine in jeder Beschäftigungslage, zu Hause und auf der Wanderung, im Anfang der Nacht- und der Tageszeit zu erfüllende Aufgabe aus. Demgemäß hätten wir in der Tat מן התורה die Aufgabe בשכבך ובקומך den שמע-Satz zu lesen und etwas מדברי תורה zu lernen. Und wenn nach Anordnung der Weisen wir nicht nur פסוק ראשון, sondern die ganze פרשה und auch noch פרשת והיה אם שמוע lesen, so erfüllen wir mit dem ersten Vers das ׳שמע וגו ׳והיו הדברים האלה וגו-Gebot des קבלת עול מלכות שמים, und mit dem übrigen Teil des קריאת שמע das Gebot ושננתם ודברת בם, dem allerdings מן התורה auch mit jedem anderen Gesetzesabschnitte zu genügen wäre.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
בשבתך בביתך ובלכתך בדרך (Berachot 11 a und Sucka 25 a) wird an diesen Bestimmungen der Satz gelehrt, dass העוסק במצוה פטור מן המצוה, d. h.: wer in Ausübung einer Mizwa begriffen ist, hat diese Mizwa nicht zu unterbrechen, um eine andere zu erfüllen, deren Erfüllungszeit eingetreten, wenn er nicht beide gleichzeitig erfüllen kann. Und ebenso הטרוד טרדא דמצוה פטור מן המצוה, nicht nur die wirkliche Ausübung einer Mizwa, sondern die durch eine bevorstehende Mizwaerfüllung hervorgerufene Gemütsunruhe und Gedankenstörung befreit von der Erfüllung einer solchen Mizwa, die wie ק׳׳ש, die ruhige Sammlung der Gedanken fordert, während bei טרדא דרשות, bei einer durch andere Veranlassung, selbst durch leidvolle Ereignisse hervorgerufenen Unruhe und Gedankenstörung, vielmehr eine selbstbeherrschende Überwindung derselben und Gewinnung gesammelter Gemütsstimmung zur Erfüllung der Mizwa Pflicht wäre. Die Mizwa ק׳׳ש liegt nämlich zur Erfüllung ob בשבתך בביתך פרט לעוסק במצוה, wenn wir unseren gewöhnlichen Beschäftigungen hingegeben, nicht aber, wenn wir in Erfüllung einer Mizwa tätig sind, und בלכתך בדרך פרט לטרוד טרדא דמצוה, wenn unsere Gedanken auf Erreichung eines gewöhnlichen Zieles begriffen, nicht aber, wenn sie durch Erreichung eines Mizwazieles befangen sind (siehe רשב׳׳א zu Sucka daselbst).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die Schammaitische Ansicht lehrte in dem ובשכבך ובקומך die Forderung, das Schma nachts in liegender Stellung, tags in stehender zu lesen. Die Hillelsche wies aber in dem ובלכתך בדרך die Lehre nach, dass כל אדם קורא כדרכו, dass das שמע in jeder anständigen Stellung, in welcher man sich befindet, gelesen werden könne, und wenn nun nach Berachot 11 a, obgleich nach der Hillelschen rezipierten Halacha jede Stellung für ק׳׳ש sich eignet, denjenigen, der der Schammaitischen Lehre folgend, zum Morgen-שמע aus sitzender Stellung aufsteht oder zum Nacht-שמע aus gehender oder stehender Stellung sich niederlegt, nicht nur schwerer Tadel trifft, sondern wie ר׳ יוסף sich ausdrückt: עשה כדברי ב׳׳ש לא עשה ולא כלום, er die שמע-Pflicht gar nicht erfüllt hat, (עי׳ פ׳׳מ א׳׳ח ס׳׳נ ב׳ הניח בצ׳׳ע דלא כתבו הפוסקים שצריך לחזור ולקרות): so dürfte das Motiv vielleicht darin liegen, dass die Hillelsche Lehre כל אדם קורא כדרכו nicht als eine einfache Erleichterung (קולא), sondern als eine wesentliche Charakteristik des ק׳׳ש zu begreifen wäre, das eben durch das כל אדם קורא כדרכו als der Gedankeninhalt gekennzeichnet ist, der uns in jeder Lage und jeder Lebensstellung erfüllen soll, während ein Negieren des Kanons כל אדם קורא כדרכו durch Aufstehen aus dem Sitzen am Tage oder Niedersetzen aus dem Stehen abends das ק׳׳ש als einen solchen Gedankeninhalt erscheinen ließe, zu dessen Beherzigung man aus seinen gewöhnlichen Beziehungen hinaustreten müsse. (Danach dürfte sich auch die von תוספות (daselbst) ד׳׳ה תני רב יחזקאל erhobene Schwierigkeit lösen lassen). Nur gehend soll der erste Vers, das eigentliche קבלת עול מ׳׳ש nicht gesprochen werden, der Sammlung zur כונה halber. Sonst lautet die Hillelsche ק׳׳ש-Lehre: עומדין וקורין יושבין וקודין ומטין וקורין הולכין בדרך וקורין עושין במלאכתן וקורין (daselbst).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
וקשרתם AND THOU SHALT BIND THEM [ … UPON THY HAND] — These are the Tephillin that are placed on the arm,
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Saadia Gaon on Deuteronomy
לטטפות, a highly visible symbol.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
וקשרתם לאות על ידך , “you shall tie them as a sign on your hand.” This refers to the phylactery worn on the arm and we have a tradition that in this instance the word “your hand” refers to the left hand as that word depicts the left hand as we know from Isaiah 48,13: אף ידי יסדה ארץ וימיני טפחה שמים, “also My hand founded the earth and My right hand spread out the skies.” Another verse in which the word יד clearly refers to the left hand is found in Judges 5,26: ידה ליתד תשלחנה וימינה להלמות עמלים, “her hand reached for the tent pin (Yael’s), her right hand for the workman's hammer.” Also in Exodus 13,16 the Torah speaks of ידכה “your hand,” with the weak ending, i.e. the letter ה at the end indicating that it refers to the weaker hand, i.e. the left hand.
Our sages in Menachot 37 cite a tradition according to which the place on the arm where the phylactery is to be fastened is above the elbow opposite the heart. Just as the phylactery of the head is to be placed on the highest part of the head, so the phylactery of the hand is to be fastened at the highest part of the arm, where the muscle bulges. If the Torah had intended the phylactery (the housing with the parchment) to be worn on the hand itself, i.e. on the back of the hand, this would not have been opposite the heart. Besides, that part of the body is not known as “hand,” but as קנה. Seeing that our tradition stipulates that the phylactery be fastened opposite the heart, the only logical spot is the upper arm. Job 31,22 speaks about אזרועי מקנה תשבר, “may my forearm break off at the elbow.” Our sages in Menachot 43 view the Jewish people as especially beloved of G’d seeing He made them wrap the phylacteries around their heads and arms respectively. They also point to the words: “you shall tie them as a sign” as the source for making a knot when tying the phylacteries. The very knot is a “sign”, i.e. this is the hint that all the detailed laws about the phylacteries have been given to Moses at Mount Sinai, i.e. they cannot be arrived at by the use of the exegetical tools at our disposal (Menachot 35).
Our sages in Menachot 37 cite a tradition according to which the place on the arm where the phylactery is to be fastened is above the elbow opposite the heart. Just as the phylactery of the head is to be placed on the highest part of the head, so the phylactery of the hand is to be fastened at the highest part of the arm, where the muscle bulges. If the Torah had intended the phylactery (the housing with the parchment) to be worn on the hand itself, i.e. on the back of the hand, this would not have been opposite the heart. Besides, that part of the body is not known as “hand,” but as קנה. Seeing that our tradition stipulates that the phylactery be fastened opposite the heart, the only logical spot is the upper arm. Job 31,22 speaks about אזרועי מקנה תשבר, “may my forearm break off at the elbow.” Our sages in Menachot 43 view the Jewish people as especially beloved of G’d seeing He made them wrap the phylacteries around their heads and arms respectively. They also point to the words: “you shall tie them as a sign” as the source for making a knot when tying the phylacteries. The very knot is a “sign”, i.e. this is the hint that all the detailed laws about the phylacteries have been given to Moses at Mount Sinai, i.e. they cannot be arrived at by the use of the exegetical tools at our disposal (Menachot 35).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
It is due to the number of Scriptural sections [contained in them] that they are called totafos, etc. I.e., it is as if the word, “two,” is written twice. The word טט means “two.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 8. וקשרתם וגו׳. Die Gotteshuldigung des einen Einzigen, die Hingebung unseres ganzen Seins und Wollens an diesen Einzigen mit ganzem Herzen, ganzer Seele und allem Vermögen, welche den täglich von uns zu beherzigenden Gesamtinhalt unserer Lebensaufgabe, unserer Selbstbelehrung und Kindererziehung bilden sollen, sie sollen wir als "bindendes Pflichtsymbol" an unsere Hand knüpfen und als "blickrichtendes Symbol" an unserem Vorderhaupt tragen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
וקשרתם לאות על ידך, “you are to bind them (these words) on your hand;” in a single wrapping and a single knot. On the other hand, the phylacteries to be worn on your head, will have the shape of טוטפות, “frontlets worn between your eyes on your forehead,” i.e. four separate sections, as explained by Rashi.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
לטטפות בין עיניך AND THEY SHALL BE FOR FRONTLETS BETWEEN THINE EYES — these are the Tephillin that are placed upon the head. It is in reference to the number of the Scriptural sections contained in them that they are termed טטפת, for טט denotes "two" in Katpi and פת in Afriki denotes "two" (Sanhedrin 4b; cf. Rashi on Exodus 13:16).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
והיו לטוטפות בין עיניך, “they shall be as ornaments between your eyes.” The words “between your eyes,” are not to be taken literally but mean that they are to be placed on the forehead opposite the seat of the brain, seeing that it is the seat of our intelligence.
Our sages in Menachot 37 explain the wording “between your eyes” to mean that the phylacteries are to be placed on a spot, where the Gentiles tear out the hair as a sign of mourning their dead. (compare Deut. 14,1) We also learn from Menachot 36 that the reason why the Torah wrote לטוטפות, ornaments (plural), is that the plural form means that one must put on the phylacteries of the hand first so that when one puts on the phylacteries of the head there will be two (טוטפות) such ornaments.
Our sages in Menachot 37 explain the wording “between your eyes” to mean that the phylacteries are to be placed on a spot, where the Gentiles tear out the hair as a sign of mourning their dead. (compare Deut. 14,1) We also learn from Menachot 36 that the reason why the Torah wrote לטוטפות, ornaments (plural), is that the plural form means that one must put on the phylacteries of the hand first so that when one puts on the phylacteries of the head there will be two (טוטפות) such ornaments.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
For טט in Coptic language means two. In the Coptic language when they wish to say, “two,” they say טט.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wie hier, so heißt es auch Kap. 11, 18: וקשרתם אותם לאות על ידכם והיו לטוטפת בין עיניכם, ebenso wie bereits Schmot 13, 9: והיה לך לאות על ידך ולזכרון ׳בין עיניך וגו׳ כי ביד חזקה וגו und daselbst 16: והיה לאות על ידכה ולטוטפת בין ׳עיניך כי בחזק יד וגו, und lehrt die Halacha dem entsprechend das Gebot, diese vier Abschnitte: קדש (Schmot 13, 1 — 10). והיה כי יביאך (daselbst 11 — 16), שמע Dewarim 6. 4 — 6). והיה אם שמע (daselbst 11. 13 — 21) als Weihesymbol um den Oberarm und als Erinnerungssymbol um das Vorderhaupt zu binden. Entsprechend dem Singularausdruck אות für das Handsymbol und dem Pluralausdruck טוטפות für das Kopfsymbol, das aber andererseits auch wieder die Singularbestimmung: לזכרון hat, lehrt die Halacha (Menachot 34 b), dass für תפלין של יד die vier פרשיות auf einen Pergamentstreifen geschrieben in ein Gehäuse, בית, für תפלין של ראש jedoch die vier פרשיות auf vier Pergamentstreifen geschrieben in ein vierfächeriges Gehäuse gelegt werden. Zu der durch הלכה למשה מסיני gegebenen Herstellung des תפלין-Symbols gehört wesentlich: בית, das Gehäuse, und zwar, wie bemerkt, für die Hand einfächerig und für den Kopf vierfächerig; חריצן ניכר, die Scheidung in vier Fächer muss bei den Kopftefillin von außen sichtbar sein; תיתורא, die Gehäuse ruhen auf einer Basis, die in מעברתא, in eine Öse endet zum Durchziehen der ledernen Bänder. שין: in den Gehäusewänden der Kopftefillin ist durch Zusammenzwängen der Häute ein שין gebildet, und zwar in der קדש-Wand herkömmlich ein vierköpfiges. מרובעות: die Gehäuse sollen die Ouadratform haben. נשחורות die Außenseite der ledernen Bänder, רצועות, soll geschwärzt sein. קשר: die beiden Enden der Kopf-רצועות werden am Hinterhaupt in einen ד-förmigen Knoten geschürzt, und befindet sich an den Hand-רצועות ein י-förmiger Knoten (Menachot 35 a u. b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
על ידך, “on your hand;” all over your hand and arm. Your left hand is referred to as יד, when no adjective is added.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
