Еврейская Библия
Еврейская Библия

Комментарий к Берешит 2:2

וַיְכַ֤ל אֱלֹהִים֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מְלַאכְתּ֖וֹ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה וַיִּשְׁבֹּת֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּ֖וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה׃

В седьмой день Бог завершил Свои труды, которыми Он занимался, — в седьмой день Он покоился от Своих дел, которыми был занят.

Rashi on Genesis

ויכל אלהים ביום השביעי AND ON THE SEVENTH DAY GOD FINISHED — R. Simeon says: A human being (literally, flesh and blood) who cannot know exactly his times and moments (who cannot accurately determine the point of time that marks the division between one period and that which follows it) must needs add from the week-day and observe it as the holy day (the Sabbath), but the Holy One, blessed be He, who knows His times and moments, began it (the seventh day) to a very hair’s breadth (with extreme exactness) and it therefore appeared as though He had completed His work on that very day (Genesis Rabbah 10:9). Another explanation: What did the world lack? Rest! Sabbath came — Rest came; and the work was thus finished and completed (Genesis Rabbah 10:9)!
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Sforno on Genesis

ויכל אלוקים ביום השביעי, at the beginning of the seventh “day,” a moment which is indivisible from the time frame which follows, so that both the six previous “days” were an entity in themselves, and the seventh day was a totally self-contained entity. Our sages in Bereshit Rabbah 10,9 describe G’d as knowing the precise moment between the sixth and seventh day and describe it as “thin as a hair’s breadth.” [I believe the problem confronting the sages was the statement that G’d had completed all His work in the six days, and yet the Torah speaks of Him completing, ויכל, His work on the ”seventh” day, something that appears to be a contradiction to the former statement. Ed.]
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

ויכל אלוקים ביום השביעי. G'd completed on the seventh day. The plain meaning of the verse is to tell us that G'd did not engage in creational activities that the Torah has not mentioned after that date. The term כלה, completed, includes anything that had been in G'd's mind to do. It also means that G'd did not only desist from work on that Sabbath, but that He did not resume activity on the following six days.
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Radak on Genesis

ויכל ביום השביעי, by the time the seventh day had started, all G’d’s work had been completed so that there was no creative activity left for G’d to perform on the seventh day. It is therefore technically correct to state that the meaning of the words is that G’d’s work had been completed, and completion of work cannot be termed “work.” The meaning of the words אשר עשה, therefore is that “all the creative activities which G’d had performed during the preceding six “days” had been terminated with the advent of the seventh day, so that there was nothing left to be done on that day.” We have similar constructions in the Torah, for instance in Exodus 12,16 ביום הראשון תשביתו שאור, which means that on that day leavened things should be in a state of having been destroyed, banished. (compare Pessachim 5) וישבות, He discontinued, what He had completed (שבת).
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Haamek Davar on Genesis

This is an additional reason. Just as someone who completes construction of his house will rejoice and celebrate even if his house is not so beautiful, so God blessed the day on which He completed His Creation.
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Tur HaArokh

ויכל אלוקים ביום השביעי, “G’d completed on the seventh day, etc.” Although G’d knows exactly when the sixth day ends and the seventh day commences, to the onlooker it might appear as if the seventh day had already started. According to the plain meaning of the text, the line means that whatever G’d did on the seventh day was the completion of the seven days of creation.
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Rabbeinu Bahya