And פת in the African language means two. In the African language when they wish to say, “two,” they say פת. This is [a total of] four. In other words, four Scriptural sections are contained in each of the tefillin. See Tosefos in Sanhedrin (4b) for further elaboration.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Angelegt werden die Handtefillin an den inneren Beugemuskel des linken Oberarms, וקשרתם וכתבתם מה כתיבה בימין אף קשירה בימין, er hat das Binden seines Arms mit dem Tefillinsymbol mit derjenigen Hand zu vollziehen, mit welcher er seine geistigste Handarbeit, das Schreiben, vollbringt (Menachot 37 a). Ist doch in Wahrheit das Binden der Tefillin auf den Arm ein "Schreiben" der Gottesworte auf den Arm, ganz so wie das Befestigen der Mesusa an den Türpfosten geradezu ein "Schreiben" der Gottesworte an den Pfosten heißt: ׳וכתבתם על מזוזת וגו. Die mit den Tefillin zu bindende Hand heißt auch die schwache Hand,ירכה יד כהה (siehe zu Schmot 13, 16). Wie die Kopftefillin nicht "zwischen die Augen", sondern (siehe unten) בגובה שבראש hoch an das Vorderhaupt, den Sitz des die Augen aus der Höhe leitenden und die Eindrücke von ihnen sammelnden Gedankens gebunden werden, so auch die Handtefillin nicht "an die Hand", sondern an den das ganze Handorgan beherrschenden oberen Armmuskel, בגובה שביד wo sie auch dem Text gemäss: ולא לאחרים לאות ,והיה לך לאות in der Regel nur dem sie Tragenden, und nicht, wie die Kopftefillin, andern zum Bewusstsein kommen, wo endlich sie auch, der anderen Textesstelle gemäss, ושמתם את דברי אלה על לבבכם וקשרתם (Kap. 11, 18), שתהא שימה כנגד הלב, ihre Stelle an dem Herzen finden. Die Kopftefillin haben ihre Stelle perpendikulär über dem Zwischenraum der beiden Augen am Vorderhaupte, da wo der Haarwuchs beginnt, von da an aufwärts — und zwar soll der untere Rand der Basis, תיתורא, nicht tiefer hinabreichen — bis zu der Stelle einschließlich, wo מקום שמוחו של תינוק רופס, wo der Kinderschädel noch weich ist, der Fontanelle. Ebenso wie das בין עיניך in לא תשימו קרחה בין עיניכם למת (Kap. 14, 1) eine behaarte Vorderhauptstelle bezeichnet (Menachot 37 a u. b). — בשהוא מניח מניח של יד ואח׳׳כ מניח של ראש וכשהוא חולץ חולץ של ראש ואח"כ חולץ של יד, es werden zuerst die Handtefillin und sodann die Kopftefillin angelegt, beim Ablegen gehen aber die Kopftefillin voran, es heißt: וקשרתם לאות על ידך, und dann: והיו לטוטפת בין עיניך und es heißt: כל זמן שבין עיניך יהיו שנים :והיו לטוטפת, wenn man beide תפלין hat, sollen die Kopftefillin nicht בין עיניך sein, ohne dass zugleich die Handtefillin sich על ידך befinden (Menachot 36 a). Ist man aber am Anlegen der Handtefillin verhindert, so legt man die Kopftefillin allein; denn Kopf- und Handtefillin sind an sich zwei Mizwot, die sich gegenseitig nicht bedingen, תפלה של יד אינה מעכבת של ראש ושל ראש אינה. מעכבת של יד.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Dass das ganze Tefillingebot symbolischen Charakter trägt und ein Eingehen seiner Bedeutung und seines Inhalts in unser geistiges und sittliches Innere erwartet, das sagt unzweideutig der Begriff אות und זכרון, mit welchem es bezeichnet wird, sowie die Bestimmung, dass zur ganzen Darstellung der Tefillin, zu dem Pergament der Schrift, zu den Gehäusen, bis zu den Haaren, womit sie umwickelt, und, den Sehnen, womit sie genäht werden, sowie zu den רצועות, nur Stoffe von בהמה טהורה zur Verwendung kommen, womit sie unter den Begriff aller für unsere geistige Auffassung von Gott geordneten Darstellungen treten, für welche der Kanon gilt: לא הוכשרו למלאכת שמים אלא עור בהמה טהורה בלבד, ein Kanon, der sich ja genau an die für תפלין ausgesprochene Bestimmung knüpft:ַלמען תהיה תורת ה׳ בפיך מן המותר בפי (Schmot 18. 9 — siehe daselbst — und Schabbat 28 b). Werden doch (Menachot 6 b) Tefillin dem ציץ, dem Schauband des Hohenpriesters an Bedeutsamkeit für das denkende Bewusstsein gleichgestellt, ja übergeordnet, also dass auch für Tefillin der Ausspruch gelte: והיה שלא תסית דעתו ממנו על מצחו תמיד, dass unser stetes Bewusstsein auf sie gerichtet sein solle. Darauf weist nach תוספות (Menachot 34 b) auch schon der Name טוטפת hin. Wie בכל offenbar von כלל, so wäre טטף von טוף mit verdoppeltem ersten Radikale. טוף heißt aber chaldäisch: schauen, und der übliche Namen תפלין von פלל, urteilen, bezeichnete als Bestimmung der Tefillin: uns das richtige Selbsturteil zu gewähren.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die Bedeutung der Tefillin haben wir ausführlich bereits in den "Grundlinien einer jüdischen Symbolik" Jeschurun, V. Jahrg. S. 456 ff. betrachtet und verweisen dortin. Hier bemerken wir nur:
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die vier קדש והיה כי יביאך ,פרשיות und שמע והיה אם שמע bilden zwei sich gegenseitig ergänzende Gedankengruppen (nach ר׳ עקיבא — Menachot 33 b — wäre טוטפת selbst schon der ausländische Name eines zweipaarigen Gehäuses, טט בכתפי שתים פת באפריקי שתים (vergleiche זגדוס במשנה בכורות מ׳ג ב׳ לפי גירסת הערוך ופירושו), so werden (— Menachot 34 b —) קדש והיה כי יביאך die Gruppe מימין, rechts, שמע והיה אם שמע die Gruppe links משמאל geordnet, und diese Gruppierung bleibt dieselbe, sowohl nach ר׳׳ת, der die beiden הויות aufeinander folgen lässt, קדש, והיה כי יביאך, וחיה אם שמע, שמע als nach der üblichen רש׳׳י-Ordnung: קדש ,והיה כי יביאך, שמע והיה אם שמע.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
קדש und והיה כי יביאך vergegenwärtigen die יציאת מצרים-Tatsache mit ihrer Konsequenz für unsere ausschließliche Hörigkeit an Gott, als den Lenker der Geschicke, und zwar nach den beiden im Erlösungsmomente sich kundtuenden Seiten seiner Waltung: rettend in קדש, richtend in שמע .והיה כי יביאך und והיה אם שמע die מתן תורה-Tatsache mit ihrer Konsequenz für unsere Lebensaufgabe, שמע: die Gotteshuldigung durch ein der Erkenntnis und Erfüllung seiner Gebote durch und durch geweihtes Einzeln- und Familienleben; והיה אם שמע: die Abhängigkeit unseres Wohles und Wehes von der Erfüllung und Nichterfüllung dieser Lebensaufgabe. Offenbar verhält sich קדש zu שמע wie והיה כי יביאך zu והיה אם שמע. Die in קדש gegründete Hörigkeit an Gott erhält in שמע die Deutung für unsere Betätigung im Leben, und die in והיה כי יביאך sich aussprechende richtende Gotteswaltung ihre Bedeutung für unsere eigene Zukunft: der Gott, der Pharaos Ungehorsam nicht geduldet, schweigt auch nicht zu unserem eigenen Abfall. Mit יציאת מצרים und מתן תורה ist aber die Grundlegung unserer ganzen Lebensbestimmung erschöpft.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Dieser aus יציאת מצרים und תורה uns erwachsenen Bestimmung soll ein jeder von uns ein "Haus", בית, eine Stätte der Verwirklichung, und zwar מרובע (siehe Jeschurun): in einem sittlich freien Menschenwirken schaffen. Und dieses "Haus", das wir in unserem Wirken der תורה schaffen, soll תיתורא, soll seine "Basis" auf Erden haben; nicht im Gegensatz zum Irdischen, auf der Erde und an der Erde und mit allem Irdischen erwartet sie ihre Verwirklichung. Und diese Basis hat ihre מעברתא: sie will wesentlich von uns, vom "i>Menschen getragen" werden. Es ist kein äußeres, von unserer Persönlichkeit getrenntes, äußerlich Dahingestelltes; an uns selbst und in uns selbst will es zur Wahrheit werden, unser eigenes persönliches Selbst zu einem priesterlich geweihten Gottesheiligtum gestalten. Wie die Bundeslade ihre כדים der Gesamtheit, so reichen die תפלין, diese verjüngte Bundeslade, jedem einzelnen ewig ihre מעברתא hin und sprechen zu ihm: verbinde dich mit mir und trage mich ewig durchs Leben!
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Das "Haus" der Handtefillin ist ein einfaches, es nimmt in einen Raum auf einer Pergamentrolle die vier Abschnitte der Grundlegung und Erfüllung unserer Lebensbestimmung auf. Das "Haus" der Kopftefillin ist ein viergehäusiges, einem jeden dieser Abschnitte eine besondere Abteilung zur Aufnahme einräumend. Was sich als "Beweggrund unserer Handlungen" zu einem "einheitlichen" Motive gestaltet, das ist für den "erwägenden und festhaltenden" Gedanken in seinen einzelnen Gedankenmomenten "nacheinander und neben einander" zu würdigen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wie wir an der Mesusa unserer konkreten Häuser mit dem Namen שדי, mit dem Namen Gottes, des allein Genügenden, allem Mass und Ziel Setzenden, gegrüßt werden, so zeigen die Seitenwände der symbolischen Häuser der Kopftefillin den Buchstaben "ש", das prädizierende (אשר) Zeichen, und weisen auf Gott hin, dem die Fülle der Prädikate in unbegrenzter Unendlichkeit zukommt, der in Wahrheit das einzige wirkliche "Subjekt" aller Prädikate ist, und lassen Ihn uns, nicht als die tatenlose, transzendente "Substanz" einer metaphysischen Spekulation, sondern als die Urpersönlichkeit in der ganzen Fülle ihres Schaffens und Waltens denken.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Und wenn sich zu einem dieser "ש" noch ein "י" auf einer und derselben Basis fügt und das "ש" zu einem vierköpfigen שין gestaltet, so dürfte damit zu dem "ש", dem Zeichen der Kraft- und Macht- und Tatenfülle "י" das Grundzeichen alles Seins (היה) sich gesellen, und beides zusammen, das intensivste Sein und die extensivste Kraft zu יש, zu dem "Wirklichen" par excellence, und zu שי, zum Huldigungsausdruck des absolut Höchsten verbinden. Ihm, anderen ein Gegenstand der Furcht, tragen wir in תפלין den שי-Ausdruck der Huldigung entgegen und fühlen uns "Sein" von Seinem Sein, "Kraft" von Seiner Kraft — כל סביביו יובילו שי למורא — (Ps. 76, 12).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die für unser ganzes Sein und Wollen grundlegenden Tefillinwahrheiten knüpfen wir an unser Haupt und unsere Hand, und bringen damit unseren "denkenden Geist" und unsere "vollbringende Kraft" in das Band ihrer Verpflichtungen, und zwar an das Vorderhaupt auf den Sitz unseres "Denkens", und schürzen, die יציאת מצרים- und תורה-Gruppe von links und rechts "vereinigend", zum bewahrenden (קשר) "Knoten" auf den Sitz des "Gedächtnisses" am Hinterhaupt, wovon hinabwallend, rechts unsere sinnliche Leiblichkeit, und links unser höheres sittliches Wollen, somit unser ganzes leiblich geistiges Wesen als in das Weiheband des denkenden Hauptes mitbegriffen bezeichnet wird.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Was aber, im Geiste erfasst und bewahrt, unserem ganzen Menschenwesen das Gepräge der Gottesweihe aufdrücken soll, soll vom Herzen ausgehend und am Herzen ruhend die Vollkraft unserer vollbringenden Tat in den Lebensdienst der göttlichen Wahrheiten und des göttlichen Willens binden, wie dies durch die Handtefillin am Oberarm zum Ausdruck kommt.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Die Tefillinwahrheiten am Haupte sind die jüdischen Wahrheiten, zu denen sich offen der jüdische Mann bekennt, und die in der Welt zu vertreten und durch die Welt zu tragen, seinen weltgeschichtlichen Beruf bildet; von ihnen heißt es Kap. 28, 10: וראו כל עמי הארץ כי שם ה׳ נקרא עליך ויראו ממך, es sehen alle Völker der Erde, dass der Name "Gott" auf dir genannt ist und fürchten sich vor dir. ר׳ אליעזר הגדול אומר אלו תפלין שבראש (Menachot 35 b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Aber als leitender Beweggrund unserer Handlungen sind sie nur unserem Bewusstsein kund. Der jüdische Mann spricht nicht und prahlt nicht von seinen Grundsätzen; er lässt seine Taten sprechen, aber sein "Prinzip" der lebenswarme Ouell, aus dem sie entspringen, ist sein stilles Heiligtum, das er schweigend birgt. Die Tefillin der Hand trägt er an bedeckter Stelle, von ihnen heißt es (Schmot 13, 9): והיה לך לאות על ידך לך לאות ולא לאחרים לאות dir, aber nicht andern zum Zeichen (Menachot 37 b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Es werden aber die Handtefillin zuerst und dann die Kopftefillin angelegt, und es werden auch die Handtefillin zuletzt abgelegt, כל זמן שבין עיניך יהיו שנים so lange Handtefillin möglich sind, sollen nie Tefillin an unserem Haupte ohne Tefillin an unserer Hand erscheinen. Wie sofort das erste Hochgefühl unseres Berufes in dem welthistorischen נעשה ונשמע-Gelöbnis aussprach, wie die jüdische Weisheit spricht: כל שיראת חטאו קודמת לחכמתו חכמתו מתקימת וכל שחכמתו קודמת ליראת חטאו אין חכמתו מתקימת und כל שמעשיו מרובין מחהכמתו הכמתו מתקימת וכל שחכמתו מרובה ממעשיו אין חכמתו מתקימת, dass nur, wo die Gottesfurcht der Wissenschaft vorangeht und das Leben reicher an Taten, als an Wissen ist, da allein die Wissenschaft den rechten Halt hat: so spricht dies alles die Beachtung dieser Tefillinvorschrift dem jüdischen Manne aus und lässt ihn zuerst sein Tatenleben in den Dienst des göttlichen Willens stellen und von diesem Vorsatz aus und für dessen Lösung die Wege der Forschung und der Erkenntnis betreten. —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Wenn aber der Gedächtnisknoten der Kopftefillin in ד"-Form geschürzt ist, und an den Handtefillin sich ein "י"-gestaltiger Knoten findet und beide zusammen das "ש" der Kopftefillin zu dem Namen שדי ergänzen, so stellen Kopf- und Handtefillin, stellt die jüdische Geistes- und Tatenweihe zusammen den ganzen Menschen in den Dienst des, der zum Vater der jüdischen Menschheit als zum Vater der ganzen Menschheit, der zum "Abraham" gesprochen: אני אל שדי התהלך לפני והיה תמים (Bereschit 17. 1 — siehe daselbst) und damit den Wandel vor dem allein Genügenden und allem Genügenden und allem Genüge und Mass Setzenden als Aufgabe der Söhne Abrahams gesetzt. —
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
(Im übrigen siehe Jeschurun a. a. O. und חורב Kapitel 38.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
מזזות ביתך THE DOORPOSTS OF THY HOUSE — The word is written מזזת, to indicate that it is necessary to fix only one מזוזה to a door (cf. Menachot 34a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Saadia Gaon on Deuteronomy
מזזות ביתיך ובשעריך, mezzuzot both inside your houses and your gates (courtyards.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Only one is necessary. Meaning that one doorway [with two doorposts] does not require two mezuzos. Rather, each entrance in the house needs [only] one. This [explanation of Rashi] disagrees with the opinion that says [even] a doorway that has only a doorpost on one side requires a mezuzah. (Menachos 34a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 9. וכתבתם על מזוזות. Endlich soll das, was die Grundlage all deines Denkens und Tuns bilden soll, dem du dein ganzes Wesen hingeben und für dessen Lösung dein ganzes Leben einsetzen sollst, dessen Erkenntnis du zu erstreben und deinen Kindern zu vererben hast, was dich früh und spät beschäftigen und auf all deinen Wegen dich begleiten soll, was geradezu deinem Denken und Tun das Gepräge verleihen soll: das soll die Inschrift an den Eingangspfosten deiner Häuser und deiner Tore bilden und so die Räume deines häuslichen und öffentlichen Lebens zu Stätten seiner Verwirklichung weihen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