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Siftei Chakhamim

R. Shimon said, flesh and blood who cannot know... Rashi is answering the question: ויכל אלהים ביום השביעי implies that Hashem worked even on the seventh day, but concluded the work then. Yet it is written, “He abstained on the seventh day,” implying that He did no work at all. [Thus Rashi explains, “It appears as if He concluded His work on that very day.”]
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Mit dem Begriffe צבא steht ein anderer, der uns in diesem Vers entgegentritt, in engster Beziehung. Es wird alles, was Gott geschaffen: מלאכתו genannt. מלאכה ist nicht Arbeit, מלאכה ist Werk. Arbeit sieht nur auf die Mühe, auf die größere oder geringere Anstrengung einer Thätigkeit ohne Rücksicht auf das Produkt; Werk hat nur dies, das Erzeugte, Erwirkte, das Ziel und Produkt der Tätigkeit, im Auge. מלאכה ist aber nichts als das Femininum von מלאך. Was מלאך persönlich ist, das ist מלאכה sachlich. Wie מלאך ein Bote, der Träger und Vollbringer des Gedankens und der Absicht eines Andern ist, so ist מלאכה eine Sache, die Träger und Vollbringer des Gedankens und der Absicht einer Intelligenz geworden. Jeder Stoff, dem eine Intelligenz eine, einem bestimmten Zweck entsprechende Form verleiht, wird eben durch diese von ihr erhaltene Form ihre מלאכה, ihr sachlicher Bote, dienstbarer Träger ihres Gedankens und Zweckes. Es waren z. B. Weidenzweige, als solche hatten sie gar keine Bestimmung und standen dem verschiedenartigsten Gebrauche frei. Ich flechte sie zu einem Korbe. Fortan dienen die Zweige ausschließlich dem Zwecke, dem ich sie durch meine Formgebung dienstbar gemacht und helfen ihn fördern. Die von mir zum Korbe geflochtenen Zweige sind damit mein sachlicher מלאך, meine מלאכה geworden. Im weiteren Sinne heißen alle im Dienste einer Intelligenz stehende Dinge ihre מלאכה, so Jakob׳s Eigentum: לרגל המלאכה אשר לפני B. M. 33,14. לרגל המלאכה אשר לפני. Es ist klar, dass nur2 eine Intelligenz, Gott, und tief unter ihm, der Mensch eine מלאכה schaffen könne. Wenn das Tier eine מלאכה schafft, so wird seine Tätigkeit nur durch die Intelligenz des Menschen eine מלאכה, die sich seiner Kräfte als Werkzeug bedient. Alles Seiende wird hier ׳מלאכת א genannt. Es ist nicht nur an sich mit seinem Dasein die Verwirklichung eines Gottesgedankens, הגה — היה; sondern es ist fort und fort Träger und Verwirk- licher der ihm eingeprägten und durch es zur Verwirklichung kommenden Gottesgedanken. Das einem Jeden vom Schöpfer zuerteilte Maß von Stoff und Kraft und die einem Jeden vom Schöpfer aufgeprägte Form macht ein Jedes zu ׳מלאכת ד. "Sein" und "Wirken" im ganzen Weltall ist nichts als Gottes Gedanken und Gottes Botschaft. Alle menschliche Wissenschaft sucht nichts als diesen seienden und wirkenden Wesen die Gottesgedanken ihres Wesens und ihrer Sendung abzulauschen, und erst dann glaubt der Mensch etwas zu wissen, wenn es ihm halbwegs gelungen, den Dingen eine Spur dieser göttlichen Gedanken abzugewinnen. Der Gott leugnende Naturforscher, der sein Leben daran setzt, den "Gedanken in der Natur" forschend nachzugehen, deckt mit jedem Gesetz, das er einer Kraft, mit jedem Zweck, den er einer Form ablauscht, eine Spur des Gottes auf, den sein Mund verleugnet; ja, er verleugnet seine Leugnung schon mit dem ersten Schritte, den er zu seiner forschenden Wanderung im Gebiete der Natur ansetzt; das Ziel, das er sucht, setzt schon den von ihm geleugneten Gott voraus, der die Gedanken gedacht und in der Natur verwirklicht haben muss, die aufzufinden seine Sehnsucht ist, deren Ahnung ihn leitet, und deren Auffindung ihn mit hoher Freude erfüllt.
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Chizkuni

ויכל אלוקים ביום השביעי, “the Lord had completed on the seventh day;” at first glance this wording gives the impression as if G-d had still been working on the seventh day; seeing that on the sixth day it had not yet been known that this was the last day on which G-d performed creative activities, there is no contradiction. This became known only in retrospect on the seventh day through G-d’s abstaining from any such activity.
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Sforno on Genesis

וישבות ביום השביעי, G’d’s inactivity on the seventh day set it apart from the previous six days.
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Haamek Davar on Genesis

This is a third reason. Someone who undertakes working at some task for a period of time will be pleased when he completes that period even if the job is not complete. God undertook to create the world in six days and when that designated time was over He made that day special and blessed it.
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Radak on Genesis