וכתבתם על מזוזות ביתך ובשעריך, “you shall inscribe them on the doorposts of your house and of your gates.” This is so that you will remember the fact that the Lord your G-d is One and unique, both when you enter your house and when you leave it. Rabbi Yitzchok, in commenting on the words: “you shall affix it (some of the blood of the Passover lamb) to the two upright posts and the lintel of your house,” (Exodus 12,7) comments that from here we learn that every time the Torah uses the term מזוזות, it refers to either one of the side posts, except when the word is spelled with a second letter ו. (Talmud tractate Menachot folio 33) He views the two sideposts of the door as a simile for a human being’s two shoulders. The mezuzzah, i.e. the parchment scroll containing the text of the commandment, is to be affixed at the lower end of the upper third of that post, at shoulder height of a person of average height. It is affixed at an angle the upper part of it pointing toward the outside of the house.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ובשעריך AND UPON THY GATES — the plural is used to include also the gates of courts and the gates of provinces and the gates of cities [in the requirement of mezuzah] (Yoma 11a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Dass das Mesusagebot dem Kompendium für die ins Land Eintretenden vorbehalten blieb, dürfte sich von selbst aus dem Umstande erklären, dass "Haus und Tore", Haus und Hof, ihnen ja erst mit dem Besitze des Landes zuteil wurde. Die Wanderzelte der Wüste dürften wohl als דירת עראי schwerlich חייב במזוזה gewesen sein (Joma 10 a u. b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
על מזוזות ביתך. The word ביתך, can also be a reminder of ביאתך, “where you enter.” It will be on the right side of the person entering the house, so that it matches the right foot with which one enters one’s house first. (Compare folio 34, of the tractate Menachot quoted before.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
ובשעריך, “and on your gates.” This includes the entrances to the city itself, and even to the country. Our sages in Yuma 11 said that (not only gates of private residences) gates to cities and countries are subject to the commandment that they must have a mezuzah affixed to them. The sages base this on the word ובשעריך in our verse. However, this rule applies only if within these gates there is at least one private residence. The word ביתך in our verse means a house set aside as a residence. Had the Torah only written the word ביתך I would have thought that only residential houses are subject to this commandment. Hence the Torah added the word ובשעריך to ensure I do not misunderstand. There has to be a common denominator between the word “your house” and the word “your gates.” The gates have to lead to a house, a residence.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
וכתבתם. Wir haben bereits zu Wajikra 23, 40, S. 530, bemerkt, wie in der engen Verbindung einer gesetzlichen Aufgabe mit dem Personalausdruck der nationalen Gesamtheit, ולמדתֶם ,ולקחתֶם usw. oder, wie hier, der verpflichteten Person mit dem die Verpflichtung bildenden Objekt, וכתבתָם ,וקשרתָם die Erwartung ihre Andeutung findet, dass die Aufgabe in einer so vollkommenen Weise ausgeführt werde, dass in der Art der Ausführung die allvermögende Kraft der Gesamtheit oder die volle Hingebung des Individuums an das Objekt der Pflicht sich ausspreche, dass somit diese Ausführung תמה, eine vollkommene, eine vollendete sei, קשירה תמה ,למוד תם ,לקיחה תמה, hier also auch: וכתבתם שתהא כתיבה תם כתיבה תמה (Schabbat 103 b). Zu dem die Ausführung aller Mizwoth umfassenden Kanon: זה אלי ואנוהו התנאה לפניו במצות, alle Mizwoth in einer möglichst schönen, ansprechenden, die Gesinnung des Ausübenden ehrenden Weise auszuführen, עשה לפניו סוכה נאה ולולב נאה ושופר נאה ציצת נאה ספר תורה נאה וכתוב בו לשמו בדיו נאה בקולמוס נאה בלבלר אומן וכורכו בשיראין נאין (Schabbat 133 b; siehe Menachot 32 b תוספ׳ ד׳׳ה הא) kommt für das Schreiben von ספרי תורה, תפלין und סת׳׳ם( מזוזות) noch die gesetzliche Forderung: תם, dass die Schrift "vollkommen" sei. Es darf nicht nur kein Buchstabe fehlen: es darf auch kein wesentlicher Strich an einem Buchstaben, kein קוצה של יוד fehlen. שתי פרשיות שבמזוזה ארבע פרשיות שבתפלין מעכבות זו את זו ואפילו כתב א׳ מעכבן. Jeder Buchstabe muss in der für ihn überlieferten Form deutlich, von jedem ähnlichen unterscheidbar, hervortreten, ׳שלא יכתוב ביתין כפין כפין ביתין וכו׳ דלתין רישין רישין דלתין וכו usw. und jeder gesondert stehen, מוקף גויל sein (Menachot 29 a und Schabbat 103 b), und sollen die Buchstaben ש׳׳ע׳׳ט׳׳נ׳׳ז ג׳׳ץ mit den überlieferten aus drei זיינין gebildeten "Kronen", תגין, versehen werden (Menachot 29 b). Es muss auch der ganze Buchstabenkörper nur durch "Schrift", nicht etwa durch Wegradierung seiner Umgebung hergestellt sein, nicht חק וכתב ולא חקק ,תוכות (Gittin 20 a), und müssen auch die überlieferten Abschnittsabsätze in ihrer bestimmten, offenen oder geschlossenen פתוחה- oder סתומה-Form an bestimmter Stelle beachtet sein (Schabbat 103 b). Ebenso sind ganz bestimmte Normen überliefert hinsichtlich der Kolumnenzahl: רפין, der Länge der Zeilen: שיטות, des oben und unten zu lassenden Marginalrandes: גליון, des zwischen den Kolumnen, den Zeilen, den Wörtern und den Buchstaben zu lassenden Zwischenraums (Menachoth 30 a), sowie hinsichtlich des Liniierens שרטוט (daselbst 32 b) etc. Für Tefillin und Mesusoth tritt auch noch die besondere Forderung ein, dass sie כסדרן geschrieben sein müssen, dass sie nur in der, in der תורה vorliegenden Reihenfolge geschrieben sein müssen, kein späterer Buchstabe früher als ein vorangehender, und ebenso keine in der תורה später folgende פרשה früher als die vorangehende, weshalb in Tefillin und Mesusot eine Auslassung oder ein Buchstabenirrtum nicht mehr verbessert werden kann, sobald bereits weiter geschrieben ist und dieses Weitergeschriebene wegen darin vorkommender nicht radierbarer Gottesnamen (siehe zu Kap. 12. 4) nicht wegradiert werden kann. (Mechilta בא, am Ende כותבן כסדרן ואם לא כתבן כסדרן הרי אלו יגנזו. Es wird diese Forderung in dem והיו הדברים האלה כהוייתן יהו implizite gefunden, dass ebenso wie die קריאה למפרע, so auch die כתיבה ערפמל unstatthaft seien. Siehe O. Ch. 32, 33). Es darf auch kein Buchstabe תורה aus dem Kopfe, vielmehr nur nach einem vorliegenden Exemplar geschrieben werden, אסור לכתוב אות אחת שלא מן הכתב, und nur Tefillin und Mesusoth, deren Text als dem Gedächtnis vollständig gegenwärtig vorausgesetzt werden kann, dürfen aus dem Gedächtnis geschrieben werden (Megilla 18 b), gleichwohl soll der Schreiber sich selbst ein jedes Wort vor dem Niederschreiben vorsprechen (O. Ch. 32, 31). Es darf nur mit der rechten Hand geschrieben werden, וקשרתם וכתבתם מה כתיבה בימין אף קשירה בימין (Menachot 37 a). תפלין ,ס׳׳ת und מזוזות sind auch nur כשר, wenn sie לשמה, d. h. wenn sie mit Bewusstsein und Absicht ausdrücklich zu ihrer Bestimmung, und außerdem ein jeder Gottesname speziell לשם קדושת השם geschrieben sind, eine Absicht, die jeder Schreibende vor Beginn des Schreibens aussprechen soll (Gittin 54 b). Die erwähnte Zusammenstellung וקשרתם וכתבתם lehrt auch, dass nur ein zum Tefillingebote verpflichteter und sich zu dieser Pflicht bekennender Jude zum Schreiben der Tefillin und so auch der מזוזות und ס׳׳ת tauglich ist, ׳כל שישנו בקשירה ישנו בכתיבה וכו (Gittin 45 b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ובשעריך, “and upon your gates.” This word is used as an alternate expression for “your house.” Just as your house is a status symbol, so the entrance to any part of your residence that is a status symbol requires to have a mezzuzah. This excludes the toilets, the bathroom, and other places which instead of being status symbols, are reminders of what we have in common with the lower forms of life, the animals. [When Moses was commanded to meet Pharaoh at the edge of the Nile, where he would excrete, unseen, as he made believe that being a deity he never had to excrete, G-d wanted to remind him that He was aware of this sham. (Exodus 7,15. Ed.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Auch hinsichtlich des Stoffes sind die Bestimmungen durch Überlieferung normiert. Dass ס׳׳ת׳׳מ nur auf Pergament aus עור בהמה טהורה zu schreiben sind, ist bereits oben bemerkt. Unverarbeitet heißt die Haut des Tieres עור, zu Pergament verarbeitet: דוכסוסטוס ,קלף und גויל. Nach allgemeinster Auffassung ist קלף die obere Hälfte einer gespaltenen Haut, דוכסוסטוס die untere Hälfte, גויל die ungekeilte Haut, und zwar ist die Regel: קלף במקום בשר דוכסוסטוס במקום שער (Menachot 32 a und Schahbat 79 b), auf קלף wird auf die untere, dem Fleische zugewandte Seite geschrieben, דוכסוסטוס auf die obere den Haaren zugewandte Seite, גויל auf die Haarseite. Das bei uns übliche Pergament hat den Charakter von קלף, da die untere דוכסוסטוס-Hälfte bei der Verarbeitung abgeschabt ist. Es wird daher במקום בשר geschrieben. — Geschrieben wird nur mit schwarzer Tinte: דיו (Schabbat 103 b). Auch die Pergamentbereitung muss von vornherein לשמה geschehen sein, עבוד לשמה (Gittin 54 b).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Das Motiv der durch den Begriff כתיבה תמה geforderten Korrektheit und Bewahrung der überlieferten und nationalsanktionierten Buchstabenformen ist an sich klar. Wir, bemerken nur, dass Menachot 29 b bedeutsame Wahrheiten in die überlieferte Form der Buchstaben niedergelegt erscheinen, wie ja denn auch Israels Propheten in der Endbuchstabenform מנצפך, wie bereits zu Bereschit 12, 2 bemerkt, die höchsten Geschichtswahrheiten der jüdischen Geschicke ihrem Volke überliefert haben. Und wenn (eben daselbst) Buchstaben des göttlichen Gesetzes mit "Waffen"-"Kronen" zu schmücken sind, so ist ja der Buchstabe des göttlichen Gesetzes von vornherein auf Kampf gerüstet und ist der einzige wirkliche zuletzt aus allen Kämpfen sieggekrönt hervorgehende Streiter auf Erden. Dass aber diese "den Buchstaben des Gesetzes gewundenen Kronen" eben von den Buchstaben שעטנז גץ getragen werden, darüber möchten wir eine Vermutung wagen. Ließe sich annehmen, dass שעטנז eben: שעטנז bedeute, ג׳׳צ aber als Abbreviatur für ג׳׳מילות חסד צ׳׳דקה zu fassen sei, so wären eben mit diesen beiden gekrönten Worten gleichsam die beiden Pole des Gesetzes und damit das ganze Gesetz sieggekrönt. שעטנז wird nämlich als Repräsentant der in ihren Motiven nicht dem gewöhnlichen Menschenverstande sofort durchsichtigen חקים betrachtet, hinsichtlich deren, wie der Ausdruck im ספרא lautet, יצר הרע ואומות העולם משיבין עליהם, die Sinnlichkeit und die nichtjüdische Menschheit remonstrieren zu dürfen glauben. גמילות חסד und צדקה gehören ja aber in ganz eminentem Sinne zu derjenigen Kategorie von Gesetzen, שאלו לא נכתבו בדין היו לכתבן, deren Zweckmäßigkeit und Notwendigkeit selbst dem gewöhnlichen Menschenverstande einleuchten (siehe Wajikra S. 273 f.). Beide jedoch, lehren die "Waffenkronen" auf ihren Häuptern, die einen wie die andern haben erst ihre allgemeine Geltung zu erkämpfen, der Sieg ist ihnen aber sicher. Ihre Siegesgewissheit liegt in ihnen selber; Gott, ihr Gesetzgeber, sichert ihnen den Sieg.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Ebenso klar ist die von dem כתיבה תמה-Kanon geforderte genaue Beachtung der פתוחה- und סתומה-Form der Gesetzesabschnitte. Spricht doch die offene פתוחה-Form einen wirklich sondernden Abschnitt aus, während die geschlossene סתומה-Form mehr einem bloßen Absatz innerhalb eines größeren Ganzen entspricht.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Bedeutsam ist die לשמה-Bestimmung, עבוד וכתיבה לשם סתו׳׳ם und כתיבת האזכרות לשם קדושת השם. Nicht der bloße Inhalt an sich, sondern das Begreifen und Anerkennen dieses Inhalts als Gottes Wort und als das in der Nation und von derselben sanktionierte göttliche Nationalgesetz erteilt unseren zur öffentlichen Vorlesung bestimmten ספרי תורה die über alles hervorragende hohe קדושה. Daher muss von vornherein ihre ganze Herstellung in diesem Sinne geschehen, daher insbesondere auch jeder Gottesname als Vergegenwärtigung Gottes, des Israel offenbar gewordenen einen Einzigen, geschrieben sein, so sehr, dass ein ס׳׳ת שכתבה מין, wo die Überzeugung vorwaltet, dass den Gottesnamen heidnische Bedeutung untergeschoben und das Ganze לשם ע׳׳ז geschrieben worden, geradezu ישרף (Gittin 45 b), und überhaupt ein ס׳׳ת nur כשר ist, wenn es von einem zum jüdischen Gottesgesetze vollverpflichteten, sich zu dieser Gesetzespflicht vollbekennenden, zur Vertretung der jüdischen Nationalgesamtheit fähigen Juden geschrieben worden (daselbst; — ש׳׳ך zu 281 י׳׳ד). Daher sollen sie auch nie aus dem Kopfe, sondern nach einem vorliegenden Exemplar, somit in dem Bewusstsein, nur eine bis zum ersten Original hinaufreichende Abschrift einer Abschrift zu sein, angefertigt werden, und wenn für תפלין und מזוזות diese Forderung sich modifiziert, weil deren Text als vollkommen dem Gedächtnis geläufig vorausgesetzt wird, gleichwohl aber der Schreibende sich selbst ein jedes niederzuschreibende Wort zuerst vorsprechen muss, so steigert sich andererseits eben für diese Bruchstücke aus dem Gesetze die Notwendigkeit, sie nur als Auszüge aus dem Gesamtheitsgesetze und als vergegenwärtigende Hinweise auf dieses zu charakterisieren, in solchem Maße, dass nicht nur für diese, dem völlig persönlich individuellen Kreise angehörigen Gesetzesschriften, ganz die für die Herstellung der öffentlichen ספרי תורה gegebenen Vorschriften gelten, sondern für sie noch die Bestimmung כסדרן eintritt. Ist doch durch diese Bestimmung das Schreiben dieser Schriftauszüge so sehr an die Urschrift gebunden, dass jeder Abschnitt und jeder Buchstabe in jedem Abschnitt nur in der durch die Urschrift gegebenen Aufeinanderfolge geschrieben sein muss.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