מכל מלאכתו, this means that after the sixth “day” G’d did not “create,” ברא, anything new. When the Torah used the expression וישבות, which gives the impression that G’d “retired” into inactivity, this is not accurate; the Torah used terminology that we humans can relate to. There is of course, no such things as יגיעה, fatigue, exhaustion, in connection with G’d. He is, by definition “tireless.” Compare Isaiah 40,28 who describes G’d as לא יעף ולא יגע, expressing exactly these sentiments. Creating the universe was not something tiresome for G’d. Another way of understanding the word וישבות, would be ויפסק, “He stopped, terminated.” This would also fit with Exodus 12,15 תשביתו שאור, “terminate leavened things!”
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Siftei Chakhamim

It can enter into it. I.e., the work enters into Shabbos.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

We must pay close attention to the apparently superfluous words אשר עשה, "which He had done." We must also explore the meaning of the words ביום השביעי, "on the seventh day," which suggest that G'd did perform work on the seventh day but that "He completed it on that day." This was not so, but He had completed all His work already on the sixth day. Our sages already felt the need to correct the impression that G'd had still performed creational work on the seventh day. Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, quoted by Rashi and Bereshit Rabbah 10,9, says that human beings who do not know time accurately commence their Sabbath a few minutes early in order not to desecrate it. G'd who is aware of precisely when the Sabbath starts, can afford to do His work until the last second. Even allowing for Rabbi Shimon's comment, the word ביום in that verse is not adequately explained. This word creates the impression that G'd ceased work on the seventh day. Actually, according to our sages the word ביום is justified.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

Es waren also der Himmel und die Erde und ihr ganzes Heer von Gott zum Ziele geführt, nicht nur das Weltall im Ganzen, jedes Einzelne auch, das in diesem Weltenraume von Gott auf seinen Posten gestellt, ist für diesen Posten von Gott, der es dahin gestellt, mit Kraft und Bildung ausgerüstet — "da vollendete Gott mit dem siebenten Tage sein Werk, das er gemacht hatte, und mit dem siebenten Tage hörte Gott von jeglichem seinem Werke, das er gemacht hatte, auf." Bei dieser Einsetzungs-Urkunde des Sabbats in die Schöpfung müssen wir uns wieder vergegenwärtigen, dass dem Volke, welchem sie eingehändigt wurde, bereits das Gesetz theoretisch und praktisch völlig bekannt und somit in erster Linie auch die Bedeutung des siebenten Tages, als Denkmal für die Weltschöpfung und die Stellung des Menschen in derselben und zu derselben unter Gott, völlig klar war. Ohne diese vorausgesetzte Bedeutung des siebenten Tages für die Gottes- und Selbst-Kenntnis des Menschen wäre das, was hier von dem siebenten Tage ausgesagt wird, die Vollendung der Schöpfung durch ihn, sein Segen und seine Heiligung durchaus unverständlich. Die sichtbare Welt war mit dem sechsten Tage vollendet, allein erst mit dem siebten Tage, durch die Einsetzung des siebten Tages für die Erziehung des Menschen zur Wahrheit und Sittlichkeit, vollendete Gott in Wahrheit sein Werk, und erst mit ihm, mit seiner Einsetzung und der durch ihn gesicherten Erziehung des Menschen für seinen großen Beruf, hörte Gott von jeglichem seiner Werke auf. Mit der Einsetzung des Sabbats erhielt erst jedes Werk der sichtbaren Schöpfung — nicht nur der Mensch — seine letzte Vollendung. Der Sabbat war der letzte Finger, den der Schöpfer an jedes seiner Werke, das er in die sichtbare Welt hinausgebildet hatte, legte. Denn der Bestand und die Bestimmung eines jeden seiner Werke ist an die Verwirklichung des Sabbats im Schoße der Menschheit geknüpft. Keine Kluft ist zwischen der physischen Natur und der sittlichen Welt und Bestimmung des Menschen. In die sichtbare physische Welt hinein hat Gott den Sabbat als ihr Ziel und ihre Vollendung gesetzt. "Adamah", Boden und Bereich des Gott ebenbildlichen, die Welt nach Seinem Willen sittlich verwaltenden Menschen zu sein, ist die Bestimmung der Erdwelt; ihm, dem "Adam", ist sie wie die Gattin dem Gatten angetraut; die ganze physische Welt jauchzt auf und blüht mit der sittlich heiteren Blüte des Menschengeschlechts, sie trauert und welkt, wenn das Menschengeschlecht sittlich welk wird und entartet. Das ist eine Wahrheit, die durch das ganze Gotteswort bis zum letzten Propheten führt, sie wurzelt in unserer Sabbaturkunde. Mit dem Menschen-Sabbat vollendete Gott die Schöpfung; die Bestimmung für den Menschen-Sabbat war das letzte, was Gottes Finger jedem seiner geschaffenen Werke aufdrückte.
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Chizkuni