׳וכתבתם כתיבה תמה והדר על המזוזות ,וכתבתם על מזוזות וגו zuerst eine — voraussetzlich nicht unmittelbar auf Holz- und Steinpfosten herstellbare — "vollkommene" Schrift dieser Sätze auf ein anderes Material, und sie dann an die Pfosten befestigt. Somit, wie die anderen nicht bloß temporären Pflichtschriften aus dem Gesetze, כתיבה הנוהגת לדורות, der וכתב :פרשת סוטה Bamidbar 5, 23), des Königsexemplars: וכתב לו וגו׳ על ספר Dewarim 17. 18), eine Pergamentschrift mit Tinte, wie Jeremias 36, 18: ואני כותב על הספר בדיו (Menachoth 34 a: תוספו׳ ד׳׳ה נאמר .כאן כתיבה). Und zwar zwei פרשיות: die פרשת שמע, hier (Verse 4. — 9) und die פרשת והיה אם שמע Kap. 11. 13 — 21, von welcher es auch V. 20 heißt: וכתבתם על מזוזות ביתך ובשעריך.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
על מזוזות ביתך ובשעריך. Die Wurzel זוז kommt sonst nur als Bewegung und zwar wahrscheinlich als geringe Bewegung vor. וזיז שדי עמדי (Ps.50. 11), was nur auf dem Felde sich regt. והתענגתם מזיז בבודה (Jes.66, 11) ihr werdet euch wonnig fühlen bei der leisesten beginnenden Regung ihrer Herrlichkeit. Im Rabbinischen heißen B. K. 82 b). Es אין מוציאין בה זיזין וגזוזטראות .Vorsprünge an Gebäuden (z. B זיזין scheint ein ähnlicher Gedankengang den Ausdruck gebildet zu haben, wie unser deutsches: Vorsprung, wo der Begriff der Bewegung auch auf räumliche Formbildung als Fortbewegung von Punkten, Linien und Flächen übertragen ist. So auch der Ausdruck: hervortreten. Menachot 33 b lehrt nun die Halacha, dass Pfosten, פצימין, die חיזוק לתקרה הוא דעבידי, die nur zum Tragen und Stützen der Decke bestimmt sind, nicht unter den Begriff מזוזה unseres Textes fallen. Es ergibt sich hieraus, dass מזוזות beiderseitige Mauer- oder Wandfortsätze sind. Es sind die Ansätze zur Schließung eines bereits von drei Seiten umschlossenen Raumes auch an der vierten Seite, dieser Schluss wird aber nicht ausgeführt, — oder nicht vollkommen ausgeführt, nach הלכות ,רמב׳׳ם מזוזה ist das Vorhandensein von Türen wesentlich, und wären Türöffnungen ohne Türen nicht mesusapflichtig — vielmehr durch Türöffnungen und Türen ein unbedingter oder bedingter Eintritt gewährt.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
ביתך. Nach der Halacha ist nur ein mindestens vier Quadratellen fassender, von Wänden umschlossener, gedeckter, bleibend zur Wohnung bestimmter Raum unter dem Begriff בית unseres Textes zu verstehen, dazu aber auch Magazine, Ställe etc. gehörig (Joma 11 a). Ebenso aber sind auch durch שעריך die Pforten und Tore von Höfen, Städten etc. mesusapflichtig (daselbst). Die Mesusapflicht ist ferner dadurch bedingt, dass die Türöffnung von zwei Seitenpfosten oder Mauervorsprüngen und oben von einer Querschwelle umgeben ist (Menachot 33 a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Es heißt nun nicht: על מזוזת ביתך ושעריך, sondern: על מזוזת ביתך ובשעריך. Wir glauben: מזוזת הבית bilden das שער הבית und על מזוזת ביתך ist identisch mit בשער ביתך. Folgerichtig heißt es בשעריך und nicht על מזוזת שעריך, weil in שער selbst schon der Begriff מזוזה gegeben ist. שתי מזוזת und משקוף bilden ein שער. Und es erhält eben durch diese Zusammenstellung der Begriff מזוזת ביתך seine klare Bedeutung. Es sind die מזוזת nicht als Träger der Decke, sondern als שער bildende Seitenpfosten zu begreifen (siehe oben). Daher wird auch Menachot 32 b an dem Ausdruck בשעריך gelehrt: מצוה להניחה בתוך הללו של פתח, dass die Mesusa an den Seitenpfosten innerhalb der Türöffnung zu geben sei. Es ist diejenige Stelle, wo der Pfosten seine שער-Bestimmung erfüllt. Andererseits lässt מזוזת ביתך die Türpfosten in dem Moment begreifen, in welchem sie ביתך das Haus vergegenwärtigen, als zum Hause, zum Wohnraume führend, somit דרך ביאתך: vom Standpunkt des Eingehens, nicht des Ausgangs, bei welchem nicht der Wohnraum, sondern der Außenraum das Gedankenziel ist. Und da beim Eingehen man in der Regel rechtsgewandt mit dem rechten Fuß zuerst eintritt, דכי עקר אינש כרעיה דימינא עקר ברישא, so ist die Mesusa an den dem Eingehenden rechts stehenden Pfosten zu geben (daselbst 34 a), und zwar innerhalb der Türöffnung in den dem Außenraume zunächst liegenden טפח der Pfostenfläche und in solcher Höhe, dass sie dem Blicke des Eintretenden zuerst begegnet (daselbst). Führt eine Türe zu zwei Wohnräumen, die beide einen selbständigen Eingang von der zur Straße führenden Hausflur haben, so entscheidet היכר ציר, die Türangelstelle. Derjenige Raum, in welchem sich die Türangel befindet, in welchem daher die Türe den Eingang bildet, und zu ihm gewandt rechts an den Türpfosten wird die Mesusa befestigt (daselbst 33 a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Alle diese Bestimmungen sprechen mit Entschiedenheit sich dahin aus, dass das Objekt, auf welches die Mesusa mit ihrem Inhalte zu wirken bestimmt ist, in allererster Linie die Geister und Gemüter der im Hause lebenden und strebenden Menschen sind. וקשרתם וכתבתם wie der Tefillin Anlegende all das Denken, Wollen und Handeln seiner Persönlichkeit dem Diktate des göttlichen Willens, welches den Inhalt der Tefillin bildet, unterstellt, so unterstellt der die Mesusaschrift an die Eingänge seiner Wohnräume Befestigende sein Haus, d. h. alles in seinem Hause sich vollziehende Leben seiner Bewohner, demselben Diktate. Damit sie von ihm und von jedem seine Wohnung betretenden Menschen sofort bei dem ersten Überschreiten als Mahnung und Erinnerung gesehen werde, für diesen Zweck schlägt er die Mesusa an sein Haus und nicht an sich, amulettartig, sondern nur insofern der Mesusainhalt seine Wirkung an den Geistern und Gemütern der Menschen vollbringt und sich ihr Leben diesem Inhalte gemäß gestaltet, dürfen sie von Gott, dem "Allwaltenden und Allgenügenden", mit dessen Namen die Sitte die Außenseite der Mesusa schmückt, Schutz und Beistand in allen Wechselgängen des häuslichen Lebens erwarten.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
So sehr sind es nicht die konkreten Räume, sondern ist es der durch diese Räume vergegenwärtigte sittliche "Begriff des Hauses", welchem die Mesusaweihe gilt, dass ja nur insofern diese Räume architektonisch zur Vergegenwärtigung "des Hauses" sich eignen, die Mesusapflicht eintritt, und mangelhafte Haus- oder Türbrüstungsausführung שאין לו אלא פצים אחד ,פיתחי שימאי ,בית שאין לו תקרה usw. (Menachot 33 b u. 34 a und Joma 11 b — siehe oben) von der Mesusapflicht befreit. Ja, so sehr ist es, nicht das Haus an sich, sondern die in dem Hause ihren Bereich erblickende Persönlichkeit, auf welche die Mesusaweihe sich zu beziehen hat, dass ja mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit nur dann ein Haus seinem Bewohner ursprünglich die Mesusapflicht bringt, wenn es sein Haus ist, wenn seine Persönlichkeit als dessen Eigner darin ihren Ausdruck findet, und ein zur Miete Wohnender wäre מן התורה ebenso von der Mesusapflicht frei, wie das Kleid an sich nicht, sondern nur als dein Kleid die Ziezithpflicht bringt, so ביתך wie כסותך, nicht בית und כסות. Und nur מדרבנן wäre hier wie dort nach dreißig Tagen die Pflicht. ׳תוספ zu Menachoth 44 a ist noch über die Frage schwankend. Allein zu Aboda Sara 21 a ד׳׳ה הא אמר ist ganz entschieden שוכר בית מדאוריתא פטור מן המזוזה. So auch סי׳ טו׳ .מזוזה ,הלכות קטנות ,רא׳׳ש. תרי ביתך כתיבי חדא אצטריך למעוטי שוכר ושואל (siehe דברי חמודות daselbst).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
כל שיש לו heißt es Menachot 43b, כל שיש לו תפלין בראשו ותפלין בזרועו וציצת בנגדו ומזוזה בפתחו הכל בחזוק שלא יחטא שנאמר והחוט המשלש לא במהרה ינתק ואומר חונה מאלאך ה׳ סביב ליראיו ויחלצם. Wer Tefillin an Haupt und Arm, Zizit am Gewande und Mesusa an seiner Tür hat, dessen Ganzes steht in der Voraussetzung, dass er nicht sündige, denn es heißt: die dreifach geschlungene Schnur reißt nicht sobald, und ferner: ein Engel Gottes umgibt seine Ihn Ehrfürchtenden und er rettet sie (פירש׳׳י העושים מצות :סביב ליראיו ויחלצם מחטא — siehe daselbst —; vergl. סוף הל׳ מזוזה רמב׳׳ם und Kap. 5, 4).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND IT SHALL BE, WHEN THE ETERNAL THY G-D SHALL BRING THEE etc. He mentions here that, with the increase of beneficence, Israel [i.e., each individual Israelite] should remember the days of his affliction and of his anguish,263Lamentations 1:7. when he was a servant in Egypt, and he is not to forget the G-d Who brought him forth out of that bondage to this goodness.264See Verse 12. Instead he is always to remember His mercies and fear Him and serve Him as a servant does his master.265See Verse 13. And in the opinion of our Rabbis266Chullin 17 a. the verse further alludes [to the law] that anything found in the houses full of all ‘good’ things267Verse 11. [that were occupied in the conquest of Canaan] may be used, even if they contained things forbidden by the Torah such as kadli268“Hindpart of the head with the neck.” In our text of Tractate Chullin 17 a, the reading is “katlei of swine,” which Rashi interprets to mean “dried swine.” See Numbers 31:23 — Vol. IV, p. 367. of swine, or the produce of a vineyard sown with diverse seeds,269See further, 22:9; also Leviticus 19:9. or fruits of the first three years of a tree.270Ibid., 19:23. Even regarding cisterns, it is possible that in their construction forbidden materials were used in their coat of pitch [such as forbidden wine;271For example wine from grapes grown in a vineyard that had been sown with diverse kinds. hence Scripture mentioned and cisterns hewn out, which thou didst not hew267Verse 11. to indicate that they, too, were permitted to them]. Or it may be that the cisterns are mentioned figuratively, to denote the abundance of good things, thus giving them mastery over all that was found in the Land both permissible and impermissible. Thus all forbidden articles were permitted to them except [for those that were forbidden as a result of] the prohibition of idols, as he will yet clarify, thou shalt not covet the silver or the gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee etc.272Further, 7:25. Therefore, he mentions here in the next section, ye shall break down their altars,273Ibid., Verse 5. to destroy the idols and their appurtenances. But whatever else was found in the Land was permissible. This permission lasted until they consumed the spoil of their enemies.274Ibid., 20:14: and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies. And some Rabbis275This is the opinion of Rashi (Chullin 17a). See my Hebrew commentary p. 373. say that this permission applied [only] to the seven years of [the] conquest [of the Land], and so it appears in the Gemara, in the first chapter of Tractate Chullin.275This is the opinion of Rashi (Chullin 17a). See my Hebrew commentary p. 373. Now the Rabbi [Moshe ben Maimon] wrote in the Laws of the Kings and their Wars:276Rambam’s Mishneh Torah (or Yad Hachazakah) encompasses the whole scope of Jewish law and consists of fourteen books, with each book divided into chapters. The Laws of the Kings and their Wars is found at the end of the fourteenth book. The text quoted is in 8:1. “Armed soldiers, when they enter the border of the nations and loot from them, are permitted to eat n’veiloth and treifoth277See Vol. IV, p. 347, Note 14. the flesh of swine and the like if they are hungry and do not find anything to eat except for these forbidden foods [i.e., only in the case of emergency are they permitted to eat these foods]. Similarly they may drink yayin nesech (wine dedicated to an idol). From tradition the Rabbis have learned: ‘And houses full of all good things267Verse 11. — the necks of swine and the like.’” But this is not correct. For it is not because of danger to life or of hunger alone in time of war that [forbidden foods] were made permissible; rather, after they captured the large and wealthy cities and settled in them, was the spoil of their enemies permitted to them. And not to all armed soldiers [in any war throughout does this law apply as the Rabbi seems to hold], but only to [those who conquered] the Land which He swore to [give to] our fathers, as is explained in the subject before us. [Rabbi Moshe’s ruling that the dispensation applies to] yayin nesech is also incorrect, for all forbidden articles pertaining to idolatry — the idols themselves, their appurtenances, and their offerings — are all forbidden as it is said, thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it, for it is a doomed thing.278Further, 7:26. And if the Rabbi’s intent was to permit in wartime only wine which was merely under suspicion of having been dedicated to idolatrous worship [which is a Rabbinic prohibition] — why do we need a Scriptural interpretation for this? If Scriptural prohibitions were permitted [to them], could subjects of a Rabbinic decree be forbidden?!
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
.אשר לא בנית ובתים מלאים כל טוב אשר לא מלאתYou will attain wealth without having toiled for it.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
והיה כי יביאך, “It shall be when He brings you, etc.” Nachmanides writes that the purpose of this paragraph is to warn the people not to forget their past, when they were slaves in Egypt, and the Lord had saved them from that miserable fate, not to take their new found status for granted and not to forget the loving kindness shown them by Hashem. They must forever retain a degree of fear of the Lord and, in a manner of speaking, relate to Him as a servant does to his master.
According to the view of our sages (Chulin 17) our verse means to permit the Israelites to enjoy what they would find inside the houses captured in the Land of Canaan during the war of conquest, even if the loot consisted of matters ordinarily forbidden to them by Jewish law. Such matters include even pork, or the fruit of fields in which two or more species of plants had been sown too closely together, violating the law against mixing seed. It is not quite clear whether the cisterns are mentioned as they may have been constructed by mortar containing something forbidden, and such forbidden material would endure long past the time of the conquest, when the temporary relaxation of forbidden perishables mentioned here had long since ceased to be legal. It is noteworthy that whereas Moses relaxed a whole slew of forbidden food, drink, etc., during the period of the war of conquest, no single concession regarding matters related to idolatry is mentioned. This will be made crystal clear not only in verses 14-15, but again when the Torah repeats in Deut. 7,25 that the people must not display any desire for the golden or silver vessels used by the local inhabitants in any manner related to idol worship. To make this point clear Moses insists that any altars or places of worship of the Canaanites be completely razed. (7,5-6)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
VV. 10 — 13. Es war am Schlusse des Vorhergehenden das Mesusagebot für unsere Häuser und Tore, die symbolische Weihe und Unterordnung unseres häuslichen und öffentlichen Lebens unter Gott, den einen Einzigen, und seinen Willen ausgesprochen. Das folgende lehrt die Erinnerung an Gott, die treue Hingebung an Ihn in Gesinnung, Tat und Wort, und die Warnung vor dem Völkerbeispiel als zu erwartende nächste Wirkung dieser Inschriften aus dem Gottesgesetze an Häusern und Toren.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us to read the recitation of Shema in the evening and the morning. And that is His saying, "and you shall speak about them" (Deuteronomy 6:4). And the regulations of this commandment have already been explained in Tractate Berakhot; and there (Berakhot 21a), it is explained that the recitation of Shema is [an obligation] from the Torah. And it is written in the Tosefta (Tosefta Berakhot 3:1), "Just like the Torah established [a set time for] the recitation of Shema, so too did the Sages establish a time for prayer." This means to say that the times of prayer are not from the Torah - though the actual obligation to pray is from the Torah, as we explained (Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 5) - and the Sages, may their memory be blessed, arranged times for them. And this is the content of their saying (Berakhot 26b), "They established the prayers corresponding to the daily sacrifices" - meaning, that they fixed their times according to the times of the sacrifices. And women are not obligated in this commandment. (See Parashat Vaetchanan; Mishneh Torah, Reading the Shema 1.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
׳והיה כי יביאך וגו׳ אשר נשבע וגו. Nicht einmal deinem Verdienste kannst du die Erlangung deines Landes zuschreiben. Es war dir längst bestimmt, bevor du geschichtlich ins Dasein getreten warst. Du erhieltest es infolge der deinen ersten Vorfahren von dort erteilten Zusicherung. — ערים וגו׳ ובתים וגו׳ וברת וגו׳ כרמים וזתים וגו׳ und auch was Menschenkultur an dem Lande und in dem Lande geschaffen, ist nicht dein Werk, allen dazu angetan, dass es der Mesusamahnung an deinen "Häusern und Toren" nicht bedürfen sollte, dass du selbst im Vollgenuss aller dieser Güter nicht übermütig werdest, dessen stets eingedenk bleibest, dem du alles dies verdankest, und Ihm, der Erfüllung Seines Willens, alles unterordnest, dessen Besitz dich beglückt, — und doch, ואכלת ושבעת, läufst du Gefahr, in diesem Vollgenuss dessen zu vergessen, der dich aus dem besitz- und freudelosen Sklavenstande zu dieser begüterten Selbständigkeit hinausgeführt, השמר לך וגו׳.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
ברת חצובים (Diwre Hajamim I. 22, 2) חצובים לחצוב אבני גזית , (Melachim II. 12, 13). ולחצבי האבן und wiederholt beim Tempelbau אבני מחצב, sowie הביטו אל צור חצבתם (Jeschaja 51, 1) und ja auch später Dewarim 8, 9. ergibt entschieden חצבfür die Bedeutung des Aushauens aus dem Felsen. ברת חצובים sind daher in Felsen gehauene Zisternen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
השמר לך .siehe zu Kap. 4, 9
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
תירא ist die völlige Unterstellung unter Gott in der Gesinnung, תעבד die Unterstellung in Tat, תשבע die Unterstellung seiner ganzen Existenz unter Gott als Bürgen für die Wahrhaftigkeit des Wortes (siehe zu Schmot 20, 7). Es ist klar, dass nur dessen Eid eine Bürgschaft für die Wahrhaftigkeit des Wortes gewährt, der auch wirklich Gott im Herzen huldigt und diese Huldigung durch ein pflichttreues Leben bewährt. Wenn ein solcher seine ganze irdische Zukunft unter die strafende Gottesmacht einsetzt, für deren Anerkennung sein ganzes Leben zeugt, so wohnt seinem Eide eine Beweiskraft inne, die aber völlig fehlt, wenn sein ganzes praktisches Leben (אותו תעבד) kein Zeugnis für seine innere Gottesfurcht (תירא) ablegt, in welchem Falle dann der Eid selbst nahe daran grenzt, ein den Namen Gottes herabwürdigendes Spiel zu sein. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus dürfte es sich begreifen, wenn im מדרש תנחומא (siehe רמב׳׳ן z. St.) die unserer Stelle ähnlichen durch ובו תדבק ergänzten Sätze Kap. 10, 20 in solchem Zusammenhange gefasst worden, dass damit gesagt sei: אם יש לך כל המדות אלו אתה רשאי להשבע ואם לאו א׳ אתה רשאי להשבע, dass nur der zu schwören befugt sei, der den durch ׳את ד׳ א׳ תירא וגו gezeichneten Charakter bewährt.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
ס׳ המצות מ׳׳ען) רמב׳׳ם) und רמב׳׳ן (daselbst) differieren in Auffassung des Ausspruches ובשמו תשבע. Nach רמב׳׳ם ist שביעת אמת מצוה, ist es ein Pflichtgebot, bei ernster Veranlassung die Wahrheit durch einen Eid bei Gott zu beschwören. Ist doch eine solche Unterstellung unseres ganzen Seins unter Gott als Garantie unserer Wahrhaftigkeit ein Huldigungsausdruck unserer Anerkennung seiner über alles erhabenen, allgegenwärtigen, allwissenden, allgerechten und allmächtigen Waltung. Nach רמב׳׳ן wäre es jedoch nur רשות, nicht du sollst, sondern du darfst bei ernster Gelegenheit eine שבועת schwören, und darfst dann nur bei Gott und nicht bei einem andern schwören, auf אמת welchen Gegensatz das sofort folgende לא תלכון אחרי וגו׳ hinwiese, und wäre es dann לאו הבא מכלל עשה.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
חצובים [CISTERNS] HEWN OUT — Because it (Palestine) was a country of stony ground and rocks, the term "hewn" is applicable here.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us to study Torah and to teach it. And that is His saying, "And you shall teach them to your sons" (Deuteronomy 6:4). And it is written in the Sifrei (Sifrei Devarim 34:4), "'To your sons' - these are the students. For students are called, sons, as it is stated, (II Kings 2:3) 'And the sons of the prophets came forth.'" And there (Sifrei Devarim 34:1), it says, "'And you shall teach (shinantam, which is related here to the word, shen, tooth) them' - they shall be sharp in your mouth, so that if one questions you about something, you will not stammer to him, but tell him forthwith." And this command was already repeated several times - "and you shall teach them (and) [to] do them" (Deuteronomy 5:1); "in order that they shall learn" (Deuteronomy 31:12). And the command and the encouragement of this commandment has already been scattered throughout many places in the Talmud. And women are not obligated in it, from His saying, "And you shall teach them to your sons" (Deuteronomy 11:19) - His saying, "your sons," and not, "your daughters," as it is explained in the Gemara (Kiddushin 30a). (See Parashat Vaetchanan; Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
מבית עבדים — Understand this as the Targum does: from the house of slavery, i.e. a place where ye were slaves (not from the house that belonged to slaves; cf. Rashi on Exodus 20:2).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
השמר לך פן תשכח, for wealth acquired in such a fashion is liable to fostering the desire, greed for more; in the pursuit of more material wealth man is liable to forget his Maker.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
השמר לך פן תשכח את ה’ אשר הוציאך מארץ מצרים מבית עבדים, “Beware for yourself lest you forget the Lord Who took you out of the land of Egypt, from the House of slavery!” The Torah warns that as a result of the affluence and carefree existence the people should not forget that this had not always been their lot, that they used to be poor, oppressed, in a land where they had neither owned cities, houses, etc., as they did now. They should not forget who it was who saved them from such a miserable existence and whom they have to thank for their present fortunate circumstances. They must always remember the great acts of loving kindness performed for them by Hashem and serve the Lord as a servant serves his master. This is why Solomon wrote in Kohelet 7,14: “so in a time of good fortune enjoy the good fortune; and in a time of misfortune reflect, the one no less than the other was G’d’s doing.” The meaning of the verse is that in time of good fortune we should remember days of misfortune which we experienced already, whereas in times of misfortune we should remember times of good fortune we have experienced. When we do this we will be grateful to the Lord for our present fortunate circumstances.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
From the place where you were slaves. The meaning of “from the house of slavery,” is, “from the place where you were slaves.” The verse does not mean [literally], “from the house of slaves,” for the Jewish People were not enslaved to slaves.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us to put on the head tefillin. And that is His saying, "and they shall be for symbols between your eyes" (Deuteronomy 6:8). And this command has already been repeated four times. (See Parashat Bo, Vaetchanan and Ekev; Mishneh Torah, Tefillin, Mezuzah and the Torah Scroll 1.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
מבית עבדים, “out of the house of bondage.” Rashi comments on this unusual phrase [surely the Israelites had not only been liberated from a house, Ed.] that the word “house” here is to be understood as “any place containing Israelites as slaves.” If you were to point out that in Exodus 20,2 where the expression מבית עבדים occurs again, Rashi comments that while in Egypt the Jews were slaves of Pharaoh, not of every Egyptian householder, and that since their liberation the Israelites had become instead of slaves of a mortal king who himself was subject to G-d, not truly free, from then on they had secured for themselves to be slaves only to the king of Kings, the Lord G-d. Rashi distinguishes between לעבדים ,בית עבדים ,עבדים, and מבית עבדים.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ובשמו תשבע AND THOU SHALT SWEAR BY HIS NAME — If thou hast all the characteristics mentioned here, i.e. that thou reverest His name and servest Him, then thou mayest take an oath by mention of His name, for just because thou reverest His name, thou wilt be cautious with thy oath; but if not, thou shalt not so swear.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
THOU SHALT FEAR THE ETERNAL THY G-D. The purport thereof is that after he commanded concerning the love of G-d, he mentioned that [one is] to fear Him so that he not sin and be punished.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
את ה' אלוקיך תירא, “You shall fear Hashem your G’d;” After having commanded the people to love Hashem, Moses had to add that they must also fear Him, else they might, in their over-enthusiasm forget the boundaries of what is forbidden by becoming too familiar with Hashem and violate crucial prohibitions only to incur harsh penalties.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
If you possess all these qualities, etc. The meaning is not [as inferred by the simple reading of the text] that it is it a mitzvah to swear, as in “Fear Adonoy,” and, “serve Him,” where each is a separate mitzvah. Rather, if you possess all these qualities, etc. otherwise you should not swear. And if so, then the prefix vov of ובשמו is extra, and the word אם (if) should be added before, “[You] fear Adonoy.” (Re”m).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us to put on the hand tefillin. And that is His saying, "And you shall tie them as a sign upon your hand" (Deuteronomy 6:8). And this command was already repeated four times. And the proof that the head tefillin and the hand tefillin are two commandments is their saying in the Gemara (Menachot 44a) in surprise at one who thinks that one not put on the head tefillin or the hand tefillin without the other, but rather only if they are both together - and this is the language of the statement - "one who does not have two commandments, should he also not do the one commandment?" This means to say, should one who cannot do two commandments not do the one - that is not the case, but rather he should do the one commandment that presents itself. Hence he should put on either one of them that presents itself to him. Behold it has been made clear to you that they called the hand tefillin and the head tefillin, two commandments. And these two commandments are not obligatory for women on account of His, may He be exalted, saying, as a reason for their obligation, "in order that the Torah of the Lord may be in your mouth" (Exodus 13:9) - and women are not obligated in Torah study. And so did they explain in the Mekhilta. And likewise did they explain all the regulations of these two commandments in the fourth chapter of Menachot. (See Parashat Bo, Vaetchanan and Ekev; Mishneh Torah, Tefillin, Mezuzah and the Torah Scroll 1.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ובשמו תשבע, “and (only) in His name may you pronounce any oaths.” Make sure that when you do swear, that everyone who hears you knows that you are using only His name. When others make you take an oath, do not violate that oath, as you have sworn in His name.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ואותו תעבוד, “and Him you shall serve!” The manner in which you shall serve the Lord shall be reminiscent of the manner in which a servant serves his master. It is possible that Moses here alludes to the sacrificial service that is also known by the term עבודה, (compare עבודת מתנה in Numbers 18,7 or ועבד הלוי , in Number 18,23) We find a similar interpretation by the Sifri on the verse אחרי ה' אלוקיכם תלכו.....ואותו תעבודו in Deut. 13,5, where the “service” is understood to refer to the service in the Temple. There is an additional dimension derived from that, i.e. when there is no Temple in which to perform that service, the ”service” consists of studying how the service in the Temple will be performed when it will be rebuilt soon in our days.
Ibn Ezra interprets the words את ה' אלוקיך תירא ואותו תעבוד as the former referring to the meticulous observance of the negative commandments, and the latter, as the meticulous observance of the positive commandments. This interpretation is not possible when applied to the verse cited by Sifri in Deut.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND HIM SHALT THOU SERVE — to do whatever He commands you, like a servant who obeys the command of his master. It is possible that this is an allusion to the Service of the offerings to His Name. And so the Rabbis have said in the Sifre279Sifre, R’eih 85. on the verse, After the Eternal your G-d shall ye walk, and Him shall ye fear, and His commandments shall ye keep, and unto His voice shall ye hearken, and Him shall ye serve:280Further, 13:5. “Serve Him by [studying] His Torah, serve Him in His Sanctuary.” By this the Sifre meant to explain that after he admonished concerning the observance of all the commandments and hearkening to His voice, the expression and Him shall ye serve means to serve Him in the Sanctuary with offerings, songs and prostrations [that are prescribed] there. This is termed “service” as He said, I give you the priesthood as ‘a service’ of gift,281Numbers 18:7. and it further says, And the Levites alone shall do ‘the service.’282Ibid., Verse 23. Now the service of the Levites was by song. Thus it is clear that song is also a service of G-d. The Rabbis further interpreted [in the above-mentioned Sifre]: “Serve Him through His Torah,” meaning to study the Torah and meditate therein; this, too, is a “service” before Him. Accordingly, and Him shalt thou serve [mentioned in the verse before us] is also a reference to serving Him by the offerings. And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra wrote: “Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d — you should not transgress the negative commandments; and Him shalt thou serve — fulfill the positive commandments.” But this is not correct, for he stated in the other verse [mentioned above], and Him shall ye fear, and His commandments shall ye keep … and Him shall ye serve.283Further, 13:5. This shows that the expression and Him shalt thou serve does not refer to the positive commandments, as Ibn Ezra says, for that charge is included in the phrase, and His commandments shall ye keep.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ובשמו תשבע,”and (only) in His name are you to render an oath.” This does not mean that it is a commandment to swear oaths, but if the occasion arises when you cannot avoid having to swear an oath, the only truth you must swear by is the truth known as Hashem.” This is why Moses follows up immediately with
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND BY HIS NAME SHALT THOU SWEAR. This is not a commandment to swear [by His Name],284The intent is to differ with Rambam who, in his Sefer Hamitzvoth, enumerated this verse as one of the positive commandments wherein we are commanded to swear only by His Name whenever we are required to confirm or deny something under oath. See “The Commandments,” Vol. I, pp. 10-11. but it is an admonishment that [in the event one is required to take an oath] he should swear only by His Name and not by the name of another deity. After this [injunction to swear only by the name of G-d] it is written, Ye shall not go after other gods,285Verse 14. meaning that you should not follow them in any of these matters: that you not fear them, that you not serve them, and that you not swear by their names. However, in the Gemara of Tractate Temurah286Temurah 3 b. See Note 66 in my Hebrew edition p. 374 that in our text of the Gemara there is a variant text. the Rabbis interpreted this verse to teach that a true oath is permissible.287“Permissible” — but not obligatory in the sense that Rambam wrote of it (see Note 284 above). Thus they said: “Why did the Merciful One state and by His Name shalt thou swear? Since it cannot refer to the oaths administered by the judges, because they have already been derived from the verse the oath of the Eternal shall be between them,288Exodus 22:10. apply it to indicate that other oaths are permissible. And since it cannot refer to an oath by which one binds himself to perform a commandment, as that is derived from the expression, and to Him shalt thou cleave,289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). then apply it to an oath about a non-sacred [i.e., a permissible, but non-obligatory] matter.”
Now, I have further seen the following text in the Tanchuma:290Tanchuma, Vayikra 7. “The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Israel: Do not think that it has been made permissible to you to swear by My Name. You are not permitted to swear by My Name even truthfully unless you possess all these qualities: Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d,289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). that you will be like those who were called ‘men who fear the Eternal G-d,’ such as Abraham,291Genesis 22:12. Job,292Job 1:1. and Joseph.293Genesis 39:9. And Him shalt thou serve,289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). that you will devote yourself to [the study of] Torah and [the observance of] the commandments and you will have no other preoccupation. Therefore it is stated, and Him thou shalt serve. And to Him shalt thou cleave289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). — but is it possible for a human being to cleave to the Divine Glory? Has it not been stated, For the Eternal thy G-d is a devouring fire?294Above, 4:24. But this statement is intended to teach you that whoever gives his daughter in marriage to a scholar who learns Torah and studies Mishnah, and who trades on his behalf and who benefits him from his wealth — of this He says, and to Him shalt thou cleave. If you possess all these virtues, you may swear [by My Name] and if not, you may not swear.” Thus far is the text of this Agadah. Thus, the interpretation of the verse [before us], and by His Name shalt thou swear, in the opinion of the Rabbis, is a grant of permission, that He allows us, as an expression of esteem, to do so. It is as if he had said, “Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d; nevertheless you may swear by His Name and you need not fear doing so.” And because this permission is placed after the commands to fear G-d and to serve Him, the Rabbis inferred that there is no authorization to swear until after these virtues have been attained. Or Scripture may be stating Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d and His awe will be so great upon you that His very Name will be an oath to you, so that even when you wish to confirm something you will swear by His Name even to your disadvantage and you will not misrepresent.295See Psalms 15:4. And in the opinion of the Rabbis, the meaning of the expression and Him shalt thou serve is that you should act toward him at all times like a bondsman constantly in service before his master, considering the work of his master as primary and his own needs as casual, until, [resulting] from this [attitude] he attains what the Rabbis have said, “And let all thy deeds be done for the sake of Heaven.”296Aboth 2:17. For even bodily needs should be for the purpose of G-d’s worship. Thus a person should eat and sleep and attend to his needs to assure the existence of the body to serve G-d. This is similar to what the Rabbis have said,297Bereshith Rabbah 9:8. “And G-d saw every thing that He had made, and, behold, it was very good298Genesis 1:31. — this refers to sleep. Is sleep good? [It is ‘good’] because, if a person sleeps a little, he rises and engages in the study of Torah.”299See ibid., Vol. I, pp. 58-59. Thus, in satisfying bodily needs, one should concentrate upon the verse I will praise the Eternal while I live; I will sing praises unto my G-d while I have my being.300Psalms 146:2. See also Vol. III, pp. 282-284. This is a correct interpretation.