השביעי, “The seventh;” this day too has the prefix ה, as it was a day reserved for rest from physical activity, something that is taboo on all the other days.
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Siftei Chakhamim

And it appears. I.e., it appears to people as if Hashem concluded His work on that day, but it is not really so. Thus, “Elohim completed on the seventh day” describes the appearance, not the reality.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

They claim that until the Sabbath the world was trembling and shaking until the advent of the Sabbath. On the seventh day G'd gave the earth מנוחה, tranquillity (compare Rashi's second comment on our verse). On the Sabbath G'd created the "soul" of the world, and that is the deeper meaning of the words וביום השביעי שבת וינפש, and on the seventh day He rested and retreated to His Essence. Although our sages have interpreted the word וינפש as a lament about the withdrawal of the additional soul G'd grants to the Jewish people on each Sabbath (Beytzah 17) this is merely homiletics. They base that on the unusual construction וינפש (passive or reflexive) instead of merely, ונפש (ordinary intransitive). The plain meaning is undoubtedly that שבת וינפש, because He rested on the Sabbath and with it the soul arrived. This means that all creatures were granted an abundance of vitality, something they had lacked previously.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

וישבת. Der Begriff Ruhe erschöpft die Bedeutung der Wurzel שבת nicht. שבת ist keine absolute Untätigkeit, שבת ist das Aufhören einer bis dahin stattgefundenen Tätigkeit. Die Lautverwandtschaft dieser Wurzel mit שבט ,שפר ,שפט ,שפת ,שות, lässt jedoch noch eine positive Seite ihrer Bedeutung erkennen. Alle diese Wurzeln vereinigen sich in der Bedeutung: an die gehörige Stelle, in die gehörige Stellung bringen und halten, daher: setzen, ordnen, richten, Bratspieß und Stab. Daher dürfte auch שבת einen solchen "Halt" in einer bisherigen Tätigkeit bedeuten, durch welchen Personen und Dinge in der ihnen gebührenden Stellung gehalten bleiben. Die durch שבת ihr Ende findende Tätigkeit ist daher entweder immer eine störende, gährende, wie והשבתי גאון זדים ,תשביתו חמץ ,משבית מלחמות ,והשבתי חיה רעה dergl. oder eine an noch unfertigen, erst noch zu vollendenden Zuständen arbeitende, wie .שביתה ממלאכה וישבת ביום השביעי מכל מלאכתו וגוי mit dem siebten Tage hörte Gott von allem von ihm geschaffenem Werke auf; denn mit dem siebten Tage hatte Jedes die Stellung in der Schöpfung erreicht, die es dort immer einnehmen sollte; Gotte hörte auf, weil keine Veränderung mehr notwendig war. Und auch den Menschen soll der שבת sich und die Welt in ihrer wahren Stellung betrachten lehren, ja, wenn die Wochenarbeit das gewesen, was sie nach dem Ausdruck des Sabbatgesetzes gewesen sein soll, — ששת ימים עבודה - תעבוד ועשית כל מלאכתך, im Dienste Gottes vollbracht — so sieht sich der Mensch mit jedem Sabbat am Ziele, er lässt die Hand vom Werk, weil er nach Gottes Willen das Seinige gethan, und mit dem Sabbat das vollbrachte Tagewerk Gott huldigend zu Füßen gelegt — sein Sabbat ist in Wahrheit: שבת.
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Siftei Chakhamim

Another explanation: What was the world lacking? Rest. You might ask: Why cannot the world exist without [a day devoted to] rest? Will heaven and earth otherwise cease to exist? The answer is: In fact they would [cease to exist], for Rashi explained above (1:1) that בראשית means that the world was created for the Torah which is called ראשית דרכו. And without a day of rest, Jews would not have time all week to engage in Torah study. Thus Hashem created Shabbos on which work is forbidden, giving them time to study Torah. Consequently, the existence of heaven and earth is due to rest.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