Now, I have further seen the following text in the Tanchuma:290Tanchuma, Vayikra 7. “The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Israel: Do not think that it has been made permissible to you to swear by My Name. You are not permitted to swear by My Name even truthfully unless you possess all these qualities: Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d,289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). that you will be like those who were called ‘men who fear the Eternal G-d,’ such as Abraham,291Genesis 22:12. Job,292Job 1:1. and Joseph.293Genesis 39:9. And Him shalt thou serve,289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). that you will devote yourself to [the study of] Torah and [the observance of] the commandments and you will have no other preoccupation. Therefore it is stated, and Him thou shalt serve. And to Him shalt thou cleave289Further, 10:20. “This constitutes a commandment that we swear by His Name to fulfill His commandments” (Ramban in his notes to Rambam’s Sefer Hamitzvoth, Positive Commandment 6). — but is it possible for a human being to cleave to the Divine Glory? Has it not been stated, For the Eternal thy G-d is a devouring fire?294Above, 4:24. But this statement is intended to teach you that whoever gives his daughter in marriage to a scholar who learns Torah and studies Mishnah, and who trades on his behalf and who benefits him from his wealth — of this He says, and to Him shalt thou cleave. If you possess all these virtues, you may swear [by My Name] and if not, you may not swear.” Thus far is the text of this Agadah. Thus, the interpretation of the verse [before us], and by His Name shalt thou swear, in the opinion of the Rabbis, is a grant of permission, that He allows us, as an expression of esteem, to do so. It is as if he had said, “Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d; nevertheless you may swear by His Name and you need not fear doing so.” And because this permission is placed after the commands to fear G-d and to serve Him, the Rabbis inferred that there is no authorization to swear until after these virtues have been attained. Or Scripture may be stating Thou shalt fear the Eternal thy G-d and His awe will be so great upon you that His very Name will be an oath to you, so that even when you wish to confirm something you will swear by His Name even to your disadvantage and you will not misrepresent.295See Psalms 15:4. And in the opinion of the Rabbis, the meaning of the expression and Him shalt thou serve is that you should act toward him at all times like a bondsman constantly in service before his master, considering the work of his master as primary and his own needs as casual, until, [resulting] from this [attitude] he attains what the Rabbis have said, “And let all thy deeds be done for the sake of Heaven.”296Aboth 2:17. For even bodily needs should be for the purpose of G-d’s worship. Thus a person should eat and sleep and attend to his needs to assure the existence of the body to serve G-d. This is similar to what the Rabbis have said,297Bereshith Rabbah 9:8. “And G-d saw every thing that He had made, and, behold, it was very good298Genesis 1:31. — this refers to sleep. Is sleep good? [It is ‘good’] because, if a person sleeps a little, he rises and engages in the study of Torah.”299See ibid., Vol. I, pp. 58-59. Thus, in satisfying bodily needs, one should concentrate upon the verse I will praise the Eternal while I live; I will sing praises unto my G-d while I have my being.300Psalms 146:2. See also Vol. III, pp. 282-284. This is a correct interpretation.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
מאלהי העמים אשר סביבותיכם OF THE GODS OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE AROUND YOU — The same prohibition applies respecting the gods of those peoples who are distant from you; but, just because you see those who are around you going astray after them, it felt the necessity specially to warn your about them.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
לא תלכון אחרי אלוהים אחרים, “You shall not follow after other gods.” While on the subject of fearing G’d, loving G’d, serving G’d, we must not forget that no other so-called deity is to be feared, or otherwise appeased as they have absolutely no power and therefore neither deserve to be appeased or need to be feared. Some commentators say that we must note that Moses did not say tishava, but tishavea, a significant nuance. The wording as we have it here implies that if gentiles who are aware of how seriously a Jew takes his oath want to force us to swear to the truth of something by our G’d, as opposed to by their god, you must abide by what you swore to under such conditions even though you acted under duress. Not only this, but your being asked to render an oath in the name of your G’d reflects the fact that you are known as a G’d fearing person, exactly what Moses commanded you to be at the beginning of this verse. It is also possible that the words לא תלכון וגו' at the beginning of our verse refer to the opening words of verse 13, i.e. את ה' אלוקיך תירא, ”You are to fear the Lord your G’d,” and the words above define the extent to which you are to fear the Lord, i.e. sufficiently not to ever follow other philosophies, other alien deities. Your fear of the Lord is to be so tangible that His very name is to you like an oath; whenever you run to carry out one of your plans the very mention of His name is sufficient to ensure that if it is something constructive you will carry it out as if you had sworn to do it, and if it involves something negative, not compatible with His will, you will refrain from carrying it out as if bound not to do so by a personal oath. The Talmud in Temurah 3 deals with this verse at length, claiming that an oath concerning secular matters is permitted by the Torah. [but the author of the famous commentary Torah Temimah, Rabbi Baruch Epstein, points out that the treatment in the Talmud leaves most of us more confused than we had been before. The major problem is the contradictory attitudes between Maimonides and Nachmanides on the whole subject of when a Jew may swear an oath not legislated by the Torah. Ed.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
VV. 14 u. 15. לא תלכון וגו׳, lasset euch durch nichts, was die anderen Völker als ihre Gottheit verehren, in eurem Wandel leiten, jeder eurer Schritte und jedes einzelne Glied eurer Gesamtheit — לא תלכון ist ja ein Plural in Mitte von Singularsätzen — suche nur die Nähe Gottes, des einen Einzigen, in treuer Nachfolge seines Willens. כי וגו׳ בקרבך, denn Gott, dem du all dein Glück verdankst, er ist mitten in deinem ganzen Volksleben gegenwärtig und fordert als sein Recht, dass du mit allem, was er dir gewährt, in seinen Wegen wandelst und seinen Willen verwirklichst. Dazu genügt nicht, dass nur das öffentliche Gesamtleben, sondern das Leben jedes einzelnen, das häusliche Privatleben ausschließlich ihm geweiht bleibe, dass nicht nur die Mesusa an deinen Toren, sondern auch die Mesusa an deinen Häusern eine Wahrheit werde, sonst geht dein ganzes Glück in Trümmer.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sefer HaMitzvot
That is that He commanded us to make a mezuzah. And that is His, may He be exalted, saying, "And you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates" (Deuteronomy 6:9). And note that this command was repeated; and they have already explained the laws of this commandment in the third chapter of Menachot. (See Parashat Vaetchanan and Ekev; Mishneh Torah, Tefillin, Mezuzah and the Torah Scroll 5.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
במסה IN MASSAH, when they went forth from Egypt: that they put Him to the test in respect to water, as it is said, (Exodus 17:7) that they asked, “Is the Lord amongst us or not?".
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
YE SHALL NOT TRY THE ETERNAL YOUR G-D, meaning AS YE TRIED HIM IN MASSAH. You are not to say “If the Eternal is among us to perform miracles on our behalf or, if we succeed when we worship Him and we have plenty of food, and are well,301Jeremiah 44:17. then we will observe His Torah.” For that was the intent of the people there [in Massah]302Exodus 17:7. that they would see that if G-d would provide water for them through a miracle from Himself, they would follow Him in the wilderness, and if not, they would forsake Him. This was considered a great sin on their part, for, after it had been confirmed to them with signs and wonders that Moses was a prophet of G-d and that the word of the Eternal in his mouth was truth,303See I Kings 17:24. it was no longer proper to do anything as a test. Whoever does it, is not testing [the credibility of] the prophet, it is only G-d blessed be He, whom he is testing to determine whether the Eternal’s hand waxed short.304Numbers 11:23. He prohibited for all generations to test the Torah or the prophets because it is not proper to worship G-d by being skeptical or by requesting a wonder or some test, since it is not G-d’s will to perform miracles for all men at all times.305See Vol. II, p. 172 (at end of page). Nor is it fitting to serve Him in order to receive a reward.306Aboth 1:3. Instead, should one find suffering and misfortune [as a result of] serving Him and walking in the ways of the Torah, it is proper that he accept everything as a just judgment and he should not say, as the wicked ones of our people said, And what profit is it that we have kept His charge, and that we have walked mournfully, because of the Eternal of hosts?307Malachi 3:14. Scripture states here Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the Eternal your G-d, and His testimonies,308Verse 17. [alluding] that these are the miracles which He did for you of old in order that they be a testimony for you, such as the Passover, the Unleavened Bread, and the Booth. And you should keep His statutes308Verse 17. even though you do not know their purpose for, in truth, He will benefit you in the end. There is no need for verification of the Torah and the commandments since it has been confirmed to you that it is from Him, blessed be He. Similarly, if any prophet has [previously] been tested and confirmed as a true prophet with signs and wonders in accordance with the law of the Torah,309See Mishneh Torah, Hilchoth Yesodei Hatorah 7:7. you must not challenge his words regarding any reward or punishment he tells you about, and have no doubt about His power, exalted be He, [to bring it about]. Rather, you are to believe in His Torah and believe in His prophets and you will prosper. Thus he has assured us that ultimately the honor will surely come through possession of the Land and triumph over the enemies, for this was the great beneficence that was necessary for that generation. Thereafter he said that for future generations there was no need for testing [the reward for] the observance of the commandments; instead, they are to inquire of their fathers and their elders and they [the fathers and elders] will tell them of the veracity of the Torah and the commandments, as he will explain [in the verse], When thy son asketh thee310Verse 20. — up to the conclusion of the section.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
לא תנסו את ה' אלוקיכם, “You shall not test the Lord your G’d.” The best known example of the Jewish people violating this commandment is found in Exodus 17,6 when the people tested “if the Lord is in our midst or not.” [The result of this insult to G’d was the attack by Amalek reported in the very next verse. Ed.] Making our loyalty to G’d dependent on His demonstrating His existence and His care to each one of us individually, is not only childish, but insulting to the Creator. How many times does G’d have to prove either His existence or His power to the Jewish people? Moses therefore warns the people not to stipulate that if they do not experience the hoped for results from their keeping the commandments they would abandon that path. Part of true faith is to accept even what appears to be a major, and sometimes irreversible setback in our aspirations with good grace, undiminished love for G’d, who by being the Creator, surely knows best and has His creatures’ best interests at heart. Moses makes this very point and that is why he continues with
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
לא תנסו את ה’ אלו-היכם, “Do not put the Lord your G’d to a test.” The Torah warns us not to make our service of G’d conditional on G’d responding to it as we expect Him to. We must not serve Him on condition that our undertakings succeed, thus trying to make Him fall in with our wishes instead of vice versa. One must be wholehearted in one’s service of the Lord. Our love of the Lord must not be conditional on His responding to it, requiting it according to our yardsticks. It may well happen that although a person serves the Lord sincerely, he experiences bad times; if this happens one must not conclude that G’d’s Justice and judgment are faulty but one must continue to serve Him even if one fails to always understand His ways.
This is why Moses adds as an example of the wrong kind of service: “as you tested Him at Massah.” When the people asked for water on that occasion they did not merely pray for water but they added the words: “in order to know if the Lord is in our midst or not.” We read there that Moses named the location where all this occurred מסה ומריבה, “Test and quarrel,” The test was to see if G’d could produce drinking water in which case the people would serve Him whereas if He would not they would not follow Him into the desert. This is why the word במסה here is spelled with the vowel patach under the letter ב, a reference to why that place had been named מסה. Psalms 78,18 also refers to this event describing it as “they tested G’d in their hearts.” This was an example of serving G’d with a doubting heart, something totally lacking in שלמות, integrity, and this why the Torah forbids it under the heading of “testing, experiment.” We do find that there is a single instance in which “testing” is permitted and that concerns whether in return for being very charitable one will find that G’d repays one.” In Malachi 3,10 we find a verse to this effect saying: “thus put Me to the test: ‘bring the full tithe into the storehouse and let there be food in My House, and thus put Me to the test, said the Lord of Hosts.” Solomon also said in Proverbs 3,9-10 “honor the Lord with your wealth, with the best of your income, and your barns will be filled with grain.”