We find a similar idea in the Zohar-Tazria (page 13 Sullam edition) as to why the rite of circumcision cannot be performed before the eighth day, and why an animal is not fit to serve as a sacrifice until the eighth day of its life. In either case one has to wait until at least one Sabbath has passed so that each has attained a נפש, a soul full of vitality. Our verse then describes G'd as putting the finishing touch to His creation by bringing on the Sabbath, not by creating on the Sabbath. The reason the Torah repeats once more מכל מלאכתו אשר עשה, from all His work which He had done, is to emphasise that this work had been done previously, i.e. before the onset of the Sabbath. The word ויכל therefore refers to activity carried out previously. All that had been lacking was something that would give permanence to this universe of ours. The seventh day, i.e. the Sabbath, completed the cycle that provides this permanence. We are therefore entitled to view the Sabbath as one of the seven days of creation. The proof that we are correct may be the very fact that we do not find the usual: "it was evening it was morning the seventh day," meaning there was no בריאה on that day.
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Siftei Chakhamim

The work was completed and finished. This explains why it is written, “Elohim completed on the seventh day,” since rest was created on the seventh day and all the work was completed. [At the same time, “He abstained on the seventh day,”] because rest is only an act of abstaining and not actual work. (Re’m) Rashi’s second explanation [that the world lacked rest], raises a question: Why does it say מלאכתו אשר עשה implying that Hashem did actual work? Thus Rashi gives the first explanation. And his first explanation, [that it entered by a hairbreadth,] raises a question: Why is it not written, “Elohim completed on the sixth day”? Therefore Rashi gives both explanations. (Maharshal) [You might ask:] How can the terms “creation” and “work” apply to rest, which is only an act of abstention [passive] and does not involve a physical action? It seems [that the answer is]: Had Hashem not added the seventh day to the days of creation, the nature of man and other creatures would be to work day and night without cease. Resting would not be part of nature, and the body of man would wear out, leaving the world empty and desolate. But by adding the seventh day, on which Hashem abstained from work and rested, it became part of the world’s nature to rest and refresh oneself, regaining strength. [Thus, it is part of creation.] (Nachalas Yaakov)
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

וישבות ביום השביעי. He rested on the seventh day. Here too we must ask for the reason the Torah wrote these lines as they seem to contain the same message as the words immediately prior to them.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

Perhaps we have to explain these words in connection with Pessachim 54 according to which there were phenomena which were created at dusk on Friday afternoon but which could not be completed before the arrival of the Sabbath. According to our sages some of these phenomena became destructive agents in the universe as a result. This is an amazig statement in view of the tradition that G'd is able to create whole worlds in the time it takes to blink an eyelid! How can one suggest that the Creator ran out of time and was unable to complete His work?! We have explained already at the beginning of the פרשה that G'd created every part of the universe simultaneously. The words מכל מלאכתו suggest that G'd did not complete even such work as was already in progress.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis

What our sages had in mind when they told us about these phenomena and the time they were created is that G'd wanted us to know something about the importance of the Sabbath and the way it is to be observed. Halachah distinguishes between the rules of what is allowed on Friday afternoon close to the Sabbath and what is not. If work has been under way and it awaits only completion there are certain categories of work which may be completed under such circumstances, especially if they are performed in honour of the Sabbath or if financial loss is suffered if one does not complete the work before the Sabbath. If such work has not even been commenced it may not be undertaken until after the Sabbath. In the example in Pessachim the sages taught us that G'd desisted from completing even work He had already begun while it was still the sixth day. This in spite of the fact that non-completion would result in grievous loss to the universe, a loss which was beyond retrieving. This is what the word וישבות alludes to after we had already heard ויכל, that G'd completed creating. Not only did G'd not undertake something new, He did not even complete something that was in the process of coming into being. The reason this word is repeated is also to tell us that it was not G'd's inability to complete an undertaking on time. One of the reasons G'd's activities on each day during the days of creation are always followed by the statement "it was evening, it was morning, etc.," is to mark the contrast with the Sabbath concerning which no such statement is recorded.
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