This is why Moses adds as an example of the wrong kind of service: “as you tested Him at Massah.” When the people asked for water on that occasion they did not merely pray for water but they added the words: “in order to know if the Lord is in our midst or not.” We read there that Moses named the location where all this occurred מסה ומריבה, “Test and quarrel,” The test was to see if G’d could produce drinking water in which case the people would serve Him whereas if He would not they would not follow Him into the desert. This is why the word במסה here is spelled with the vowel patach under the letter ב, a reference to why that place had been named מסה. Psalms 78,18 also refers to this event describing it as “they tested G’d in their hearts.” This was an example of serving G’d with a doubting heart, something totally lacking in שלמות, integrity, and this why the Torah forbids it under the heading of “testing, experiment.” We do find that there is a single instance in which “testing” is permitted and that concerns whether in return for being very charitable one will find that G’d repays one.” In Malachi 3,10 we find a verse to this effect saying: “thus put Me to the test: ‘bring the full tithe into the storehouse and let there be food in My House, and thus put Me to the test, said the Lord of Hosts.” Solomon also said in Proverbs 3,9-10 “honor the Lord with your wealth, with the best of your income, and your barns will be filled with grain.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 16. לא תנסו וגו׳ (siehe zu Bereschit 22, 1 und Schmot 17, 7). Im Vorhergehenden ist das ganze jüdische Privat- und Gesamtleben auf das Bewusstsein basiert, dass ד׳ א׳ בקרבך, dass Gott, der Lenker unserer Geschicke und der Leiter unserer Taten, בקרבנו, mit seiner allmächtigen Waltung unter uns gegenwärtig ist, und unsere kleinen und großen Anliegen nicht dem Ergebnis einer blinden physischen Naturnotwendigkeit überlassen sind, sondern Seinem freien, die Gänge der Natur- und Geschichtsentwicklungen leitenden Walten unterstehen. Bei dem Antritt unseres geschichtlichen Weltengangs durfte die Überzeugung von dieser Gottesgegenwart in den menschlichen Verhältnissen auf Erden noch der נסים, noch der Tatenproben bedürfen, war es, wenn auch nicht recht, doch noch entschuldbar, dass du noch "Gott versuchtest", noch erst seine Gegenwart beweisende Proben fordern und sprechen konntest: היש ה׳ בקרבנו אם אין, "ob wohl Gott in unserer Mitte ist oder nicht?" Alle die נסים, alle die Probetaten, mit welchen Gott von Mizrajim bis Kanaan dich in die Geschichte einführte, hatten ja gar keinen andern Zweck, als seine allmächtige freiwaltende Gegenwart in deiner Mitte zu bekunden. Diese נסים gehen jetzt zu Ende. Sie haben genügt, um die Überzeugung von Gott und seiner Gegenwart, auf Erden zu einer über allem Zweifel erhabenen Gewissheit für alle Zeiten zu erheben. An dieser Gewissheit sollt ihr fest halten und nicht erst noch neue Wunder zu einer Überzeugung fordern, vielmehr mitten im scheinbar gewöhnlichen Laufe der Dinge "Gott in eurer Mitte wissen" und in dieser Gewissheit leben und sterben.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
כאשר נסיתם במסה, “as you have tried Him at Massah,” The letter ב in the word במסה, has the vowel patach under it, as Massah is the name of a place. At that place, the Israelites had questioned whether the Lord is in their midst or not (Exodus 17,7).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
שמור תשמרון את מצות וגו'... ועדותיו, “observe the commandments…and His testimonies” Most of the “testimonies” are commandments designed to perpetuate in our collective memories these very miracles G’d has performed for us. We eat unleavened bread on Passover to commemorate the Exodus, we either offer the Passover, or remember it symbolically on our Seder plate when unable to offer sacrifices. We leave our homes and spend a week in a flimsy hut in order to commemorate that our G’d whom we worship kept an entire nation not only alive and well, but did so for 40 years in a totally inhospitable desert, although their conduct on occasion would have caused other rulers to abandon them. What is said here concerning not testing G’d is equally applicable to G’d’s established prophets. Once a prophet has proven his credentials as a true prophet, he is not to be subjected to constantly having to prove that he is still enjoying G’d’s ear. In the course of his speeches, Moses will also tell the Jewish people that should there be times when there are no prophets this is no reason to abandon G’d’s commandments, as there are competent sages, Rabbis, who are always at hand to inculcate the younger generation with authentic teachings of the Torah and the Books of the Prophets, as well as the deliberations of the oral law in Mishnah and Gemara.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 17. שמר תשמרון. In dieser Gewissheit, dass Gott unter euch gegenwärtig ist, ihr jeden Atemzug unter seinem Auge verlebt und alles, was euch werden soll, nur aus Seinen Händen zu empfangen habet, in dieser Gewissheit sollt ihr kein anderes Anliegen haben, als die treue Erfüllung seines Gesetzes: der מצות, der Aufgaben, für deren Verwirklichung Er einen jeden von euch auf seinen "Posten" gestellt hat, und die wir gewöhnt sind, unter die Begriffe עבודה ,תורה und גמילות חסדים zusammen zu fassen; der עדות und חקים, mit welchen er eurer geistigen Entwicklung die Basis und eurem sinnlichen Leben die sittigenden Schranken gegeben: Was חקים für unser sinnliches Leben sind, das sind עדות für unsere geistige Erkenntnis. Jene wahren unserem Sinnlichen die sittliche Reinheit, diese unserer geistigen Erkenntnis die Wahrheit. Beide enthalten das unverrückbar Gegebene, die Grundsäulen der Sittlichkeit und Wahrheit. Sie sollen wir "hüten", sollen mit ängstlicher Gewissenhaftigkeit darüber wachen, dass uns keine verloren gehe oder getrübt werde. Durch שמירת העדות werden alle weiteren נסים überflüssig, indem sie die נסים unserer Gründungsgeschichte allen unseren Folgegeschlechtern ewig als die unser Wissen von Gott begründenden Tatsachen gegenwärtig halten (siehe רמב׳׳ן z. St.). Diese שמירה der עדות ,מצות und חקים ist Aufgabe aller einzelnen Glieder der Gesamtheit (תשמרון). Erteilt werden sie der Gesamtheit im Ganzen (צוך), aus deren Händen jeder einzelne sie als Gottes Gesetz garantiert erhält.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
ועדותיו, “and His testimonies.” This is a reference not to violate negative commandments.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
הישר והטוב [AND THOU SHALT DO] THAT WHICH IS RIGHT AND GOOD [IN THE EYES OF THE LORD] — This refers to a compromise, acting beyond the strict demands of the law (cf. Rashi on Bava Metzia 108a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
AND THOU SHALT DO THAT WHICH IS RIGHT AND GOOD IN THE SIGHT OF THE ETERNAL. In line with the plain meaning of Scripture the verse says, “Keep the commandments of G-d, His testimonies, and His statutes, and, in observing them, intend to do what is right and good in His sight only.” And [the expression in the verse before us] that it may be well with thee is a promise, stating that, when you will do that which is good in His eyes, it will be well with you, for G-d does good unto the good, and to them that are upright in their hearts.311Psalms 125:4. Our Rabbis have a beautiful Midrash on this verse. They have said:312Mentioned in Rashi. See Baba Kamma 100 a. “[That which is right and good] refers to a compromise and going beyond the requirement of the letter of the law.”313Literally: “within the line of justice,” or the application of the dictates of conscience beyond the strict line of the law. The intent of this is as follows: At first he [Moses] stated that you are to keep His statutes and His testimonies which He commanded you, and now he is stating that even where He has not commanded you, give thought, as well, to do what is good and right in His eyes, for He loves the good and the right. Now this is a great principle, for it is impossible to mention in the Torah all aspects of man’s conduct with his neighbors and friends, and all his various transactions, and the ordinances of all societies and countries. But since He mentioned many of them — such as, Thou shalt not go up and down as a talebearer;314Leviticus 19:16. Thou shalt not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge;315Ibid., Verse 18. neither shalt thou stand idly by the blood of thy neighbor;314Leviticus 19:16. Thou shalt not curse the deaf;316Ibid., Verse 15. Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head317Ibid., Verse 32. and the like — he reverted to state in a general way that, in all matters, one should do what is good and right, including even compromise and, going beyond the requirements of the law.313Literally: “within the line of justice,” or the application of the dictates of conscience beyond the strict line of the law. Other examples are the Rabbis’ ordinances concerning the prerogative of a neighbor,318Baba Metzia 108 a. This is the right of pre-emption — that a neighbor has the primary right to purchase an adjoining property before, or in preference, to others. and even what they said [concerning the desirability] that one’s youthful reputation be unblemished,319Taanith 16 b. This is given as one of the requirements of the deputy, who leads the congregation in prayer. and that one’s conversation with people be pleasant. Thus [a person must seek to refine his behavior] in every form of activity, until he is worthy of being called “good and upright.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
ועשית הישר והטוב, “You shall do what is fair and good;” Nachmanides, approaching this line from a purely textual perspective, writes that Moses exhorts the people here that when they observe G’d’s commandments they should develop the feeling that what they are doing thereby is doing what is pleasing in the eyes of the Lord. In other words, the Jewish definition of “fair and good,” is what has been revealed by G’d to be so in His eyes. [Moses does not ask us to develop an independent moral code, possibly superseding the one G’d has established for us. Ed.] The assurance למען ייטב לך, “so that you will be well off,” is tied to your accepting His standards of what is fair and good.
Our sages in the Midrash view the words ועשית הישר והטוב, as Moses, at this point, introducing a new concept in, especially, inter-personal relationships, the concept known as לפנים משורת הדין, “over and beyond the requirements of the law.” Up until now Moses had exhorted the people to be law-abiding, both in their ritual lives and in their relationships with their fellow man. Now, he asks them to do more than that. An Israelite, deserving of that title, is expected to seek out opportunities to demonstrate his concern for his fellow by voluntarily giving of himself or of his material wealth. The parameters are left open. The guidelines for such conduct over and beyond the strict requirement of justice are the knowledge that the Creator, by definition, is doing so all the time, and has even created a quasi legal instrument called teshuvah, repentance, enabling His creatures to escape the dreadful consequences of their failures that they would have to look forward to had G’d not afforded them the opportunity to turn the clock back by repenting, and thus rehabilitating themselves. A practical example of this kind of self-restraint is not to take revenge or emphasize one’s righteousness compared to one’s fellow who had demonstrated total insensitivity to such considerations. (Compare Leviticus 19,18: “do not take revenge and do not bear a grudge.” What was phrased there as a prohibition, or other legal restraints of unacceptable behaviour even when provoked, such as not even to curse a deaf person, Moses expands to initiatives of doing good, as something to be sought out as proof that we the creatures try to emulate the virtues of the Creator.) [I have paraphrased some of the last few lines. Ed.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
VV. 18 u. 19. ועשית וגו׳. Indem du das, was in Gottes Augen das "Gerade", das deinem und deiner Mitmenschen Wesen Entsprechende ist, und das "Gute", das nur Seinem Weltenzwecke Entsprechende vollbringst, sicherst du dir das göttliche Wohlgefallen, und damit den dauernden und von Feinden ungestörten Besitz des oben in seinem Reichtum geschilderten Landes. Das טוב, das Gute, das du vollbringst, macht dich des Landes würdig, dein יושר gibt dir die sittliche Hoheit, vor welcher die persönliche Bedeutung deiner Feinde schwindet. Indem hier "das, was nach Gottes Urteil das Rechte und das Gute ist", als leitende Norm für unsere Handlungen gesetzt ist, wird dies von der Lehre der Weisen als ein die Forderungen des göttlichen Gesetzes für unser soziales Verhalten noch erweiterndes Prinzip also gefasst, dass wir uns nicht nur von den strikte im Gesetze ausgesprochenen Rechts- und Pflichtforderungen, sondern auch von dem uns bestimmen lassen sollen, was wir als der aus den Gesetzesbestimmungen zu entnehmenden allgemeinen Idee des Rechten und Guten entsprechend erkennen. Es umfasst dieses Prinzip zunächst den Begriff der "Billigkeit", die gebietet, von einem zuständigen Recht dann keinen Gebrauch zu machen, wenn der Vorteil, auf den wir verzichten, außer Verhältnis klein zu dem Vorteil ist, der dem andern durch unsern Verzicht zugute kommt, ein Gebot, dessen Beachtung sogar juridisch zur Geltung gebracht werden kann. So דינא דבר מצרא, das Näherrecht, das dem mit seinem Grundstücke angrenzenden Nachbar eines Grundstückes das Vorkaufsrecht gegen jeden andern erteilt (B. M. 108 a). So die Rechtswohltat: שומא הדר לעולם, dass ein dem Gläubiger für eine fällige Schuldforderung gerichtlich zugeschätztes Grundstück von dem inzwischen zu Vermögen gekommenen Schuldner zu jeder Zeit wieder eingelöst werden kann (daselbst 16 b). Nach רש׳׳י und רמב׳׳ן liegt hierin auch פשרה, das Gebot der Geneigtheit zum Vergleich für streitende Parteien, während die richterliche Pflicht eine jede Streitsache zuerst durch einen Vergleichsversuch zum Austrag zu bringen (Sanhedrin 6 b) auf den Prophetenspruch: אמת ומשפט ושלום שפטו בשעריכם (Secharja 8, 16) zurückgeführt wird, indem dort משפט שלום, eine Frieden vermittelnde Gerichtstätigkeit empfohlen ist. Vielleicht lässt sich der Kanon: ׳ועשית הישר והטוב וגו in diesem Sinne also fassen, dass das והטוב eine das הישר modifizierende Beifügung wäre. Du sollst das an sich ישר nur mit Rücksicht auf ein höheres טוב üben. ישר ist das rechtlich zustehende, von עולה Freie. טוב ein jeder positive Zweck, dessen Förderung dem Willen Gottes entspricht. Der Kanon sagte demnach: Auch auf das dir rechtlich Zustehende sollst du um eines höheren positiven guten Zweckes willen verzichten. Der לוקח in דינא דבר מצרא, die Gläubiger bei שומא leisten auf ihr unbestrittenes Recht aus Rücksicht auf die Wohlfahrt des andern Verzicht. Im Vergleich opfert die Partei von ihrem Rechte dem Frieden. Dort ist die Bruderliebe, hier die Friedensliebe das טוב, welches das ישר modifiziert. Kap. 12, 18 heißt es umgekehrt: ׳כי תעשה הטוב והישר בעיני ה׳ א, und würde dort das ישר die Ausübung des טוב modifizieren; auch das an sich Gute sollst du nur בדרך הישר zur Ausübung bringen, sollst den Zweck nie die Mittel heiligen lassen, nicht das Gute durch "ungerade" unredliche Mittel anstreben (siehe ferner daselbst).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
כאשר דבר [TO THRUST OUT ALL THINE ENEMIES] AS [THE LORD] HATH SAID — And where did He promise this? When He said, (Exodus 23:27) “And I will confound all the peoples, etc." (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:25).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
כי ישאלך בנך מחר WHEN THY SON ASKETH THEE — There is a usage of the word מחר that refers to a day that only comes after the lapse of some time (and this is so here, i.e. it here means “in time to come", not "to-morrow”) (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 13:14).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ramban on Deuteronomy
WHEN THY SON ASKETH THEE IN TIME TO COME, SAYING: ‘WHAT MEAN THE TESTIMONIES, AND THE STATUTES, AND THE ORDINANCES etc.?’ The meaning thereof is that first he will ask, “These commandments called testimonies — to what do they testify?” For they are a memorial to His wonders320See Psalms 111:4. and witnesses thereof, such as the Unleavened Bread, the Booth, the Passover, the Sabbath, the phylacteries, and the Mezuzah. [Then he will ask] “What are the statutes?,” for their reasons are hidden in the Torah. Of the ordinances he will inquire: “What are the ordinances that we enforce in these commandments — stoning him who does work on the Sabbath, burning him who has intercourse with a woman and her mother, and administering forty lashes to him who sows mixed seeds?” For the ordinances pertaining to the social order of countries — such as the laws of the ox, the pit, the guardians, and the rest of the laws of the Torah — are righteous and good, all that see them acknowledge them,321Isaiah 61:9. [and of these they do not ask]. Now concerning the answer to this question, he commanded that we relate to the inquirer the whole subject of the exodus from Egypt,322Verses 21-23. the intent thereof being as He stated in the Ten Commandments, Who brought thee out of the land of Egypt,323Above, 5:6. directing us that we inform the inquiring son that the Eternal is the Creator [through Whom everything has come into existence] by His will and power, as has been made clear to us by the exodus from Egypt. This is the sense of the expression [And the Eternal showed signs …] ‘before our eyes,’324Verse 22. for it is we who know and are witnesses of the signs and wonders, for we saw there that the Eternal is our G-d, He is the G-d in heaven above and upon the earth beneath, and there is none else.325Above, 4:39. All this was made known through the departure from Egypt, as I have explained in the first commandment.326Exodus 20:2. Vol. II, pp. 285-286. Thus it befits us to give honor to His Name, for He is our Creator, and [He] has magnified His mercy upon us, and He commanded us to do all these statutes327Verse 24. mentioned in the testimonies, statutes, and ordinances [about which the son had asked]: to fear Him327Verse 24. by performing [commandments known as] the testimonies which are a memorial to His wonders;320See Psalms 111:4. for our good327Verse 24. through performance of [commandments known as] the statutes for they are good, there being no statute which contains any evil, although their reasons have not been clarified to all people;328But to the Sages of Israel the reasons of the statutes were revealed. See Ramban further, 22:6. that He might preserve us alive327Verse 24. through [the commandments called] the ordinances. For we shall live by all [three kinds of commandments] together as they are all good, containing nothing harmful at all, but instead they all ultimately result in good life. Thus we are obliged to do the will of the Creator Who is our G-d, and we are His people, and the flock of His hand,329Psalms 95:7. and there is nothing but good in all of His commandments. And what is more, it shall be accounted virtue unto us before the Eternal our G-d330Verse 25. and He will give us good reward for observing all these commandments. The verse refers to the reward for the observance of the commandments as “righteousness” [in the sense of charity] for the bondsman who was bought by his master is obliged to serve him [and has no claim to payment for his service]. If the master gives him payment for his service, he does an act of righteousness with him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
מה העדות, a reference to the philosophical, theological aspects of the Torah. These invariably relate to the supernatural matters described in the Torah.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
כי ישאלך בנך מחר מה העדות, וגו', “When your child asks you tomorrow (figuratively speaking)” The first category of questions by children who observe our rituals are questions concerning symbols commemorating historic events, i.e. עדות. Subsequently, questions will concern laws that appear not to be rooted either in our history or logic, חקים. Lastly, the child will question משפטים, penalties exacted for violating the Sabbath, by being stoned to death, for instance, or why someone sleeping with a woman and her mother should be subject to the death penalty by burning, etc. etc. The child will not ask his father concerning a whole range of laws that make sense to him, laws that are effective in fighting crime, etc. Moses tells the father that in the first instance he has to inform his child about the Exodus from Egypt and what had preceded it. This answer, basically is the introduction to the Ten Commandments in which Hashem introduces Himself as the One Who liberated the people of Israel from bondage under terrible conditions, something that surely entitles Him to expect something from us in return when He requests this. Having demonstrated His power to us at the time and having exerted Himself on our behalf is all that is needed to justify His legislating a lifestyle for us.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
כי ישאלך בנך מחר לאמור מה העדות והחקים והמשפטים, “when your son will ask you tomorrow (in the future): ‘what is the purpose of the ceremonial laws, the statutes, and (even) the social laws?’” Your children who have not been part of the historic process of becoming a Jewish nation, will ask: “why do you observe all these many types of laws?” You are to tell them that it all dates back to the time when we were slaves, oppressed, and the Lord liberated us from all this. As a result, we are obligated to accept His dictates in lieu of those of Pharaoh. Moses sums up the commandments as the Torah being a repository of our history and that observing it will keep the historic connection between the founding fathers and subsequent generations alive (compare Ibn Ezra and Nachmanides).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 20. כי ישאלך וגו׳. Der vorangehende Absatz VV. 16-19 erinnerte uns, nicht fortgesetzte נסים von Gott zu fordern, um immer aufs neue unsere Überzeugung von der Gegenwart seiner Waltung in unserer Mitte zu befestigen, sondern auf Grund der unsere nationale Entstehungsgeschichte erfüllenden נסים dieser Gegenwart für immer gewiss zu sein und deren Bekundung nur infolge unserer pflichttreuen Hingebung an das, was in Gottes Augen das Rechte und Gute ist, zu erwarten. Eng schließt sich diesem Gedankeninhalte der hier folgende Schlussabsatz (Verse 20-25) an, der eben die Vererbung des Bewusstseins dieser Gott bezeugenden נסים unserer Entstehungsgeschichte als Basis der ganzen Erziehung unserer Jugend für Gottes Gesetz ans Herz legt, und eben durch diese Vererbung unserer geschichtlichen Erfahrungen eine stete Wiederholung solcher die gewöhnliche Naturordnung aufhebenden נסים für alle Folgezeit überflüssig macht.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy
כי ישאלך בנך מחר, “when your son will ask you tomorrow (in the future), etc.” The question posed here is that attributed to the wise son (one of the four) during the recital of the haggadah on the night of the seder. Although this son addresses his parents with the word אתכם, which is almost the same as לכם, when he describes them as having been commanded to observe this commandment, i.e. he excludes himself just as the wicked son does, the fact that he adds that it is אשר צוה ה' אלוקנו, “which the Lord our G–d commanded, means that he does not exclude himself from the people assembled to observe the Passover. He had, after all not been redeemed from Egypt, seeing that he had not yet been alive, as had his parents.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Alshich on Torah
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
והחקים והמשפטים, the practical laws,
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
מחר: wenn diese Zeit vergangen und eine andere Zeit an ihre Stelle getreten ist, in welcher das jetzt Erlebte der geschichtlichen Vergangenheit angehört (vergl. מחיר, der Tauschwert). ׳מה העדת וגו. Die auf diese Frage folgende Antwort enthält nicht den Inhalt der Gesetze, sondern die Mitteilung unseres nationalgeschichtlichen Ursprungs samt den dabei erfahrenen, Gott bezeugenden נסים und Gesetzoffenbarungen als Verpflichtungsgrund zu dem Gesetze. Entweder ist daher ׳מה העדות וגו in der Tat die Frage nach dem Inhalte des Gesetzes, und die Antwort lehrte dann, dass jeder Tradierung des Gesetzesinhalts die Tradierung des auf geschichtlicher Erfahrungstatsache beruhenden Verpflichtungsgrundes vorangehen müsse, damit nach dem Grundsatze יראתו קודמת לחכמתו (Abot I. 3, 9) und dem alten jüdischen Fahneneid נעשה ונשמע, das Erlernen des Gesetzes von vornherein von dem Zwecke der Erfüllung geleitet werde; oder מה העדת ׳וגו ist eben nicht Frage nach dem Inhalte, sondern Frage nach dem Verpflichtungsgrunde des Gesetzes, wie מה חרי האף הגדול הזה (Kap. 29, 23) die Frage nach dem Grunde des auf dem Lande ruhenden Zornes ist. Es wäre sodann dem späteren Geschlechte das Eigenartige der symbolische Handlungen, Sittengesetze und sozialen Ordnungen zum Bewusstsein gekommen, in welchen das jüdische Volk sich von anderen Völkern unterscheidet, und es erbäte sich Belehrung über den Grund dieser eigenartigen Normierung des jüdischen Lebens.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
אשר צוה ה׳ אלוקינו אתכם, “which the Lord our G-d commanded you.” When the Torah spoke of the questions raised by the intelligent son (according to the author of the Haggadah shel Pessach who identifies him by quoting our verse), he does so seeing that this son has understood that not all the 613 commandments belong to the same category, but he has subdivided them into the three categories: ,עדות חוקים, משפטים. When it appears at first glance as if he excludes himself, because he described the laws as being addressed to אתכם “to you,” as if he were to exclude himself, he hastens to say אלוקינו “our G-d,” to prevent anyone thinking that he excludes himself. Since he is a member of the second generation and had not personally heard the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, he in fact is to be commended for including himself, as he could have argued that he had not said נעשה ונשמע, “we will perform the laws as soon as we know what they are.” (Exodus 24.7) This is in stark contrast to the “wicked son” in Exodus 12,26, who characterizes the laws as applying only “to you,” thereby excluding himself.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
אשר צוה ה' אלוקינו אתכם, and He did not deem the seven Noachide laws as adequate.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
עבדים היינו, seeing that during the many years of our being slaves we could not attain the degree of perfection G’d had in mind for us to attain, He performed miracles in order to lead us out and to bring us to the land in which we could attain this degree of perfection.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 21. ואמרת לבנך וגו׳. Die Antwort berührt alle Seiten unserer Verpflichtung zum Gesetz: unsere Hörigkeit an Gott, der uns aus völliger Unselbständigkeit zur Selbständigkeit geführt (עבדים); das Gottbewusstsein, das uns durch die erlebten Tatsachen geworden (ויתן); die nur Gott und dem Väterbündnis zu verdankende Gegenwart (ואותנו); den göttlichen Ursprung der Gesetze, in deren treuen Erfüllung allein Gott den Tribut der Huldigung von uns erwartet und in welcher allein die Dauer unseres Glückes und unser wahrhaftiges Leben wurzelt (ויצונו); das Pflichtbewusstsein, dem nur in ganzer und unalterierter Erfüllung des Gesetzes unsererseits genügt werden kann (וצדקה).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
עבדים היינו לפרעה במצרים, nicht Privatsklaven, Staatsleibeigene waren wir, für welche es innerhalb der Menschenverhältnisse keine Aussicht auf Freilassung gab, und waren dies in Ägypten, dem kulturmächtigsten Staate. ׳ביד חזקה ,ויוציאנו וגו: nicht infolge von Ihm geleiteter, der gewöhnlichen Weltordnung gemäßer Ereignisse; sondern in unmittelbarer Offenbarung seiner der menschlichen Gewalt uns entreißenden Allmacht.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
לעינינו, “before our very eyes.” We the generation telling all this to our children, were privileged to have seen with our own eyes all that we are relating to you, to whom this will remain only “hearsay.” Seeing that to us this is more than hearsay, but something we experienced on our bodies, saw with our own eyes, we are certainly bound to acknowledge Him in every sphere of our lives. It does not matter whether the legislation is embodied in a framework of historical symbols, עדות, social laws, משפטים, or even laws that defy our powers of reason to understand, חוקים; we are bound to respect and obey them equally. WE are certain that all of them have been designed to make our life on earth and eventually in our own land, so much better than it would be without them.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 22. אתות ,ויתן ד׳ אתות: Ihn als Schöpfer, Herrn und Meister der Welt und ihrer Ordnungen bezeugende Taten; מופתים: Ihn als Richter und Erzieher der Menschen kund tuende, die Überzeugungs- und Willensänderung der Menschen bezweckende Ereignisse (von פתהּ = יפת ;), בפרעה ובכל ביתו die Belehrungs- und Überzeugungswunder geschahen nicht nur und nicht sowohl am Volke und für das Volk, sie geschahen auch an den höchsten leitenden Schichten des Volkes, sie waren für den König und seine ihn beratenden Diener empfindlich, die über die Freilassung oder Nichtfreilassung zu entscheiden hatten, und zeigten zugleich, dass keine Menschenhoheit vor Gottes Strafgerichten schützt. ובכל ביתו (vergl. Bereschit 45, 2 u. 50, 4). לעינינו: wir waren die Zuschauenden und nicht, die Mitleidenden, und es ist die eigene Selbsterfahrung, auf welcher unsere aus solchen Erlebnissen zu schöpfenden Gotteserkenntnisse beruhen.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
לעינינו, “before our eyes.” We are witnesses of thi
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 23. למען הביא אתנו (vergl. Zefanja 3, 20). בעת ההיא אביא אתכם.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ויצונו ה' לעשות את כל החקים האלה, in order to make us ready by means of their observance,
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 24. ׳ויצונו וגו. Bedeutsam werden hier sämtliche Gesetze in den Begriff חקים zusammengefasst. Der ausschreitenden geistigen, sittlichen und sozialen Willkür gegenüber, deren Folgen wir in Ägypten kennen gelernt, werden hier die חקים ,עדות und משפטים zusammen als das göttlich Gegebene, als חקים, als die unverrückbaren göttlich gezogenen Kreise bezeichnet, innerhalb welcher sich unser ganzes geistiges, sinnliches und soziales Leben zu entfalten hat. Die in unserer Entstehungsgeschichte wurzelnde Verpflichtung macht sie alle zu חקים und sichert ihnen ewige unverbrüchliche Erfüllung. Wir haben sie alle zu erfüllen lediglich ליראה את ה׳ א׳, um unserem Gott als unserem Gotte huldigende Gottesfurcht zu betätigen, begründen aber damit zugleich unser dauerndes Glück und unsere Erhaltung in wahrhaftigem Leben. Der Zweck unserer Erfüllung ist יראת ה׳ ihre Folge: טוב לנו und טוב לנו .חיים ist die harmonische Zustimmung aller äußeren Beziehungen zu unserem Heile, חיותנו die unserer Lebensbestimmung entsprechende Entfaltung unseres ganzen Wesens. כהיום הזה: alles, was wir an טוב und חיים heute besitzen, verdanken wir unserem Gesetzesgehorsam.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
לטוב לנו כל הימים לחיותנו כיום הזה, “for our good, always, and to keep us alive as of this day.” In other words, Moses gives the Torah’s answer that we will be the ones inheriting כל הימים, “all the days,” i.e. also in the world of the future. This verse is the answer to the ridiculous philosophy of the heretics who are asking the Israelites (sarcastically) “why did Moses never spell out that there is such a thing as an afterlife, something we call: עולם הבא?” The answer to their question has been spelled out in our verse. The fact that in many other instances Moses did not spell out that this afterlife is the reward for living a life of Torah observance, and he is more concerned with their observing the commandments while they are alive on this earth, is because Moses addresses every Jew, whether a grandfather or at the beginning of his adolescence. In other words, what he speaks about must be relevant to the nation as a whole. In this way he hopes to increase the awe in which each individual Jew relates to our G-d. For the same reason you have not heard him writing or speaking about gehinom, the domain reserved for the perpetual sinners, in which they are burned to a crisp, according to many other religions, and which will inspire them with dread of their god, not admiration and love, he warned them only about punishment in this life. (Compare the portions bechukotai, and ki tavo and a number of other places.)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
ליראה את ה' אלוקינו, this is the result of acquiring a measure of understanding of His greatness; all of this G’d wanted us to appreciate לטוב לנו כל הימים, for He desires to confer goodness, love, He has no egotistical motives. לחיותנו כהיום הזה. To keep us alive as of this day.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
This is what I had in mind when I said to you וצדקה תהיה לו לטוב לנו כל הימים, it will be good for us not only in this life but will be a charitable act assuring us of life in the hereafter.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
וצדקה תהיה לנו, "and it will be a righteousness for us, etc." What is the meaning of the word צדקה in this context? Nachmanides explains that the word refers to the reward for מצוה-performance. Inasmuch as we are G'd's slaves we are not entitled to any reward at all. If, nonetheless, G'd grants us a reward for our observing His commandments this is in the nature of צדקה, charity, as we have no claim. I do not believe that this explanation answers our problem. Moreover, we also need to understand the meaning of the words לפני ה׳ כאשר צונו, "before the Lord as He commanded us."
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Tur HaArokh
וצדקה תהיה לנו, “and it will be a merit for us, etc.” Although we are duty bound to observe all these commandments, and the idea that we would be entitled to be rewarded for doing so is quite beyond reason, Moses assures the people that such reward will nonetheless be in store for them, this being the nature of Hashem, Who devises ways and means to enable His people to acquire merits.
Ibn Ezra writes that some scholars see in our verse (the word צדקה) an allusion to the world to come, where the reward for keeping the commandments will be handed out.
According to the plain meaning of the text, the meaning is that it is no more than fair and just that we keep Hashem’s commandments as by what He did at the Exodus He has acquired us as His eternal servants obligated to do His bidding.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 25. וצדקה (siehe zu Bereschit 15, 6). Unsere Pflichtgerechtigkeit bleibt es, wir können die Aufgaben unserer Lebensbestimmung nur lösen, wenn wir die Gesetze als מצוה, unterschiedlos als "Gottesgebot", als "Anweisung auf unseren Lebensposten" sorgfältig, unverkümmert und unverändert, ganz nach Inhalt und Weise erfüllen, כל המצוה — כאשר צונו. Wir haben weder das Recht etwas zu abrogieren, noch zu reformieren.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
וצדקה תהיה לנו, “and it will be a righteousness for us, etc;” this verse has also not been spelled out completely; it should have read: 'וצדקה תהיה לנו לפני ה' אלוקינו כי נשמור וגו “and it will be a righteousness before the Lord our G-d, when we observe, etc.” in other words, Moses holds out the promises of a great reward for keeping the Torah. An alternate interpretation: this sentence is an appendage to the one that commenced with the question of the intelligent son in verse 20. Moses assures this son that there will be a great reward in store for him if he observes the various categories of commandments in the Torah about which he had enquired. This reward is the encouragement to diligently study and observe the Torah.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
We will enjoy the transient life on this earth as a result of having first assured ourselves through observance of the commandments of our share in the world to come, i.e. eternal life.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
I believe that we must understand our verse by remembering that there are two levels of serving G'd. One may serve the Lord out of fear or one may serve the Lord out of love. Every single creature, human or otherwise, is obligated to serve its master out of fear for its survival. Should it fail to do so, Maleachi 1,6 already quotes G'd as asking: "if I am to be served by you because you consider yourselves My slaves and I am your Master, where is the fear of Me?" This is also the meaning of Deut.10,12: "what does the Lord ask of you except to fear Him, etc?" The second level of serving G'd is service out of love for G'd. This is, of course, a great מצוה but it is not a requirement that man must love his Master. Legally speaking it suffices that the slave does not hate his Master. On the other hand, the master is obligated to look after the physical needs of the slave such as food, shelter, medical attention, etc., all in accordance with the master's resources. Moses writes "G'd has commanded us to fear Him," i.e. our obligation is to revere G'd whereas His obligation to us is לטוב לנו ולהחיותינו, "to ensure that we are well off and to keep us alive" in return for our discharging our obligation towards Him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Moses added the words כהיום הזה, "as of this day," meaning that just as G'd is discharging His obligation towards us today, so He will continue to do so. Devarim Rabbah 7 describes that while the Israelites were in the desert their garments grew with them as required, the clouds performed ironing duties, etc. Concerning the group of people who served the Lord out of love the Torah writes וצדקה תהיה לנו "this is accounted as a charitable act for us" as we are not obligated to perform service of the Lord from love. The nature of this love is described in Chovot Halevavot chapter אהבת השם section one in these words: "Love of G'd is a longing of one's soul and its inclining towards the Creator; this is a tendency of one's own self to cleave to the supreme Light represented by the Lord our G'd."
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
The Torah writes: כאשר צונו "as He commanded us," to describe that the reason we relate to G'd out of love is not because we have any ulterior motives when we serve Him thus. We find the same idea in Psalms 40,9: "to do what pleases You, my G'd, is my desire." This is a description of someone who performs G'd's will out of pure love. Please read what I have written in Leviticus 18,2 on the verse כמעשה ארץ מצרים. In return for this kind of service of the Lord man is entitled to expect some reward even as a right. Although in truth we ought to pay a reward to G'd who has allowed us to taste the sweetness of His love for us, a pleasant sensation beyond compare, such people deserve the reward for the period they strove to perfect themselves before they came to the realisation that actually they owe G'd and not vice versa.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
Another allusion contained in our verse is based on Tikkuney HaZohar 21 that by observing the commandments we will secure our share in His שכינה, also known as צדקה.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy